Building Automation and Technology

The provided text comprises a list of books and publications related to building automation and technology. The topics covered span across building design, heating and ventilation systems, air conditioning technologies, energy management, renewable energy applications in buildings, and green building practices. These resources offer insights into the advancements and innovations shaping the field of building technology.

Air Conditioning in Residential Building 1
RESEARCH PROPOSAL ON DESIGN STRATEGY OF AIR CONDITIONING FOR
RESIDENTIAL BUILDING
A Proposal Paper on Air Conditioning By
Student’s Name
Name of the Professor
Institutional Affiliation
City/State
Year/Month/Day

Air Conditioning in Residential Building 2
Executive summary
Building Science Corporation directly works with David weekly homed to redesign three plans
of the current floor to locate air conditioned systems in the conditioned place. The importance of
this research paper is to develop a cheap design for moving air conditioned system into the space
conditioned. Also building Science Corporation conducted the analysis of energy to calculate
the most approach which is economical for increasing the performance of energy of the
productions of houses in future. The constructors’ wishes to improve the package upgraded that
will enable the continuous transition as mandated in the new codes.
Building Science Corporation and the constructor develop a strategy design that employs system
of dropped ceilings and coffers for ductwork moving to the conditioned space from the vented
attic. The designed development of the duct coffers in the attic space enables David weekly
homes to embrace the approach of the location of ductwork in the space conditioned, in the stock
of available houses without using dropped ceilings. The constructor recognizes that dropped
ceilings without coffers would be an economic plan for duct location. The builder identifies this
design as a negative effects on aesthetics and could not be good-looking to the base customers
and it's the most important development in the research as David's weekly home and its
customers wish to avoid dropped ceilings (American Society of Heating, 2016). The main
contribution of the research is to give the alternative for working to builders who need to move
their heating ventilation air conditioner systems into conditioned spaces without prolonged
ceiling drop and a mechanical closet or even transforming it to full cathedralized attic not vented.
Transferring the system air conditioning to within conditioned space caused in important energy
saving towards the goal of achieving an energy saving of 50%. Moving air conditioning systems
inside the space conditioned save 4 to 5% in the energy source use and decrease the system of
energy rating at home. The additional upgrades of energy that was implemented are:
improvements to ceiling, walls, air conditioner and heater of hot water, and their cost was very
accurate (Angui Li, 2013)

Air Conditioning in Residential Building 3
TABLE OF CONTENT
Item Page
INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………….…….4
Background of the Study………………………………………………….…...5
Statement of the Problem……………………………………………….……..6
Research Objective…………………………………………………….………7
METHODOLOGY……………………………………………………….…….……..9
LITERATURE REVIEW……………………………………………………………..10
Detailed Design………………………………………………………………………24
RESULTS AND ANALYSIS………………………………………………………….26
DISCUSSION……………………………………………………………………..…29
CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………………32
Recommendation……………………………………………………………………33
Summary……………………………………………………………………………34
Acknowledgement…………………………………………………………………..35
Bibliography…………………………………………………………………………36

Air Conditioning in Residential Building 4
INTRODUCTION
This study is based on defining a good design plan for heating ventilation and air conditioning
for domestic building. Heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems perform cooling and
heating for the residents, commercial and industrial building. They may be responsible for the
giving the fresh air from outside to dilute the interior contaminants like volatile organic
compounds and odours emitted from the furnishing and chemicals used for the cleanings (Anson,
2017).
Air is cooled and dehumidified by the conditioner as it passes over the cold coil’s surface. The
coil inside the houses in heat exchanger of air to liquid with the tube rows where the liquid
passes Fined connected surfaces to the tubes increases the coil surface‘s area hence increasing
the characteristics of heat transfer the air passing over the coil and also liquid passing through the
coil and the type of liquid used to depend on the selected system (Attia, 2015).
Through the innovative evaluation of new efficiency of energy for construction packages in
Texas, BSC seek to get more evidence about the performance of technologies of energy efficient
designed for the production builder in the climate of hot humid.
This research addresses many barriers and gaps. The technology package proposed for this
project is appropriate for the production of family detached houses. From the perspective of the
science building, the Houston package is good for other products in the environments of humid
hot. The information gotten through the research about the technology package implementation
at the scale of the productive community at low-performance data from the houses of the
community will support the deployment of the package in new housing across the climatic zones
of hot humid (B.mazumdar, 2011).

Air Conditioning in Residential Building 5
The immediate impact of the research will be to inform the work of David Weekley homes.
Lessons gotten in economic variation in contractability and design can be applied to businesses
mode; in the future production of buildings. The adoption of stringent international codes of
energy conservation is reducing the performance gap between code built home and ones
constructed to meet the standard of energy efficiency. The component of IECC is the mandatory
inclusion of the system of heating ventilation and air conditioning and this mandate is making
constructors to establish strategies of cost-effective for the ductwork movement to the thermal
enclosure (Bauer, 2016). The project also can impact BA measures on improving the designs'
replicability and cost-effectiveness that meet both the current code of energy and also in future
improvement of the proposed building codes. This gives an opportunity for considering the
importance of the method of duct location inside the conditioned space for production home
builders to remain competitive in their markets. The paper gives the constructions and design
data for production builder in the climate of hot humid (Beavers, 2014).
Background of study
The study is based on the identification of the best strategies of design for implementation of air
conditioning to suit the needs of cooling of the residential building. The passive strategies of
cooling gains control over dissipation of heat are taken as good for the consistent climatic area
while in modern houses, temperature changing is the major problem faced by the occupants. The
unsuitable design cause heat to be trapped that increases temperature inside the room. The area
of the roof that surrounds the building walls is known as a critical part because it is exposed to
heat caused by high radiation of solar. The determination of this design strategies will reduce
consumption of energy and provides comfort to the tenants of the building. This research has
been undertaken to determine the best strategy design for conditioning air in the building so the

Air Conditioning in Residential Building 6
requirement of the occupants in terms of comfort is fulfilled with respect to climate change
(Beavers, 2014).
Statement of the problem
The occupants of houses are facing problems caused by changes in temperature, the unsuitable
design cause heat to trapped by an increase in temperatures inside the rooms.to prevent all the
problems it suitable to design a heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems in the
conditioned rooms (Beerepoot, 2014).
Motivation for the researcher
The developing countries majorly that are located in dry climate regions experience the problem
of heat retention by the building if ventilation is not enough for cooling at night. The residential
building is designed without considering factors that are responsible for the thermal comfort and
efficient use of energy, hence the dependence on the artificial lighting and ventilation is
prevalent every residential building. Frequent power disruption and load shedding during
summer make the life occupants more troublesome more so in hot summers between mid-
marches and May (Binggeli, 2014).
Research questions
The aim of the research is to study the air conditioning design strategy for the residential
building to reduce the challenges faced by residents in the changing climatic zones. Some of the
research questions that are prepared to perfume this study in details follow:
 Does the existing heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems or other cooling
systems have the ability to match the requirements of cooling of the occupant’s houses?
 Does the strategy design being adopted by the building is good in terms of energy
consumptions?

