Artificial Intelligence in Robotic Technology: Challenges of Developing Language for Communication among Robots

This research deals with artificial intelligence in the robotic technology. The research problem is the use challenges faced due to development of language by robots to communicate with themselves. The aim of the research is to analyze the issues faced due to the development of language by robots for communicating among them. The use of various strategies is described in the research.

Running head: ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Artificial Intelligence
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author’s Note

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Abstract
This research deals with artificial intelligence in the robotic technology. The research problem is
the use challenges faced due to development of language by robots to communicate with
themselves. The aim of the research is to analyze the issues faced due to the development of
language by robots for communicating among them. The use of various strategies is described in
the research. The literature review focuses on the basic concept of artificial intelligence and its
uses on the robotic technology. The benefits and limitations of the robots have been explained in
the research. The use of the AIML language in the creation of the chatterbots has been provided.
The research methodology has focused on the longitudinal approach.

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Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction....................................................................................................................5
1.0 Background.......................................................................................................................5
1.1Rationale.................................................................................................................................5
1.2 Problem Statement.................................................................................................................7
1.3 Research Aim, Objectives and questions...............................................................................8
1.4 Significance of research.........................................................................................................8
1.5 Summary................................................................................................................................9
Chapter 2: Literature Review.........................................................................................................10
2.0 Concept of Artificial Intelligence...................................................................................10
2.1 Chatterbots and pattern recognition.....................................................................................10
2.2 Pattern Recognition for Chatter bots modelling..................................................................11
2.3 AIML language: Syntax and Semantic................................................................................13
2.4 Advantages of robots...........................................................................................................17
2.5 Issues faced due to communication among robots by creating their own language............18
2.6 Summary..............................................................................................................................20
Chapter 3: Methodology................................................................................................................21
3.0 Introduction..........................................................................................................................21
3.1 Research philosophy............................................................................................................21
3.2 Research Approach..............................................................................................................22

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3.3 Research design...................................................................................................................23
3.4 Data Collection Technique..................................................................................................23
3.5 Ethical consideration...........................................................................................................24
3.6 Research Limitations...........................................................................................................24
3.7 Gant chart.............................................................................................................................25
References......................................................................................................................................26

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Chapter 1: Introduction
1.0 Background
The current globalized society has been facing tremendous change in the information
technology and the internet. In this context, human interaction has been transformed by an
implementation of artificial intelligence. The cognitive interfaces help in providing new
platforms for interaction between machine and humans. These contain graphical user interfaces
(GUIs) navigation system including hypertext and option selection buttons and menus
(Michalski, Carbonell and Mitchell 2013). The Ubiquitous Computing focuses on effective
human interaction with technological components including artificial intelligence. Chatterbot
conversation includes an exchange of texts and languages including dealing with ambiguous
situations context-based messages. However, chatterbots are used in various fields including
entertaining others by making coherent conversation (Nilsson 2014). A machine learns from the
algorithm feeder input for working. However, these algorithms cannot hold and understand of
data concept. Therefore, a large amount of data and information cannot be input in the algorithm.
This has created self-fulfilling strategies for communication among the robots.
The literature review will present the concept of AIML and its different functionality. The
use of pattern recognition techniques helps in creating the language for communicating with each
other. This paper will focus on the development of the language for robots in order to perform
chatting with other bots. This research will use a proper methodology for proceeding in the
research. The use of Artificial Intelligence in this process will be researched in this study. The
concept of the artificial intelligence in the South Africa will be discussed. The impact of the

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robots and other chatterbots on the economic, legal and business perspective in the country will
be discussed.
1.1Rationale
Modern information technology has been focusing on the artificial intelligence in the 21st
century. However, the change in the methodology of the technology in the worked has allowed
transforming various algorithms in the IT sector (Cohen and Feigenbaum 2014). The exponential
growth of IT in the market has been focusing on the concept of the Artificial Intelligence.
Robotics and other chatterbots have been created to decrease the human work. There has been a
peaceful transition in the democratic of South Africa in 1994. The lack of education in the
primary and secondary level have a major cause for obtaining the low score in the education
sector. According to OECD 2008 review of national policies in South Africa (Navigli and
Ponzetto 2012). However, 15% to 18% of school students are qualifying the school exams per
year. Therefore, the literacy rate of the country has been continuously increasing (Hovy, Navigli
and Ponzetto 2013). However, this rate is slower than other countries in the world. The use of the
technology in the studies have been less in the country. Therefore, students are not able to
maintain the technical knowledge of the school. This has been created the problem in the literacy
rate of the country.
However, robotics has been provided in the country for the students, Robotic technology
is being studied in the schools and colleges of the country. According to a survey, there has been
a massive change in an enhancement of technical knowledge from 4% to 7% (Brodie,
Mylopoulos and Schmidt 2012). As commented by Yang and Xu (2013), This total rose to
around 1.5 million in 2014 and is projected to increase to about 1.9 million in 2017.5 Japan has
the largest number with 306,700, followed by North America (237,400), China (182,300), South

