Airport Planning Toolkit

This document provides a comprehensive toolkit for airport planning, including an analysis of London Heathrow Airport expansion plans, an airport audit tool, and a stakeholder analysis. It explores the challenges faced by the airport, the impact on profitability, environment, and the local community. The document also includes information on the timeline of expansion plans and the factors affecting airport operations.

AIRPORT PLANNING
TOOLKIT
1

Table of contents
TASK A...........................................................................................................................................3
1.1 Media analysis and SBA to find Timeline Analysis of London Heathrow Airport
Expansion Plans...........................................................................................................................3
1.2 Airport Analysis Audit tool for Auditing activity.................................................................5
Task b).............................................................................................................................................8
Task c).............................................................................................................................................9
TASK D.........................................................................................................................................11
TASK E.........................................................................................................................................13
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................14
2

TASK A
1.1 Media analysis and SBA to find Timeline Analysis of London Heathrow Airport Expansion
Plans
Time frame
SINCE 1993-
PRESENT
Key Expansion Plans and
Decisions
References (short)
1993 It was the year in which airport
first air quality monitor was
developed. Thus, in study it
was concluded that the
expansion is only way by
which airport demand can be
fulfilled.
https://www.heathrow.com/company/about-
heathrow/expansion
1995 In this year proposal developed
for expansion was rejected and
that plan of construction of new
run way was cancelled.
https://www.building.co.uk/news/timeline-
of-heathrows-third-runway-the-longest-
take-off-in-history/5104716.article
2003 In future in regard with air
transport of airport again the
expansion of third runway was
being considered and prepared.
https://www.heathrow.com/company/about-
heathrow/airports-commission-expansion
2008 The expansion of third runway
by Gordon brown was prepared
but David Cameron in
opposition did not considered it
and stopped expansion at
airport. However, expansion of
terminal 5 was being
https://www.heathrow.com/company/about-
heathrow/expansion
3

considered in this.
2010 There was again expansion of
third runway of airport was
ruled out in this.
https://www.heathrow.com/company/about-
heathrow/expansion
2012 There was a commission set up
so that pressure can be put in
regard with expansion of
Heathrow airport.
https://www.building.co.uk/news/timeline-
of-heathrows-third-runway-the-longest-
take-off-in-history/5104716.article
2015 The commission proposed
expansion in their report. This
was done to maintain UK status
in aviation industry at global
level.
https://www.heathrow.com/company/about-
heathrow/expansion
2016 The government of Theresa
May approved the expansion
plan. But in long public
consultation period in
parliament followed by vote in
2017 and in 2016. Hence, it
was announced to work on
Heathrow expansion of new
runway.
https://www.building.co.uk/news/timeline-
of-heathrows-third-runway-the-longest-
take-off-in-history/5104716.article
2017 There were some new
conditions laid down by
government in expansion of
airport in December 2017.
Airport plan to save £2.5
billion runway and did not
considered new terminal in it.
So, final cost estimated was
https://www.heathrow.com/company/about-
heathrow/expansion
4

£14 billion
2018 A 10 week public consultation
was opened for its expansion
but in August 2018 a legal
action was launched by Friends
of earth on the plan of
expansion.
https://www.building.co.uk/news/timeline-
of-heathrows-third-runway-the-longest-
take-off-in-history/5104716.article
2019 The UK high court dismissed
legal challenge against
Heathrow airport. In December
it was declared that expansion
is delayed by 3 years as
aviation regulator has rejected
proposal of speeding up before
giving approval on it.
https://www.heathrow.com/company/about-
heathrow/airports-commission-expansion
2020 Due to climatic change concern
third run way plan was
cancelled. Hence, airport then
said to go to supreme court to
appeal against it.
https://www.building.co.uk/news/timeline-
of-heathrows-third-runway-the-longest-
take-off-in-history/5104716.article
So, it can be analysed that Heathrow airport is planning to expand runway since 1993 but
due to various reason and issues the expansion plan is not being approved. However, expansion
is done which will enable in creating million of jobs and providing billion of economic growth to
UK.
1.2 Airport Analysis Audit tool for Auditing activity
It requires to do audit of airport so that it becomes easy to predict that what are facts and
figures of flight operations. Hence, it becomes easy to prepare report on expansion of runway.
5

