Air Quality Monitoring and Control
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Added on 2020-04-01
Air Quality Monitoring and Control
Added on 2020-04-01
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Air Quality Monitoring and Control 1AIR QUALITY MONITORING AND CONTROL IN CEMENT INDUSTRYName CourseProfessorUniversityCity/stateDate
Air Quality Monitoring and Control 2Table of Contents1.Introduction.......................................................................................................................................22.Literature Review..............................................................................................................................42.1.Electrostatic precipitators (ESPs).............................................................................................52.2.Baghouse.....................................................................................................................................62.3.Wet scrubbers............................................................................................................................72.4.Cyclone separators.....................................................................................................................72.5.Gravity settlers...........................................................................................................................8References..................................................................................................................................................9
Air Quality Monitoring and Control 31.Introduction Cement is one of the oldest and commonest construction materials across the world. It is the second most used commodity worldwide after water. The material is mainly used for making concrete that is used for construction of different structures such as buildings, roads, dams, bridges, etc. Global demand and consumption of cement has continued to rise over the years leading to constant increase in cement production. In 2016, the global cement production is estimated to have reached 4.6 billion tons and is projected to reach 5.8 billion tons by 2022[CITATION Int17 \l 1033 ]. This demand is driven by rising construction activities in different parts of the world.Despite the growing demand for cement and market size of cement industry, there are severalconcerns in this industry. One of the major concerns is the industry’s environmental impacts. Cement production is one of the most energy intensive manufacturing processes. The cement is produced from a blend of limestone/chalk, clay, sand, slate, shells, etc. Extraction and preparation of these materials require a lot of energy. These raw materials are then burned in a kiln to temperatures ranging from 1400 to 1500°C to produce cement clinker through a process known as calcination. After that, the clinker is ground to produce a fine powder that is then mixed with gypsum to produce cement[ CITATION Glo11 \l 1033 ]. The total energy required to produce 1 ton of cement is above 4.7 billion BTUs (British thermal units), which is equivalent to approximately 400 pounds of coal. As a result of this, cement industry accounts for a significant percentage of carbon missions that is a major contributor of global climate change. Cement production alone is estimated to account for 5-6% of total carbon dioxide produced by human activities[ CITATION Rod11 \l 1033 ]. Considering the increasing cement demand and production,
Air Quality Monitoring and Control 4carbon dioxide emissions emanating from cement industry will also continue increasing unless appropriate measures are put in place to cut them down. All activities related to cement production and shipping produce significant amount of carbonemissions, besides other environmental impacts[ CITATION Che10 \l 1033 ]. This has led to creationand development of various strategies aimed at reducing the amount of energy used in the industry and their associated environmental impacts. Some of these strategies include: increasingefficiency of the kiln and the overall cement production plants; use of production processes that consume less energy, such as dry process instead of wet process[ CITATION Mad11 \l 1033 ]; use ofrenewable energy sources; increase energy efficiency of cement production plants[ CITATION Wor13 \l 1033 ]; recycling and reuse of wastes generated from cement production; and monitoringand control of greenhouse gas emissions origination from cement production. Analysis of cement industry impact on the environment is very important because it provides useful information that can be used to establish the most effective practices of reducing these impacts. This has seen some governments formulate policies that set limits of maximum acceptable quality of air released from cement production facilities. As a result of this, cement production companies have come up with mechanisms of monitoring and controlling the quality of air they release into the environment. 2.Literature ReviewAs stated before, cement industry produces 5-6% of the total carbon dioxide emissions produced by human activities. Other emissions include particulate matter, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide, volatile organic compounds, hydrogen chloride, chlorine and ammonia. These emissions have huge impacts on the environment and therefore the need to
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