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Korea (175,600), and Germany (175,200) (Geraci 2012). Overall, robotics is expected to rise
from a $15 billion sector now to $67 billion by 2025. According to RBC Global Asset
Management study, the cost of automation and robots have been falling down frequently. This
has led to the increase in the development of robots all over the word (Brady, Gerhardt and
Davidson 2012). Therefore, there is a risk of the robots start communication with each other by
creating own language. However, increase in use of robots in the replace have increased the
unemployment of human being in companies. Robots are replacing the human work in an
efficient way.
Figure 1: Number of robots around the world
(Source: Faces Online, 2018)
This research has focused on identifying the issues faced due to self-communication by
the robots by creating their own language. The factors that are affecting the work pressure if the
workplace in an organization is also mentioned. The language required for preparing algorithm
has been discussed in the report.
1.2 Problem Statement

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The primary problem discussed in the study will be the own communication of robots by
developing language. Reports have identified various challenges are faced due to this problem.
Therefore, this study will help in identifying challenges due to this approach of robots and other
chatterbots. These have created the problem in maintenance of robots in the laboratory due to
own communication of robots.
1.3 Research Aim, Objectives and questions
The aim of the research is to analyze language for communication between robots and
other bots.
The objectives of a research study are provided below:
 To analyze the basic concepts of robotics and artificial intelligence
 To understand the language created by robots for mutual communication
 To identify the challenges imposed due to communication of robots with each other in
their own language
 To recommend strategies for mitigating these challenges in the robots
Following are the research questions for the research:
 What are the basic concepts of robotics and artificial intelligence?
 How are the robots communicating with each other by creating own language?
 What are the challenges faced due to communication among robots by creating their
own language?
 What can be done to mitigate these challenges related to communication among
robots by creating own language?

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1.4 Significance of research
This research study will focus on the concepts of artificial intelligence and its benefits
and challenges in the industry. The concept of communicating of robots with each other by
creating own language will be discussed in the research. The study aims at understanding various
concepts of communication among each other by developing own language. Therefore, this
framework might create challenges for the researchers in the field. These challenges will be
identified in this study. The problem of own communication of robots will be depicted in the
study.
1.5 Summary
This chapter has discussed the basic scenario of the artificial intelligence in the market in
the context of South Africa. The aim of the research has been initiated in this chapter. The
objectives and research questions have been provided in the chapter that helps in proceeding with
the study.

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Chapter 2: Literature Review
2.0 Concept of Artificial Intelligence
As commented by Yampolskiy (2013), artificial intelligence focuses on the work processes
of machines requiring intelligence performed by humans. Therefore, artificial intelligence refers
to investigating intelligent problem-solving behaviour by developing computer systems.
However. This technology has been mostly in use by the researchers in the lab. The use of
technology has been an important aspect in the development of new devices and artefacts. The
Centre for Artificial Intelligence Research (CAIR) is a group initiative of Statistics, Computer
Science and School of mathematics unit for industrial growth in the market (Kanal and Kumar
2012). The current focus of the institute is to promote a concept of artificial intelligence and
knowledge of computer engineering among individuals in the society. CAIR is mainly working
on the development of artificial intelligence in the market. The computational models of human
thought processes have helped in communicating with the artefacts. However, Nolfi, Bongard,
Husbands and Floreano (2013) commented that artificial intelligence is an implementation of
human thoughts on the computer. The use of artificial intelligence has helped in maintaining a
keen relationship with machines and human beings.
2.1 Chatterbots and pattern recognition
As commented by Ginsberg (2012), various tests have been done to acknowledge
between human and machine. Modern technology has created various clones similar to the
human beings. These b0ts can perform all works similar to the human beings including daily
routine work. These bots are efficient to perform daily duties including washing, cooking, caring
and other duties of the human being. Therefore, Turing test has been performed on these