Air Conditioning in Residential Building 7
 What are the benefits of determining efficient air conditioning strategy for residential
building?
 What is the best performing, most cost-effective and most method that is easily
applicable of locating ducts inside the space conditioned for the home in the hot humid
conditions?
 What is the practical and cost-effective method of achieving the source of energy savin
Research objectives
The implementation of the proper strategy of design for air conditioning in residential building is
the essential element to fulfil the requirement of the occupants. The building strategy is
continuously situated in changing the climate that needs proper strategy for installation of air
conditioning (Bodart, 2015). The objectives prepared for performing the research include:
 To determine the capabilities of existing heating ventilation and air conditioning systems
or other systems of cooling for matching the occupant's requirement of a residential
building
 To identify whether the strategy is suitable for the residential building in terms of
consumption of energy’
 To evaluate the benefits of determining suitable strategies of air conditioning for
residential building
Preliminary or primary design
The strategies that exist for duct location in the conditioned space. The figure below shows the
design 1 strategy where the air handling unit is located in the mechanical closet in the living
space and the ductwork is located in the series of dropped ceiling placed strategically. The
benefit of the design is to remain roof space becomes the traditional insulation and the typical
vented can be installed. The barrier of air bec0ke the two-dimensional plane with the penetration
of duct which is the simplified geometry of air barrier and it's economical. Negative impacts of
the strategy are: conditioned area of the floor lost because of mechanical cost, lower ceiling level
that reduced the architectural aesthetics, and potential noise from the mechanical closet (Bom,
2012).

Air Conditioning in Residential Building 8
Risks of air handling unit closet noise can be prevented by implementing measures like:
installing the speed variable of air handling unit with motor commutated electronically as the
motors are quieter than permanent traditional split motor capacitors; installing at the mechanical
closet a weather-stripped door; designing the duct system to perfume low velocities in return and
supply plenums recommended by Building Science Corporation (Bradshaw, 2013).
Another strategy is where the air handler is in mechanical closet and the ductwork is in the attic
close to ceiling plane. Traditional insulation is installed and the ductwork is covered in
insulation. Its advantage is that it doesn't require the dropped ceiling through its disadvantages
are conditioned area of floor lost because of mechanical close and penetration of duct exist
through the barrier of air which needs more air sealing (Brinkman, 2016)
The third strategy is where the air handling unit is placed in an air sealed coffered insulated
closet in the attic and the ductwork is in dropped ceiling placed strategically. Its advantages are:
no penetration of duct through the barrier of air and also the removal of air handling unit from
the conditioned space is possible. Its disadvantages are: more complexity is added for air barrier
and extraction is three dimensional and access to space coffer is the need and may not be easy
with complicated attic design (C, 2013)
The fourth design is where the air handling unit and all work duct are located in air coffered
insulated closet in the attic. Importance of the of the strategy is the removal of the air handling
unit from the living space conditioned and elimination of duct penetration through the air barrier
and also dropped ceiling elimination (Clarkin, 2016). The last strategy is where the air handling
unit and ductwork is placed in the attic and thermal and air barrier is moved to sheathing of
underside roof. The main benefit of the strategy is the removal of air handling unit and
elimination of duct penetration through air barrier. Its disadvantages are the increased cost

Air Conditioning in Residential Building 9
because of additional f insulated surface area and requirement of permeable insulation. A
builder can install; spray foam for the reminder of insulation of the roof o tot install, the
traditional insulation of cavities in the rafter joints (Commerce, 2017).
Builder's science corporations discussed the cons and pros of these duct strategy designs. It was
agreed that the strategies 1 and 5 are ideal but these strategies are implemented frequently in
residential homes. The strategy two is nor bit good because of the added penetrations and
condensation on the buried duct in a hot climate. Strategy 2 and 4 would address for addressing
how to locate the duct in the space conditioned in replicable and economical methods. The
hybrid design represents the method of the design that is worthwhile of research effort because
of lack of work with specific strategy. Because this complex varies, the best strategies for the
designing the heating ventilation and air conditioning system in the residential buildings is
strategy 3 and 4 (Cooper, 2012).
LITERATURE REVIEW
Air conditioning systems accomplish cooling and heating for the residents, commercial and
industrial building. They may be responsible for the giving the fresh air outside the house to
weaken the contaminants airborne inside the house like organic compounds which are volatile
and the ones producing odours emitted from the furnishing and chemicals used for the cleanings.
Air is cooled and dehumidified by the air conditioner as it passes over the surface of the cold coil
(Stamper, 2013). The coil inside the house is the heat exchanger of air to liquid with the tube
rows where the liquid is passed via coil. Fined connected surfaces to the tubes increases the cold
surface area hence increasing the characteristics the air and heat passing over the coil and also
liquid through the coil and the type of liquid used to depend on the selected system.