Situational Factors plus
forecasts
London Heathrow airport
Catchment Area The airport has emphasized on increasing catchment area of
local water.
Passenger NUMBER over
last 3 years
Annual passenger allowed in 2018 was 80.1 million annual
passenger
Annual passenger Allowed in 2019 were 80.9 million annual
passengers (Airports Commission, 2020).
However, in 2020 there was decrease in passenger due to
pandemic. Thus, there were only 22.1 million passengers
recorded in it.
ATM’s (AIR TRAFFIC
MOVEMENTS) over last 3
years
Air traffic movement recorded in 2018 were 477,604, in 2019
there was a downfall and air traffic movement recorded was
475,861 and in 2020 air traffic movement recorded was
207,070 due to Covid-19 pandemic (Heathrow Airport Facts
and Figures, 2020).
Type of Operation %’s:
Cargo Vs Pax / Leisure V’s
Business / LCC (LOW
COST CARRIER) Vs FSC
(FIRST CLASS CARRIER)
The operations of cargo at airport was maximum in 2018. But
is did not increase until the capacity constraints issues was
resolved. On contrary pax operation was not so much high but
it only increased by 0.8 million in 2019.
In this low cost carrier could not use airport cargo operations
for their own use because airport operations are already at
their full capacity however first class carrier operate but only
on some limited routes.
Terminal Factors plus
forecasts
London Heathrow airport
Terminal Layouts TYPES IN
ALL FOLLOWERS
6

TERMINALS–
TERMINAL 1
TERMINAL 2
TERMINAL 3
TERMINAL 4
TERMINAL 5
It was opened 1968 and closed in 2015
There were 18.5 million passengers arrived and on 118,335
flights
There were 19.5 million passengers arrived and on 94,019
flights
Total 9.4 million passengers arrived and on 49,660 flights
(Heathrow Airport Facts and Figures, 2020)
Total 32.8 million passengers arrived and on 210,723 flights
NUMBER of gates –
DESCRIBE AND
JUSTIFY IN EACH
TERMINAL
TERMINAL 1
TERMINAL 2
TERMINAL 3
TERMINAL 4
TERMINAL 5
The gates are concourse A (gates 1–26) and concourse B
(gates 28–49).
There are 42 gates in terminal 3 but terminal 3 has been closed
due to low number of flights until further notice
This Terminal is also being temporarily closed until further
notice
NUMBER of Air-bridges – It has been found that there are 133 air bridges in Heathrow
airport
Airside Factors plus
forecasts
London Heathrow airport
NUMBER of Stands, It is analysed that there are currently 133 aircraft stands that
are served by an air bridge and 70 remote stands at the airport.
Along with this, there are 11 cargo stands as well (Heathrow
Airport Facts and Figures, 2020).
7

Runways There are basically 2 runways at Heathrow international
Airport
Slots There are approx 9770 slots at Heathrow Airport
ATC (AIR TRAFFIC
CONTROL)
At Heathrow airport there is only 1 ATC which provide tower
and engineering services to flights that land and take off from
2 runways.
Task b)
Based upon the above analysis identify and justify the most significant planning
challenges impacting LHR;
LHR Is the UK’s busiest airport and they are serving around 80 million passengers per
year and currently this airport has around four terminals and two runways. in the expansion plan
they are facing challenges from the long time that is affecting their probability and they are not
able to start their expansion plan. From the long time they were trying to get permission from the
environmentalist, opposition and local residents but after a long time they are successful.
Things that faced by the LHR Environmentalists were arguing that The new expansion
plan is not appropriate by the London Heathrow. According to the specialty they give reason do
not support the expansion plan was that it will directly impact the environment and also increase
the carbon emission and environment that will become the reason of climate change. This was
one of the major challenge that was faced by the airport on the whole plant delay for the 12
month of time. And one mental issues are one of the biggest issue that faced in United Kingdom
and all over the world as well and specialist in environmental feel do not want that London
airway should expand there airport because it will create more carbon emissions this will be
reason for the climate change is an there will be a huge impact that will be not tolerable at all.
Another challenge that faced by the London Heathrow From the opposition party. The
Labour government approved a third runway in 2009, with former Prime Minister Jordan and
according to them it was needed due to the Economic reason but the plan was later changed by
the opposition party in 2010. David who become a Prime Minister of the you can ruled out the
London Heathrow expansion no buts, no it’s. In 2015 the Commission of the airport set up and
8