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machines for distinguishing between them. Therefore, this test is recognized as a chatterbot
itself. Frankish and Ramsey (2014) defined chatter bot as a program that helps in stimulating
typed conversation for aiming at least fooling human beings temporarily during the conversation
with another person. Chatterbots can be classified in the form of techniques that are used in the
development of various devices. For example, during the 90's, the second-generation chatterbots
were built and the Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques were applied, such as Artificial Neural
Networks in conjunction with NLP techniques (Ingrand and Ghallab 2014). JULIA chatterbot is
an example of a second-generation chatterbot developed by Michael Mauldin in 1994
(Deisenroth, Neumann and Peters 2013). However, the development of the third-generation uses
the Pattern Recognition Techniques. The motivation for using the AIML language has been
dining in the pattern recognition system (Kober and Peters 2012). The features of the AIML
language implemented in developing chatter bot include ease of implementation of AIML
language based on markup language for making easy use of dialogues written in the code.
Various computational systems help developers in developing chatterbots for web deployment
user access. However, a high level of recycling process has been done in the chatterbots projects
for developing open source software license.
2.2 Pattern Recognition for Chatter bots modelling
Various theories and models are used for the development of chatterbots include Pattern
recognition, that aims at modelling computing system which is based on human dialogues. The
use of AIML languages helps in providing different chatter bits that can adopt pattern
recognition technique. Zang et al. (2015) commented that ALICE was the first chatterbot that
was developed by using AIML language. It has three operations including performing word
processing actions for fitting input by a user, the pattern is matched between input provided by

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user and input provided by a designer (Szegedy et al. 2017). Therefore, the pattern recognition
system has been installed in the chatterbots that help in recognizing different patterns in the daily
life. It helps in providing various work in the daily life including road crossing and walking.
The patterns are matched with the database of the robot and accordingly, it works. Big
data and artificial intelligence have been maintaining a bi-directional relationship with each
other. As commented by Tirgul and Naik (2016), Artificial intelligence requires machine
learning, which requires a large amount of data. A protocol will be developed for communicating
among the robots. Each robot will send the request to another robot for initiating communication.
In the presence of another homogeneous robot, it accepts the request and starts communicating
with each other. The robots will send their personal information for connecting with other robots
(Bostrom and Yudkowsky 2014). The other robots will acknowledge it by sending a message to
the sender robot. Therefore, this will create a connection between them to initiate
communication. In this process, the header part of the message is stored in the robot that helps in
acknowledging back about the received message. However, some message is not delivered to the
receiver robot that creates the problem in communicating with the robot (Bongard 2013).
The IR radiation will be used in order to maintain the communication among robots.
Robots will transmit same infrared rays in case of either correct or incorrect messages received.
Therefore, it becomes difficult of differentiating the signals transmitted from robot (Pfeifer,
Lungarella and Iida 2012). The first phase will be IR transmission. IR transmitter will be
attached in each of the robots that might help in transmitting IR rays for initiating
communication. The use of the AIML language has helped in developing chatter bits and robots.
The IR receiver will receive the infrared rays coming from another robot. After receiving
infrared rays, it will match with the data and information resent in the database (Pedrycz 2012).

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In the case that the data matches with the database, the communication process will start between
robots. In the case, data does not matches; the robot will compare the received data with stored
data in the database. If it matches with another homogenous robot, the communication starts
otherwise it fails.
2.3 AIML language: Syntax and Semantic
The purpose of the AIML language is to prepare dialog modeling easy with the help of
stimulus-response approach. However, a XML based markup language helps in making a tag-
based language. As commented by Dirican (2015), the general form of AIML tag is as follows:
<command> ListOfParameters </command>
An AIML command includes a start tag (<command>), a closing tag (</command>) and
a text (ListOfParameters), which involves parameter list of command. Sutikno, Facta and
Markadeh (2013) commented that AIML language contains various spaces, words with special
characters “*” and “_” that are known as wild cards. These wildcards are used for replacing a
string or a word.
<aim1> Tag
Each AIML file starts with <aim1> tag and closing tag is </aiml>. This tag helps in
maintaining the version and encoding if the attributes used in KB. However, there can be an
exception in the tag (Gigras and Gupta 2012). The encoding attribute defines the character type
encoding used in the document. For example:
1 <aiml version="1.0.1" encoding="UTF-8"?>
2 <category>
3 <pattern> HELLO BOT </pattern>
4 <template>