Air Conditioning in Residential Building 10
In the situation where the system expands directly, air is passed over the coil in the refrigerant
heat inside the house and the boiling point transform it to warm gas from cold liquid. warm
vapour is pushed from the cooling coil through the tube of copper to compressor where the
compression of warm gas occurs. Sometimes, the accumulator is put between the compressor
and the coil of cooling to capture liquid refrigerant is not used and make sure that only vapour
enters the compressor (Siegenthaler, 2012). The pressure of the vapour refrigerants is increased
by the process of compression and increases the vapour temperatures. Vapor is compressed by
the compressor through the heat exchanger called outdoor condenser where hot gas is
compressed to a warm liquid of high pressure and heat is rejected. Warm liquid of high pressure
is pumped through the small copper tube to a filter and to the device of expansion where the
liquid of high pressure is reduced to liquid of low pressure, the cold liquids enter the coil of
cooling inside the room and the process starts again (Santamouris, 2017).
As this liquid passes through cooling coil inside the house on the heat exchanger, two
occurrences are noted over the surface of the coil on the outside of the heat exchanger. The
temperature of air dropped and the air's moisture is removed if the dew point of the indoor air is
more than the surface of the coil’s temperature. The cooling of the air conditioning systems is the
addition of the latent and sensible cooling. Many aspects affect the cooling capacity of DX
conditioner and is inversely proportional to the temperature of outdoors. Indoor temperature and
the humidity affects the total capacity of the system of AC. As indoor temperature roses, the
capacity of latent of air conditioning system increase. Those manufacturing air conditioning
systems normally give the map of the performance of scientific equipment to give hoe sensible
and latent capacity changes with the changing outdoor and indoor humidity and temperature
(Santamouris, 2011).

Air Conditioning in Residential Building 11
Air conditioning systems provide humidly control and cooling in the whole building. The
buildings with air conditioners have windows that are sealed because open windows work
against the intended system to maintain indoor conditions to be constants. Air conditioning and
refrigeration are given through the removal of heat through convection, radiation and conduction.
Plants of air conditioning system should improve to reduce the energy use. Before any
modification is commenced, the record of maintenance should be checked and ascertain the
replacement of Filters, cooling and heating coil cleaning, and control damper maintenance has
been regularly attended. The existing of the ducting systems should be examined to ensure that
there is no leaks and gaskets should be replaced where needed. Insulation is also very important
since heat loss or coldness through the ducts steel is expensive, therefore, all ducting should be
examined for the breakdown insulation and new components can be fitted to the ducting (Shah,
2013)
Type of the air conditioning systems
Systems of cooling
This system function when the indoor air handling unit and unit of outdoor condensing are
combined. The indoor handling units have the fan that supply air and air to the refrigerant coil of
cooling, and the device of expansion. The outdoor unit of condensation has a condenser coil and
a compressor. The split systems are gotten in small commercial buildings or the residential
buildings and have the greater rating of energy proficiency or of the available air conditioning
systems. Manufactures are needed to take the rating of energy efficiency. Further, step and gives

Air Conditioning in Residential Building 12
the seasonal rating of the efficient energy for use by the consumers. The rating of the seasonal
energy efficiency rating vary range and vary from 10 to 20. The greater the SEER rating, the
better the operation of the AC systems. If the heating is needed, another method of heating the
inside the building must be used in form of gas heating or the electric (Economy, 2011).
Cooling only systems
This system is a unit that combines the components described in the systems of split and it is
positioned outside the house and the indoor air is ducted from the house to the system and back
through the system of air spreading. These units normally have SEER rating from 10 to 18. If the
heating is needed, an alternatives methods like gas heating and electric heating shows (Elsevier,
2014).
Heat pump: are similar to the cooling only system. A distinct valve is the piping of refrigeration
allows the sequence of refrigeration to be done in opposite. The pump of heat can cool the air
inside the house but when reversed the valve, the air inside the door is heated. The heater of
supplementary resistance of electric may be used to assist the resist the heat pump at the low
temperature of the outdoors. In colder climates, heat pumps need defrost period, and during this
time the electric heater is the means of heating the interior of the building and manufactured as
package or split systems (Engineering Publications, 2017).
Chilled water system: In a chilled system of water, water liquid is pumped through the building
to the chilled coil of water. Because the liquid water requires being at low temperature, a cooling
company is needed. the plant is known as chiller plant and vapours compressor in it cools water
to the cold temperature and pump it to air to water heat exchanger where required.

Air Conditioning in Residential Building 13
Window air conditioner: As the name implies, a window air conditioner is normally installed in
the window or the custom opening the wall. The window air conditioner can cool small areas and
cannot provide cooling to many zones or rooms. They are manufactured as cool to provide
heating and cooling and optional dumper in the unit can provide fresh air outside the building is
important (Enteria, 2013).
Packaged terminal heat pump: Packaged terminal heat pump are same with conditions mounted
on the window. These units are installed in the sleeves passing through the walls of outdoor of
the apartment, classroom or hotel. Packaged terminal heat pumps are self-contained and need
electrical connection and opening the shell of the building. They use the outdoor air as the source
of heat in winter and summer. They also give ventilation air and its advantage is the flexibility
and lower cost for installation. Disadvantages include in-room maintenance, short life, the high
cost of operation, temperature control, and can be noisy (Hall, 2013).
Use of air conditioning systems
Comfort application of the air conditioning systems provides a building indoor environment that
remains relatively constant despite the conditions of the environment. They make deep building
plans feasible, and allow the building to be taller since wind males the natural ventilation.
Comfort applications are grouped as commercial buildings, residential buildings, institutional
building, and low rise residential building (Hall, 2013).
Detailed design of air and conditioning systems in residential buildings
Three plans of different floor types were chosen for the research studies, spanning the range of
house complexities and sizes. Every plan of the floor was selected for grouping in terms of
systems of air conditioning. they include:

Air Conditioning in Residential Building 14
 Single story house with one system air conditioning – plan A,
 Two story house with one system of heating ventilation of air conditioning- plan B
 Two story house with two system of heating ventilation and air conditioning-plan C
The architects drafted the duct design for every plan of the floor, based off of the discussion with
builders Science Corporation on three homes added in the site tour. The architects shared their
preference for location of the ceiling that is dropped with builders Science Corporation and this
guided the development of duct design for every floor plans. Below are the preferred dropped
ceilings in directives. (Harris, 2016).
 bathrooms
 hallways
 study and bedroom
 The main area of living consists of kitchen, living room, dining and breakfast room
In places where the ceiling dropped are not favored, the constructors encouraged the duct coffers
in attic space construction. The duct coffers would be created of board duct and would be
installed by the heating ventilation and air conditioning installer instead of framer as a measure
pod saving cost. Otherwise more visit would be needed of surrounding crews after the
installation of ductwork to construct the coffers that coffers would be made worth expensive
material of a wood. The contractors of heating ventilation and air conditioning can be instructed
to tape all seems and foam spray between ceiling plane and coffers (Heating, 2016). Plans on
how to design better residential houses with suitable air conditioning air explained in detail
below:
Plan A
Plan A represent the small single story floor plan of 1757ft2 thus David's weekly show the desire
to avoid placing the mechanical closet in the space conditioned. The mechanical coffer can be