look at the capacity problem at the London airport recommend the airport as the preferred site for
the new runway a plan which was approved under the Theresa may’s leadership.
Another big problem was they were not getting support from their own stakeholders,
stakeholders was always against the division of the London airport. Without having the support
from the own stakeholders they were not able to plan for the expansion Anne their own
stakeholders become resistance in the change. It’s take huge time for the London Heathrow to
make their stakeholders understand the importance of 3rd runway for their airport so they can
increase their capacity and also They were able to increase their profitability as well.
Task c)
Complete a stakeholder analysis of LHR’s four primary stakeholder groups
Factor LHR Local & National
Gov
Environmentalists Local Community
Investment LHR expansion
plan impact on
their profitability
because they
will able to
create jobs for
the local people
and benefit of
the investment
will be. They
will be able to
boost
international
trade and
provide many
new jobs.
investment factor
will benefit to the
government as well
because they will
able to earn more
Texas and it will
also improve the
economy. jobs will
increase so local
people will be
directly benefit.
Investment factor
will not impact on the
environmental group
because There will be
no benefit to them
they are just working
for be unacceptable
level of noise and
pollution and they
don’t want any carbon
emissions an impact
on the environment.
investment factor
will not impact on
the local
community but
they will be have
some benefits like
getting the new
jobs and they will
be employed
within the country
unable to earn
enough for their
living.
economical
The expansion
will benefits up
Formant income
will be increase
according to the
environmentalists
the jobs will
increase due to
9

factor to £61bn and
create up to
77000 local jobs
by 2030. Admits
that it has direct
support to the
economic of the
country and
there will be
benefits expand
the economy of
the UK more.
from the 3rd
runway because
they were able to
boost up their
economy. jobs will
be provided to the
local people which
is also economic
factor and demand
of Airways will
increase.
Economy will boost
but there will be no
benefit to the
environment and it
will have the negative
impact on the
environment.
the expansion
plan which will be
direct benefit to
the local
community and
they will able to
get employed.
Environmental
factors
expansion plan
will directly
benefit to the
Environment
because their
plan it’s 2
decrease the
carbon emission
till the end of
2030 which will
be good for the
environment.
the expansion plan
of the London
Heathrow help the
local government too
fight against the
environmental issues
that and impacting
the whole economy
and biggest problem
for the government
in current days.
According to the
environmentalist
believe that it will not
stop the carbon
emission instead of
that it will also
increase the pollution
an carbon emission in
the country. this will
be negative impact on
the environment and
local community will
have to suffer from it
Local community
and face the
issues and reading
and other climate
change problems
you do the
expansion plan is
it not goes
according to the
plan.
Income
the income of
the London
Heathrow Will
more probability of
the London
Heathrow miss that
there will be no
benefit or they will
learn the income.!
People will get
job after the
expansion of
10

increase because
they were able to
carry more
passengers Anne
it will also
increase the
prices of tickets
so they will earn
more
profitability
within their
business.
the most text they
have to pay which
has direct benefit to
the local
government and
they will pass on
the benefits of
Texas and
developing the
infrastructure and
their income will
increase.
they are just working
for the environment
which means that
there is no issue or no
income from the
income factor.
runway which
will impact on the
people who will
get the job and
they were able to
get the particular
income to live
their life.
TASK D
2 main arguments from stakeholder perspective in relation to the expansion plan of
London Heathrow airport have been explained below:
First Key Argument
There are various kinds of arguments that can be used to expansion stakeholder
perspective upon expansion plan of Heathrow airport of London. According to the above
stakeholder perspective, Instrumental approach can be used for explanation of one of the main
key arguments in relation to expansion plan of London Heathrow Airport. Instrumental approach
helps in understanding that expansion of LHR airport is important because it will eventually
result in increase in its operational efficiency (Louring-Andersen and Vindel, 2017). They will
be able to provide more appropriate and better services to their passengers in terms of
availability of flights, less number of flights getting delayed, least chances of flights getting
cancelled etc. LHR airport will further be able to bring improvement within their business
performance, generate more revenue and profitability.
11