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5 Hello my new friend!
6 </template>
7 </category>
8 </aiml>
(Source: Marietto et al. 2013)
<category> Tag
The basic unit of an AIML dialogue is called as categories. A comment by Bench-Capon
(2014), each category is a basic unit of knowledge that are included in the chatterbot. These
categories are organized with the help of subjects and are stored in files with .aiml extension.
However, category modeling can be made with the help of <category> and </category> tags. For
example:
1 <category>
2 <pattern> I LIKE * </pattern>
3 <template>
4 I like <star/> too.
5 </template>
6 </category>
7
8 <category>
9 <pattern> A * IS A * </pattern>
10 <template>
11 When a <star index=”1”/> is not a <star index=”2”/>?
12 </template>
13 </category>
(Source: Marietto et al. 2013)
Symbolic Reduction with the <srai> tag
The symbolic reduction technique can be used for the pattern simplification. This help in
mapping a complex grammar into simpler patterns. The <srai> tag is used for mapping these
standards for writing a single line code in different ways. For example:

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1 <category>
2 <pattern> WHO IS ALAN TURING? </pattern>
3 <template>
4
Alan Turing was a British mathematician, cryptographer,
and computer scientist often credited as
the founder of modern Computer Science.
5 </template>
6 </category>
7
8 <category>
9 <pattern> WHO IS ALBERT SABIN? </pattern>
10 <template>
11
Albert Sabin was the researcher who developed
the vaccine that is the main defence against polio.
12 </template>
13 </category>
14
15 <category>
16 <pattern> DO YOU KNOW WHO * IS? </pattern>
17 <template>
18 <srai> WHO IS <star/> </srai>
19 </template>
20 </category>
(Source: Marietto et al. 2013)
Considering these steps, an user can prepare a category for implementation of chatterbots
in the pattern recognition system. If the user enter a text that matches recognized pattern stored
in the database of the chatter bit, it starts working. The </star/> command helps in inserting the
text captured by the wildcard for checking the value stored in <star/>.

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Figure 2: Flowchart of Symbolic Reduction Technique
(Source: Marietto et al. 2013)
<topic> tag
As commented by Geffner and Bonet (2013), the <topic> tag helps in organizing subjects
and topics that can be related to the chatterbot for the communication process. However, this tag
helps in improving search options for chatterbots. This tag helps in providing a simulated way to
understand the human conversation with the machine. Chatterbot has the generic subject that is
related to the technical consequences of the robotics (Du et al. 2015). The use of the AIML
language in developing a chatterbot have helped in grouping categories. The <topic> tag is used
for initiating conversation with the chapter bit on a specific topic. The topic name is fed into the
database of the chatterbot that helps in initiating conversation with the chatterbot. For example:
1 <category>
2 <pattern> LET TALK ABOUT FLOWERS. </pattern>

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3 <template>
4 Yes <set name="topic">flowers</set>
5 </template>
6 </category>
7
8 <topic name="flowers">
9 <category>
10 <pattern> * </pattern>
11 <template>
12 Flowers have a nice smell.
13 </template>
14 </category>
15
16 <category>
17 <pattern> I LIKE IT SO MUCH! </pattern>
18 <template>
19 I like flowers too.
20 </template>
21 </category>
22 </topic>
(Source: Marietto et al. 2013)
2.4 Advantages of robots
The development of the robotics technology has been facilitated in various applications in
the market. Robots have helped in maintaining different work in the market. The use of the
robots has been circulated in various fields including machinery, IT sector and construction
sector. The use of the robots has been incread4sed in the market (Ingrand and Ghallab 2014).
This technology has decreased the human work pressure in various industries. The use of robots
has been facilitated in order to increase production in the industries.
Increased efficiency
As commented by Brambilla et al. (2013), industrial robots are capable of completing
heavy tasks in the industry work environment better than human employee completes. However,
robots are capable of performing tasks with higher accuracy level than human beings. This has