Air Conditioning in Residential Building 15
located above a part of closet utility, 3 bedrooms, and the closet of the master walk in. in the
utility closet is where the attic hatch can be located. It was determined that the du t strategy of
plan A would be located in the dropped ceiling system and single duct coffer for study and
dining. The coffer utilization in the zone was needed to evade the dropping ceiling in the study
and dining rooms, which are known as dangerous areas. The diagram 1 below illustrates the
layout of duct for plan A. The shaded area that is diagonal describes the mechanical closet in the
space of attic. The parts that are shaded designates the ceiling dropped for the location of
ductwork in the space conditioned (Inc, 2017). The black triangle icon shows the wall supply
location registered for serving the attached rooms. The square in red signifies the furnace place
in the mechanical closet. Rooms having dropped ceilings have grilles of ceiling supply.
During the process of design, all coffers need insulation level for consistent values through the
ceiling plane. Plywood is used in the ceiling plane to prevent the dropping of ceilings.
Layout for plan A
Plan B
Plan B is a medium sized of 2179fr2 for two-story floor plan with single heating ventilation and
air condition system. The David Weekley home utilized the space of knee wall on the on the

Air Conditioning in Residential Building 16
second floor as the mechanical closet, efficiently transforming the knee wall space to the small
cathedralized unvented attic. The red squares in figure shore the furnace place in the space of
kneel wall and the red thick line shows the major return line truck that dismisses the grille at the
landing stairs. the mechanical closet is reachable by door in the opposite of adjacent bedroom the
David Weekley homes determined the system duct would be located in the dropped ceilings
series in both first and second floor (J, 2014).
The option of the open web trusses is noted in both existing homes and initial tour and in better
designs phases of the research home. It was agreed that joists web would not be the duct layout.
The simplicity of the systems of surrounding floor is many flush beams for eliminating the
option of the ductwork routine in the floor system in main sites, but upgrading the floor system
of framing from lumber dimension to floor of the open web was not justifiable (Jagadish, 2014).
Plan B first-floor layout

Air Conditioning in Residential Building 17
Plan B second floor layout
Plan C
Plan C is large of 4167fr2 two-story building plan of a floor. There are two systems of air
conditioning in the house, one is in downstairs and another one in upstairs. The David Weekley
homes utilized a bonus room closet as a mechanical closet for the second-floor unit. The square
in red shows the position of the furnace. The ceiling is dropped for many trunk supplies to be
installed for routing ducts to the guest suite. The red solid shapes are coffers and were
implemented to avoid ceiling dropping in the hallways (Keeler, 2013).
Coffers were created for the furnace of the upstairs to allow more space to rout the ductwork to
coffer for the bedroom five and four (Kelly, 2015).
Plan B second floor layout

Air Conditioning in Residential Building 18
Plan B first-floor layout
Methodology
The researcher through the builders' science corporation visited and performed tests of their
research homes. The objective of the testing was to make sure that every house is commissioned
fully and includes the following performances tests:
 Door teat blower to measure the infiltration rate in the house by method of depressurized
with measurement of multipoint computerized.
 Blower door tests to measure duct leakage using the depressurized tests methods
 Outside rate of air ventilation measurement
 Heating ventilation and air conditioning equipment’s of external static pressure, measures
with the pilot tube of static pressure (Krarti, 2015).
 Record measurement flow to ensure good flow from every supply register
 The difference of bedroom to pressure of hallway when the door is locked to ensure that
the grilles were sized such that the pressure of the room can be prevented when closed the
door.
Results
Plan A
Testing the infiltration: the test of the blower door produced1082.0CFM 50.0 and is goal of
under the 1469 goal of CFM. The infiltration rate targeted is equal to leak ratio of 0.250.. This
rate of infiltration id normally most builders’ science corporation projects that are BA part.
Testing duct: the total leakage of duct 189CFM 25 constitutes the 24 percent of 800 CFM of the
flow of minimal cooling and is greater than what is usually gotten at David Weekley home
houses and greater than the 155 of total duct leakage recommended. Total duct leakage is less

Air Conditioning in Residential Building 19
critical characteristics of operation when the whole system in situated in the space conditioned,
because the leakage is inside the building. In some case, then leakage duct can impact negatively
on the comfort level even when the duct is placed in the conditioned space (Kutz, 2016). The
builders and the constrictors of heating, ventilation and air conditioning are aware of the results
and are struggling to advance in the future home. This rise in the leakage duct may be because of
different strategies of ducting used in their homes but a full analysis. Consequent identification
of the locations of leaks was not able to be performed because of the many ductworks concealed
in dropping ceilings and beneath insulations. The metric for assessing the tightness of the duct
for the system located in the spaced conditioned in the leaking duct to the outside test. The
builders’ science corporation requires, for projects of BA that leakage of duct to outside be
restricted to 5%of the flow of total cooling. Plan A passes have 4% leakage duct to outside, the
air flow to the outside was measured with the barometer flow hood at the termination of exterior
walls (Liu, 2014).
The hood flow was used to measure inflow at every register of the supply. all flow was measured
with the systems of air conditioning in the 2nd stage of cooling, in this way, unit will be
functioning in to meet point set during the event of the cooling load. A manometer was used to
measure ESPs in the return and supply plenum of air conditioning system. The manufactures of
the air conditioning systems mention that air handling unit should not work more than 0.5 WIC
as this restrictive airflow. The system of duct at plan A is flexible according to the static
measurement of pressure. This was made on the dry cooling coil of cooling.
Plan B
The blower door produces 1189CMF 50, and is good under the 1432 CMF goal, causing in the
ratio of the leak of 0.21 CMF.