When expansion of airport by construction of third runway will take place it will directly
help the airport to enhance their overall capacity of cargo, introduce low cost carriers, increase
daily number of flights will help them in attracting more number of passengers. Increase in
revenue and profitability will help them in paying more taxes to government which will
eventually result in contributing in enhancement of overall economy of country (Avanzi and
Zerjav, 2020). Other than this, expansion of this airport will further provide an opportunity to
airport so that they can increase availability of flights to various destinations, introduce new
flights to top destinations which will not only help them in attacking more number of customers
but will also help them in gaining interest of their investors. But most importantly, today LHR
group stakeholders are also interested in maintaining their brand image and reputation. This
expansion plan will directly help them in maintaining current position of London Heathrow
airport of Global Aviation hub of UK and will eventually result in attracting attention of other
countries as a result increased competition.
Second Key Argument
As per the above stakeholder perspective, another approach that can be used for
explaining main arguments from stakeholder perspectives is Normative approach. This approach
can be used for explanation of important main key arguments in relation to expansion plan of
London Heathrow Airport. Normative approach can be used in understanding that a statement is
ought to be true and focused upon like LHR airport should focus upon expanding their airport in
a morale and ethical manner. All the four main group of stakeholders are equally interested in
this expansion plan and each one of them have their own perspective and interest in this
expansion plan. Morally it is important to keep in mind perspective of all the stakeholders
because not doing so can result in creation of various kinds of challenges or issues. For example,
environmentalist stakeholder group’s main perspective is that this expansion plan should not
have negative impact upon environment by creating air and noise pollution. London Heathrow
airport should focus upon this environmental factor of expansion as well and should focus upon
identifying ways in which negative impact upon environment can be reduced. For this they
should focus upon adhering fly over noise government regulations so that noise pollution can
that would get created due to this expansion plan can get reduced. It is important to be focused
upon when the third runway is created, it will attract more number of flights and carriers which
eventually result in rise in air and noise pollution. Due to this factor, environmentalist
12

stakeholders’ group is least interested in this expansion plan. So in order to gain their attention it
is important for LHR airport to focus upon development of third runway in such a manner that
impact to environment can be reduced. It will further result in getting approval of
environmentalist group of stakeholders.
TASK E
Balanced and justified decision regarding the expansion plans for LHR.
From the above London Heathrow airport expansion plan analysis it is clear that there is
a need and requirement of developing third runway at airport. There are various factors that
clearly helps in understanding need and importance of development of third runway such as it
will directly help in reducing number of flights getting delayed, overall fairs of flights can also
be reduced. Presently low- cost carriers are not allowed to use major operations of London
Heathrow airport but first- class carriers can use major operations of this airport but only on their
fixed routes (Avanzi and Zerjav, 2020). This is majorly because LHR airport is already near its
full capacity. Not only this, cargo operations of this airport had maximum pressure upon
themselves. This explanation clearly helps in understanding London Heathrow airport should
focus upon their expansion plan for expanding their airport by developing third runway. It is also
important economically because expansion of Heathrow airport will help in increasing number of
flights, flights for a greater number of destinations can be operated. Not only this, according to
an analysis it has been identified that by then end of 2030, it will help in creating or delivering up
to 77,000 jobs and will provide approximately £60 billion of benefits to government, passengers
and to other stakeholders. But this Expansion plan was mostly postponed or cancelled due to
various factors such as protest by environmentalist, opposition of expansion plan by opposition
party etc. So, from this discussion it can be said that London Heathrow Airport a balanced
approach for expansion plan is that they should focus upon expanding third runway but in such a
manner that it does not increase air and noise pollution and create negative impact upon
environment, they should first focus upon explaining its positive factors to all of its stakeholders
so that other stakeholders can support this plan.
13

REFERENCES
Books and journals
Avanzi, P. and Zerjav, V., 2020. Caught in a crossfire: Front-end decision-making in airport
expansion programmes. Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives. 8.
p.100222.
Avanzi, P. and Zerjav, V., 2020. Caught in a crossfire: Front-end decision-making in airport
expansion programmes. Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 8,
p.100222.
Goodfellow, M. and Natarajan, N., 2021. 8 Workers and environmentalists of the world unite?
Exploring red-green politics in union support for Heathrow expansion. Climate Change in
the Global Workplace: Labour, Adaptation and Resistance. p.131.
Griggs, S. and Howarth, D., 2018. The Airports Commission, the Dilemmas of Political
Leadership and the Third Runway at Heathrow Airport. The Political Quarterly, 89(3).
pp.434-445.
Louring-Andersen, C. and Vindel, N.S., 2017. Expanding capacity at Heathrow airport.
Papageorgiou, L., 2019. The Impact of the Heathrow Northwest Runway Announcement on
Residential Property Prices in Greater London (No. eres2019_97). European Real Estate
Society (ERES).
Online
About Heathrow Airport. 2020. [online]. Available Through: <
https://www.heathrow.com/company/about-heathrow/company-information>
Airports Commission. 2020. [online]. Available through:
https://www.heathrow.com/company/about-heathrow/airports-commission-expansion
Heathrow Airport Facts and Figures. 2020. [online]. Available through: <
https://www.heathrow.com/company/about-heathrow/facts-and-figures >
14