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significantly drawn the attention of organizations for developing robots rather hire a human
employee (Bennett and Hauser 2013). Robots are capable of increasing production of industries
with a high speed. The work rate of the robot re faster than that of the human being.
Higher quality
Robots are able to provide the higher quality task to the company. The error rate of the
robots is negligible in comparison to that of human work. Robots help in minimizing the human
error rate in the industry (Springer 2013). The use of robots produces high-quality products with
respect to their standard quality. It also minimizes the time required for completing a task.
Longer working hours
A human employee has to take breaks for getting rest from work. This creates the distraction
from their work and their pace of work minimizes. However, in the case of robots, it can work
for 24/7 with 100 % efficiency, therefore, this help in increasing the efficiency and production in
the industry. Robots do not take any holiday or having unexpected off for sick (Elkady and Sobh
2012).
Increased profitability
Robots are capable of increasing the production in an industry. Therefore, this increases
the sales of the company and profitability. The supply of the products for customers has been
increased that have helped in increasing the sales of the company. Robots help in increasing the
profitability of the company in the market.
2.5 Issues faced due to communication among robots by creating their own language

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There are various problems faced by different companies due to AI chatter bots
developing own language in order to communicate with each other. This problem has been faced
by several companies all over the world including Facebook. Several times AI chatterbot of
Facebook has been automatically responding to the client within any input data. Therefore,
chatter bits are capable of creating their own language might be using AIML language. The use
of the AIML language has been creating interest in developing chatterbots. As argued by (),
AIML language has made easy for chatter buts to create their own language for self-
communication. Big data and artificial intelligence have been maintaining a bi-directional
relationship with each other. Artificial intelligence requires machine learning, which requires a
large amount of data. The motivation for using the AIML language has been dining in the pattern
recognition system. The use of the robotic technology in the organization have decreed the
employee of the human labours. The employment if the human being is being replaced by the
robots and chatter bits, Therefore, the unemployment ratio if the country has been increasing
with the time. Robots are able to provide work in the fashioned way that includes minimal errors
with respect to that of human workers.
Different artificial intelligence techniques have failed in maintaining big data process.
The prediction based on an artificial intelligence algorithm has been created in order to maintain
a machined logic behind expressible terms of human beings (Michalski, Carbonell and Mitchell
2013). A machine learns from the algorithm feeder input for working. However, these algorithms
cannot hold and understand of data concept. Therefore, a large amount of data and information
cannot be input in the algorithm. This has created self-fulfilling strategies for communication
among the robots. As argued by (), machine learning can be used for processing big data by
using DPA. Therefore, an analysis is done in order to enhance machine learning for processing

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their own algorithm for self-communication. However, the use of algorithms by robots create
risks for the researcher by communication with their own. This might lead to losing in control of
the robots and chatterbots. The features of the AIML language implemented in developing
chatter bot include ease of implementation of AIML language based on markup language for
making easy use of dialogues written in the code (Michalski, Carbonell and Mitchell 2013). The
use of robots is done in a various organization in order to minimize the human work in the
working place.
2.6 Summary
This can be summarized that the use of the AIML language is required in developing
chatterbots. A basic concept of artificial intelligence has been provided in the chapter. The
benefits and limitations of the robots in the industry have been depicted in the chapter. The
issues due to communication among robots by creating own language have been provided.

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Chapter 3: Methodology
3.0 Introduction
The research has followed a proper methodology in order to complete the project. The
design of the research has been based on the technical background of the robotics technology.
This chapter discusses the main methodological concept that will be used in this research. The
steps to be followed for conducting the research are listed in this chapter. The research
methodology helps in maintaining a proper path for following in the research. Research
methodology includes philosophy, approach, design, data collection method, limitations and
ethical consideration. Some theories and models related to the artificial interference have been
taken for the data collection process. Research methodology has helped in maintaining the
3.1 Research philosophy
Research philosophy helps in providing dimension and knowledge of the research. It
provides concepts and facts in order to conduct the research. In addition, the proper steps that
will be considered while conducting this research will be adopted from this philosophy section of
the paper. Three types of philosophy are positivism, interpretivism and realism. Post-positivism
philosophy deals with cross-checking specific data for the research. The philosophy focuses on
the previous study of the research and the findings (Nolfi, Bongard, Husbands and Floreano
2013). Interpretivism philosophy helps in providing the complex structure of the research.
Interpretivism deals with the interpretative study of the research topic. Lastly, the realism
philosophy is utilized for considering the real-valued data. The artificial intelligence used in the
robotics technology might help in maintaining the research methodology. Communication
among the robots might be possible with the help of creating their own language. The