Air Conditioning in Residential Building 20
The duct testing: the total leakage of the duct of 189 CMF 25 constitute 14% of the total 1200
CMF of the flow of minimal cooling. This meet the builders’ science corporation suggested the
maximum of 15% total leakage of the duct. The outside duct leakage was confirmed at 3% of the
flow of insignificant cooling and meet five percent of builders’ science corporation requirement
for the leakage of outside duct (Madsen, 2017).
Plan C
The test of blower door produced 288CMF5o, and is good for the CMF goal of 2208, causing in
ratio leakage of 0.33 CMF. Builders Science Corporation worked with rater locally to identify
the locations of air leakages. The major air leakage source that was gotten was not related to the
strategy of location of duct related to the work of research. The pathways with air leakage were
realized in first knee way of story attic at the house front. These air leakages pathways were
closed by the person building and then retested by the local organization. The rate of infiltration
was gotten to 0.26 leak ratio (Magrini, 2014).
There were two systems of air conditioning in this house, downstairs and upstairs unit. The total
leakage duct for both upstairs and downstairs units are 25and 95CFM112 constitutes 123% of
800 CMF of the flow of nominal cooling for every unit. This meet the builders' science
corporation recommended 15% total leakage duct. The duct leak to outside be measured at 4 and
3 % of minimal flow and meets 5% leak duck requirement to outside, duct of outside air was
fitted on the furnace downstairs so no flow of air of outside size was present on units upstairs
(Measurements, 2013).
Duct test discussion

Air Conditioning in Residential Building 21
The systems of air conditioning are capable to give adequate flow of air despite the leakage of
the duct. This can be recognized because most fitted air conditioning systems are large when
compared to J CFM manual flow calculated. The air conditioning equipment especially the
systems of cooling are of restricted size and two-stage SEE 16 systems of cooling installed at
home shave more sizing options. Available in one tonne increment than a half ton that mostly in
most condensers. The best cooling systems’ sizes is typically slightly large compared to the load
of actual houses peaks (Merz, 2016).
Leakage of duct to outside testing is a test of performance that moves the border from ductwork
to the houses’ air barrier. This investigation suggest how good ducts are sealed and confirmed in
the space conditioned. The duct leakage measured to outside is not the sign that is directly leaked
to the outside by the ducts since the duct will leak into space conditioned that they are located in.
depending on the air exchange rate of the conditioned space to the outside, some op air can leak
outside but usually after the conditioning of the interior space condition (Office, 2010).
Duct design cost analysis
The cost for moving the systems of air conditioning into the space conditioned can be damaged
into the additional mechanical cost an additional enclosure cost. The air conditioner in these
homes was advanced from stage 15 SEER systems to improve the performance of energy of the
homes to meet the BA targets. This advancement is irrelevant to the goal of research on the
ductwork location in the space conditioned through the economical method. The costs of the air
conditioning systems for this section assume no change in air in the efficient conditioner
(Owens, 2017).

Air Conditioning in Residential Building 22
The duct analysis of cost design will display that the strategy is cost-effective in existing plans
of floor against the approach of building cathedralized unvented attic. It is expensive because the
moving cost the ducts to the space conditioned by emerging new plans for scratch to allow the
constructor elasticity in creating more rooms to escape the expensive coffers up into the attic
space.
Plan A
The costs projected resemble the costs estimated in future and comprise the enhancements on the
application of the measures. A decrease in air conditioner tonnage was promising because of the
rearrangement of the whole systems of air conditioning into the conditioned space. The
contractors of the air conditioning systems are expecting reduction of 43% in savings and should
be applied in future plans. The total projected cost for both mechanical and enclosure measures
of this plan is $3911. BEopt predicts the savings of 92% in yearly utility cost when relocating the
ductwork to the space conditioned (Press, 2014).
Measure Projected cost Initial cost Comment
Additional beams $250.0 $250.0 Only one additional beam
Framing labour $250.0 $1000.0 Costs of initial framing
includes corrective various
measures
Thin sheathing
profile
$180. $600.0 OSB would be installed for
mechanical closet
Mechanical coffer foam
spray
$1975.0 $1975.0 Low density of spray foam
of spray cell
Dropped ceilings $125.0 $125.0 It is not expensive according
to designers
Canned spray foam $340.0 $510.0 Methods of installation are
expected to improve
Drywall $0.0 $0,0 Mechanical closet is attic
hence no drywall is needed
for this research
Additional days of
construction
$425.0 $1530.0 20 day of additional
construction expected to be
reduced to 7
OSB $100.0 $100.0 Insulation, coffer materials,
dropped air barrier ceiling,
trough
Total $3645.0 $6090,0 Savings of 41% is projected

Air Conditioning in Residential Building 23
Table 1 above show plan An enclosure costs
Table 2 below shoes plan A mechanical cost
Measure Projected cost Initial cost Comments
Downsizing of air
conditioning materials
$165.0 $165.0 Saving for downsizing
system from 3 to 2 ton
Ductwork cost of materials $12.0 $12.0 Ductwork reduction because
use of more centralized
layout and tonnage saving
Ductwork labour cost %443.0 $643.0 Methods of installation will
make it improves
Total $226.0 $466.0 Savings of 43% projected
Plan B
The additional mechanical cost of this plan is 4128. The projected savings for the plan B is 63%
that is higher than in plan A and this is because plan B is having single air conditioning systems
that serve both second and first floor. The complexities of ducting al floors to the single furnace
resulted in higher initials costs than other houses (Publishers, 2013).
Measure Projected cost Initial cost Comment
Additional beams $250.0 $250.0 Only one additional beam
Framing labour $250.0 $1000.0 Costs of initial framing
includes corrective various
measures
Thin sheathing profile $300.0 $100.0 OSB would be installed for
mechanical closet
Mechanical coffer foam
spray
$1771.0 $1771.0 Low density of spray foam
of spray cell
Dropped ceilings $125.0 $125.0 It is not expensive according
to designers
Canned spray foam $240.0 $480.0 Methods of installation are
expected to improve
Drywall $0.0 $0,0 Mechanical closet is attic
hence no drywall is needed
for this research
Additional days of
construction
$425.0 $1530.0 20 day of additional
construction expected to be
reduced to 7
OSB $100.0 $100.0 Insulation, coffer materials,
dropped air barrier ceiling,
trough
Total $3461.0 $6256.0 Savings of 45% is projected

Air Conditioning in Residential Building 24
Table 3 above shows plan B enclosure cost
Measure Projected cost Initial cost Comments
Downsizing of air
conditioning materials
$135.0 $135.0 Saving for downsizing
system from 3 to 2 ton
Ductwork cost of materials $109.0 $109.0 Ductwork reduction because
use of more centralized
layout and tonnage saving
Ductwork labour cost $663.0 $1224.0 Methods of installation will
make it improves
Total $419.0 $980.0 Savings of 63% projected
Table 4 above show mechanical cost of plan B
Plan C
The most important thing is that the extra drywall was needed for the second closet mechanical
because of the alteration from one to two air conditioning systems. The extra mechanical costs
for the plan 4069. Included in the cost is the air conditioning system that shifted from one zone
to another system. The saving projected of plan C IS 42% which is very same to plan A 43%.
The air conditioning systems at plan C creates a two-story floor or plans with isolated systems
fixed to another (Qi, 2012).
Measure Projected cost Initial cost Comment
Additional beams $400.0 $400.0 Needed for constriction of
raceway
Framing labour $500.0 $1500.0 Costs of initial framing
includes corrective various
measures
Thin sheathing profile $128.0 $48.0 Thicker sheet is
recommended for work in
future
Mechanical coffer foam
spray
$1475.0 $1475.0 Low density of spray foam
of spray cell
Dropped ceilings $50.0 $50.0 It is not expensive according
to designers
Canned spray foam $240.0 $480.0 Methods of installation are
expected to improve
Drywall $225.0 $300.0 Systems designers will
install drywall crew for
mechanical closet
Additional days of
construction
$600,0 $2160.0 20 day of additional
construction expected to be
reduced to 7
OSB $380.0 $380.0 Insulation, coffer materials,

Air Conditioning in Residential Building 25
dropped air barrier ceiling,
trough
Total $3998.0 $6793.0 Savings of 61% is projected
Table 5 above show enclosure costs for Plan C
Measure Cost projected Initial cost Comments
Downsizing of air
conditioning systems
$-195.0 $-195.0 Saving of downsizing the air
conditioning systems from 5
to 4 ton
Zoned single to two furnaces $1500.0 $1500.0 Cost of furnace added minus
control zoning
Ductwork labour cost $884.0 $1805.0 Methods of installation will
cause improvements
Ductwork material cost $-211.0 -211.0 Reduction in the ductwork
because of tonnage saving
Total $1978.0 $2899.0 Projected savings of 42%
Table 6 above show plan C mechanical cost
Cost analysis discussion
The mechanical coffer consists of a major portion of the cost for air conditioning system moving
in the spaced conditioned but the builder believes that a person who owns the home values the
living space that is saved by lack of furnace in a closet in the space of main living. The paybacks
for these homes are higher but ducts in the spaced conditioned produce important predicted
improvements in efficiency through metrics. BEopt predicts the yearly improvement of the
energy source of 5to 6% when the ductwork is moved in the conditioned space. The rate predicts
the decrease of around 4 to 5 HERS index point for similar measures (summaries, 2015).
There are important improvements in performance predicted as most upgrades usually impact
HERS index on the range of 1to 3 points. Energy codes like IECC and good programs like DOE
challenge program home need duct in the space conditioned regardless the economics. The
moving ducts in the conditioned rooms are not the upgrade for the builders since it's affected by
rating programs and stringent codes (Yao, 2013).
Code compliance analysis

Air Conditioning in Residential Building 26
David weekely homes stated the desire to good understanding the effects of2015 IECC codes
changes according to the performance of energy. It was speculated by the builders’ science
corporation that the performance of energy threshold for the 2015IECC will be 50% of the IECC
of 2006 mandate provided. The compliance of IECC is calculated presently for cooling, heating
and only hot water. This analyses, therefore, shoe how the DWH plan of the floor can save
around 50% in cooling, heating and energy of using hot water compared to the 2006IECC. The
index of HER is involved in the analysis as the additional metric as it is good to builders and
raters (Wilson, 2013).
Plan 1 was taken for the research since its floor was the smallest among other plan of the
research houses and hence is conservative. REM/rate version 14.0 was used for the work. The
architectural corporation energy produced the software and is one of the best residential
modelling software package in the industry being recognized. The HERS organization rating for
the DWH hence the methodology and work are easily transferable to the contractors of DWH
(Whitman, 2012).
The considered upgrade in this research was chosen in the effort of collaboration with BSC and
DWH, as the DWH best understand what then upgrades are integrated easily into the
environment of creation hence. Other options of upgrade were removed by corporation directly
with the constructors so that the results represent the upgrade package which is economical for
the DWH and it’s very easy to integrate into the current production (Whitcomb, 2016).
The starting point for the analysis to begin plan I with DWH characteristics include:
 ceiling of -37
 walls of 2 by 6 with 3XPS-R
 Rate of infiltration= 0.25leak ratio (CMF50/ft2 enclosure)
 Vinyl window U=0.29, SHGC=0.22

Air Conditioning in Residential Building 27
 15SEER air system conditioner
 CFIS ventilations with 33%fans of duty cycling control
 water heater tank
Plan A with the characteristic of the buildings saved 39% versus the IECC of 2006and score 66
on the index of HERS. The plan meet 50% energy saving using the methodologies of the current
of evaluating heating and cooling and every run is increasing. The largest provider to the saving
energy is run 1: moving the ductwork and furnace inside the space conditioned results to the
savings of energy of 44% verse the IECC of 2006 and HERS index of 62. Run 2 to 8 apply
upgrades that are preferred by DWH to reflect about achieving 50%of the saving versus 2006
IECC. Run 8: is not important step for getting50% saving energy verses IECC OF 2006 (Wayne
C. Turner, 2016)
Discussion
The work of the DWH answered the following questions of the research
What is the most effective, method and best performing method of dust location in the spaced
conditioned for hot humid homes
DWH believe that this strategy developed for the ductwork location in the space conditioned are
prospective as the economic method of improving the energy efficiency for the existing home
production. However, the builders do not trust that plans of developing new floors from the
scratch will enable more economic incorporation of ductwork in the conditioned space. This
approach of engineering system can prevent the mechanical requirement for the coffers in the
attic space and could enable the use of dropped ceilings for the location of ductwork (Traister,
2015).