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authenticity of the human convictions and machine learning can be combined to create the
positivist philosophy. It deals with the scientific approach towards the maintenance of the
research methodology.
This research will select positivism philosophy for completing the research. The research
will be based on the theoretical and practical perspective. The selected philosophy will help in
providing advanced thinking to the research. Positivism philosophy restricts the specialist's part
in controlling or assessing the information that prompts minimisation of information errors also.
The use of positivism philosophy also helps in connecting the various settings among the aspects
which in turn leads to better analysis of the information such that the analysis regarding artificial
intelligence can be made efficiently.
3.2 Research Approach
The approach, which is utilized for conducting the research, is termed as the research
approach. This helps in providing a structural framework, which is to be followed for conducting
the research on artificial intelligence or robotics. The two types of research approach are
inductive and deductive approach. Deductive approach focuses on analyzing previous theories
and models related to the research. As commented by Magilvy and Thomas, (2012), inductive
research approach focus on producing new theories. However, the deductive approach helps in
conducting research methodology in a proper manner. Inductive research approach of a study
helps in contemplating enough information is not possible. The use of the inductive research
approach might not be able to maintaining the reliability of the data and information collected for
the research. This research will select deductive approach that help selecting particular methods
for the research. The deductive approach helps in maintaining the existing theories and models
and collect data from them. However, the deductive approach deals with the adequate knowledge

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of the research. The present study focuses on the artificial intelligence in order to create a
language for a robot to communicate with themselves. The deductive approach will help in
deducting all the information that will not be useful for the research. The different components if
the robotic technology will be analyzed in the study.
3.3 Research design
The research design focuses on the strategy perceived in order to collect data and
information from various sources. The use of research design ensures research problem and map
the solution according to it. Informative exploration design helps in creating new theories and
models for the collecting data and information related to the research topic including artificial
intelligence. It helps in building a framework for proceeding in the research activity. The three
types of research design are explanatory, exploratory and descriptive design (Toloie-Eshlaghy et
al. 2011). Descriptive research design assists as an observational study that is helpful to find out
specific characteristics of population as well as their effects on the variables. Exploratory design
help s in recognizing several types of thoughts and considerations in order to finish research
study. Similarly, the explanatory research design involves conducting a research while
considering various parameters associated to the use of artificial intelligence by the robots in a
detailed manner. The researcher has chosen descriptive research design that would be helpful to
conduct the research. This research will select descriptive research design as it helps in
conduction of the research with methods that are more descriptive by putting detailed
information (Geraci 2012). The descriptive design help in providing a complete picture of the
whole research methods used. Descriptive design helps in maintaining the longitudinal study of
the artificial intelligence in the robotic technology.
3.4 Data Collection Technique

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Data collection method is an important aspect for the research methodology. There are
two types of data collection method including primary and secondary method. The data
collection method helps in providing a proper method for the data collection process in the
research. In this research, data and information will be collected from secondary sources
including online journals, books, articles, reports and governmental databases. The use of the
secondary method will help in providing data and information for the research. Primary data are
collected from online survey.
3.5 Ethical consideration
The research will follow all the ethical values and norms in completing the research. The
research will access all knowledge related to the robotic technology. Data and information for
the research topic will be ethically accessed from online journals and books. The journals will be
of published version and after year 2012. The online journals and books will be related to
artificial intelligence and robotic technology (Geraci 2012). The access to the government
databases has been done legally with proper permission. The results and outcomes of the
research will not be published before the completion of the research. The research will follow the
Data Protection Act 1998 in order to keep personal data and information secret from others.
3.6 Research Limitations
A research helps in providing proper results and knowledge related to the concerned
topic. However, some limitations are faced by a research. In this case, the research will also face
some difficulties in the data collection process. Online journals and books might not be available
for the researcher. There might be some journals in paid version that cannot be purchased by the
researcher due to lack of budget. The language of the journals and books might not be

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understood by the researcher that will create limitations for the research. Many journals will not
be similar t the research topic. The researcher might have a time limitation due t the cross-
sectional nature of the research. However, deep analysis of the research will not be done due to
unavailability of time for research.
3.7 Gant chart
Milestones in the Research 1st
Week
2nd
Week
3rd
Week
4thWeek 5thWeek 6thWeek 7thWeek
Selection of the Topic 
Collection of Data from secondary sources  
Preparing the layout 
Review of Literature   
Developing plan for the research  
Selecting appropriate techniques for
research
 
Collection of Primary data  
Data Analysis & Interpretation  
Findings and Discussion 
Conclusion to the study 
Preparing Rough Draft  
Completion of Final Work  
Figure 3: Gantt Chart
(Source: Created by Author)

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32). Elsevier.
Bennett, C.C. and Hauser, K., 2013. Artificial intelligence framework for simulating clinical
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