Air Conditioning in Residential Building 28
The DWH has delivered constructive response on the design of the dust that was implemented at
the research home. The development of dust coffers in the attic enables the DWH to embrace the
location strategy of the ductwork in the conditioned space in present stock of the house without
relying on the dropped ceiling. Without any coffers would be the best strategy that is economical
for the ducts location. However, this design is perceived by the builder as having the negative
effect of aesthetics and cannot attract customers. And it's the most development in the work of
research. The main objective of the research was to give the working alternative for the builders
who want to move the air conditioning systems in the conditioned space without dropped
prolonged ceilings and a mechanical closet or converting to cathedralized of the unvented attic
(Traister, 2015).
DWH is sure about the cost for moving ducts into spaced conditioned can be reduced in the
homes in future. The methodology is known as the retrofit in that the existing plans of the floor
have to be changed to aloe the implementation of the strategies. The ADWH has expressed
interest in developing new plans for the floor that more seemingly to integrate the air
conditioning systems as part of the spaced conditioned. This work will need collaboration
between air conditioning systems contractors and architect and can design the design of cost-
effective. The estimators of cost are available for the approach of integrative. It is significant to
note that the change in the requirement of codes and criteria for their programs of energy
efficiency is forcing the DWH to integrate ducts to the conditioned space in the portfolio of the
existing plans of the floor (T, 2014).
This work of the research identifies the most strategy that is economical to move the ductwork
into space conditioned for the plans of the existing floor. DWH lack resources to develop new
plans for the floor although the design represents the approach that is effective in terms of cost of

Air Conditioning in Residential Building 29
moving the air conditioning systems within the space conditioned. Every house was appointed by
the Builders science corporation and was found to conform the specification of BA. The rate of
infiltration for these plans was lesser than the ones constructed by DWN and it is maintained that
it can be improved in the future homes. Degradation was not noted in the performance of
mechanical for systems of enclosure during contracting. The ductwork correctly fixed and
appropriate airflow is provided to all rooms through mechanical systems, duck leaks outside the
measurements have improved (Technology, 2010).
It was speculated by builders Sciences Corporation that the IECC of 2015 will command the
efficiency of the energy threshold equals to 50% energy saving versus IECC of 2006. The
analysis was done REM/ rate to find the best upgrades to attain 50%. Moving the air
conditioning systems to the conditioned space was the major upgrading for the fact analysis in
the constituted large increase in efficiency compared to other upgrades. Moving system of air
conditioning to the space conditioned, the builder identify the economical upgrade to implement
its production to the environment. These include the upgrade ceiling insulations and walls and
also increase in air conditioner and efficiencies of the water heated
The estimated initial cost for moving the air conditioning systems to the conditioned space were
to post constructions confirmed. DWH does estimates that it saves 40 to 50% of the mounted
cost of the enclosure and mechanical components strategy of the duct design. This interprets to
2000 to 4000 in the savings in every house when the builder and the air conditioning system
contractor improve this approach. The projected costs estimates for other enclosure and
mechanical upgrades not related to duct design strategies are close to the costs confirmed as the
production builder has the widespread experience in costing more options for the products
(States, 2011).

Air Conditioning in Residential Building 30
Conclusion
This research paper is about the systems of air conditioning in the resident’s building, air
conditioning systems accomplish cooling and heating for the residents, commercial and
industrial building. They may be responsible for the giving the fresh air outside the house to
weaken the contaminants airborne inside the house like organic compounds which are volatile
and the ones producing odours emitted from the furnishing and chemicals used for the cleanings.
Air is cooled and dehumidified by the air conditioner as it passes over the surface of the cold coil
(Stamper, 2013). The coil inside the house is the heat exchanger of air to liquid with the tube
rows where the liquid is passed via coil. Fined connected surfaces to the tubes increases the cold
surface area hence increasing the characteristics the air and heat passing over the coil and also
liquid through the coil and the type of liquid used to depend on the selected system.
In the situation where the system expands directly, air is passed over the coil in the refrigerant
heat inside the house and the boiling point transform it to warm gas from cold liquid. warm
vapour is pushed from the cooling coil through the tube of copper to compressor where the
compression of warm gas occurs. Sometimes, the accumulator is put between the compressor
and the coil of cooling to capture liquid refrigerant is not used and make sure that only vapour
enters the compressor (Siegenthaler, 2012). The pressure of the vapour refrigerants is increased
by the process of compression and increases the vapour temperatures. Vapor is compressed by
the compressor through the heat exchanger called outdoor condenser where hot gas is
compressed to a warm liquid of high pressure and heat is rejected. Warm liquid of high pressure
is pumped through the small copper tube to a filter and to the device of expansion where the
liquid of high pressure is reduced to liquid of low pressure, the cold liquids enter the coil of
cooling inside the room and the process starts again (Santamouris, 2017).

Air Conditioning in Residential Building 31
As this liquid passes through cooling coil inside the house on the heat exchanger, two
occurrences are noted over the surface of the coil on the outside of the heat exchanger. The
temperature of air dropped and the air's moisture is removed if the dew point of the indoor air is
more than the surface of the coil’s temperature. The cooling of the air conditioning systems is the
addition of the latent and sensible cooling. Many aspects affect the cooling capacity of DX
conditioner and is inversely proportional to the temperature of outdoors. Indoor temperature and
the humidity affects the total capacity of the system of AC. As indoor temperature roses, the
capacity of latent of air conditioning system increase. Those manufacturing air conditioning
systems normally give the map of the performance of scientific equipment to give hoe sensible
and latent capacity changes with the changing outdoor and indoor humidity and temperature
(Santamouris, 2011).
Air conditioning systems provide humidly control and cooling in the whole building. The
buildings with air conditioners have windows that are sealed because open windows work
against the intended system to maintain indoor conditions to be constants. Air conditioning and
refrigeration are given through the removal of heat through convection, radiation and conduction.
Plants of air conditioning system should improve to reduce the energy use. Before any
modification is commenced, the record of maintenance should be checked and ascertain the
replacement of Filters, cooling and heating coil cleaning, and control damper maintenance has
been regularly attended. The existing of the ducting systems should be examined to ensure that
there is no leaks and gaskets should be replaced where needed. Insulation is also very important
since heat loss or coldness through the ducts steel is expensive, therefore, all ducting should be
examined for the breakdown insulation and new components can be fitted to the ducting (Shah,
2013).

Air Conditioning in Residential Building 32
Recommendation
Plants of HVAC system should improve to reduce the energy use. Before any modification is
commenced, the record of maintenance should be checked and ascertain the replacement of
Filters, cooling and heating coil cleaning, and control damper maintenance has been regularly
attended. The existing of the ducting systems should be examined to ensure that there is no leaks
and gaskets should be replaced where needed. Insulation is also very important since heat loss or
coldness through the ducts steel is expensive, therefore, all ducting should be examined for the
breakdown insulation and new components can be fitted to the ducting. The modern duct can be
bought pre-insulated with the high insulation efficiency should be considered in the upgrade
(Madsen, 2017).
Use of highly efficient components
the designer of HVAC systems are known for being heavy-handed when calculating ventilation
and heating requirements of the building. The following components can be upgraded:
Electric motors: fans of air circulation driven by the electric motors are examples of overrating.
The first thing to check is rating plate against the requirements of the design in the original
specification. Good motor allows the speed of the fan to be altered during changing conditions.
Air filters: air filters should be replaced with filters that are efficient and can make the saving in
the energy of driving motor fan and reusable filters are always used because they are cheaper to
maintain and buy. The permanent filter is costly and require regular cleaning and stripping
(Shen, 2014).
Fabrication of ducting: the fabrication of ducting of the air conditioning system should use
measures of energy efficient like turn vanes at 90 degrees bend and smooth transitions between

Air Conditioning in Residential Building 33
the component and ducting of different sections and sizes. Galvanic corrosion between stainless
steel and galvanized steel should be prevented by isolating them and will save costs of
replacements.
Grillers and diffusers: the supply and extraction of the air to the rooms can be made suitable by
using the modern grillers and filters to improve also control of inflow. These make sure that
optimum air amount is admitted and extracted from the rooms and promoted equal room
temperatures (States, 2016).
Heating and cooling methods to upgrade air conditioning systems
The hot and cold air is supplied by the fans to the buildings that draw the air in the handling unit
through the coil. Large buildings use hot water supplied by the furnace to circulate through the
coil giving out cold water and hot air from the chillers used for air conditioning. The use of heat
pumps can save energy in heating and cooling. In the mode of hot air, the refrigerant gas is
circulated to the coil as the pump of condense ids in the AHU. When the draw the air in the coil,
the refrigerant condense to liquid to produce air and heat and fans produce hot air to the building.
In the mode of air conditioning, the system is reversed by the valve of reversing. The coil in
AHU functions like evaporator with their liquid refrigerant being the circulated to the coil. The
air is drawn by fans, evaporates and converts it to gas this remove heat from the air before it is
supplied to the building by fans (Santamouris, 2012).
The system can be made suitable by using geothermal energy in form of the geothermal heat
pumps, which is good for big building provided there is space for locating the buried pipes loops.
It can be used in the building during winter and summer, during winter, heat pumps use
underground heat to evaporate the refrigerant. Heat from the refrigerant gas is transferred to air

Air Conditioning in Residential Building 34
used to heat the building. In the summers, the heat pump is used to cool air by dissipating heat
from the building back to the ground through geothermal loops. Refrigerant is becoming more
friendly to environment that reduce the efficiency
Control systems
Modern air and conditioning systems management can improve the systems' efficiency. The
control systems monitors the pressure and temperatures of the air at a strategic point through the
systems of air conditioning. they include; electrostatic programming thermostat; check on the
condition of sir for filtration and humidity; ducting static pressure controlling and monitoring
through adjusting the fans circulating and zones sensors.
Summary
This research paper is about the systems of air conditioning in the resident’s building, air
conditioning systems accomplish cooling and heating for the residents, commercial and
industrial building. They may be responsible for the giving the fresh air outside the house to
weaken the contaminants airborne inside the house like organic compounds which are volatile
and the ones producing odours emitted from the furnishing and chemicals used for the cleanings.
Air is cooled and dehumidified by the air conditioner as it passes over the surface of the cold
coil. Air conditioning systems provide humidly control and cooling in the whole building. The
buildings with air conditioners have windows that are sealed because open windows work
against the intended system to maintain indoor conditions to be constants. Air conditioning and
refrigeration are given through the removal of heat through convection, radiation and conduction.
Plants of air conditioning system should improve to reduce the energy use.

Air Conditioning in Residential Building 35
This study is based on defining a good design plan for heating ventilation and air conditioning
for domestic building. Heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems perform cooling and
heating for the residents, commercial and industrial building. They may be responsible for the
giving the fresh air from outside to dilute the interior contaminants like volatile organic
compounds and odours emitted from the furnishing and chemicals used for the cleanings. Air
conditioning systems accomplish cooling and heating for the residents, commercial and
industrial building. They may be responsible for the giving the fresh air outside the house to
weaken the contaminants airborne inside the house like organic compounds which are volatile
and the ones producing odours emitted from the furnishing and chemicals used for the cleanings.
Acknowledgement
The organizations and individuals who directly or indirectly assisted during this research and
ensure that the research was successful include the some of the residential houses, constructors,
government officials, tenants, and organizations as discussed below. Building Science
Corporation directly works with David weekly homed to redesign three plans of the current floor
to locate air conditioned systems in the conditioned place. The importance of this research paper
is to develop a cheap design for moving air conditioned system into the space conditioned. Also
building Science Corporation conducted the analysis of energy to calculate the most approach
which is economical for increasing the performance of energy of the productions of houses in
future. The constructors’ wishes to improve the package upgraded that will enable the
continuous transition as mandated in the new codes.
Building Science Corporation and the constructor develop a strategy design that employs system
of dropped ceilings and coffers for ductwork moving to the conditioned space from the vented
attic. The designed development of the duct coffers in the attic space enables David weekly

Air Conditioning in Residential Building 36
homes to embrace the approach of the location of ductwork in the space conditioned, in the stock
of available houses without using dropped ceilings. The constructor recognizes that dropped
ceilings without coffers would be an economic plan for duct location. The builder identifies this
design as a negative effects on aesthetics and could not be good-looking to the base customers
and it's the most important development in the research as David's weekly home and its
customers wish to avoid dropped ceilings
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