This report analyzes the data scandal involving Facebook and Cambridge Analytica, comparing ethical codes and theories. It discusses the breach of trust, ethical issues, and implications, and suggests measures to prevent future scandals.
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Running head: ANALYSIS OF DATA SCANDAL ANALYSIS OF DATA SCANDAL Name of the Student Name of the University Author’s note
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1ANALYSIS OF DATA SCANDAL Executive summary The aim of the report is to analyse the data scandal that occurred from the case of facebook and Cambridge analytic. The report also contains the comparison between the Australian society of computer code of ethics and the ACM code of ethics. The third part of the report contains a details of the theoretical concept of the rule of deontological ethics and the act of the deontological ethics.
2ANALYSIS OF DATA SCANDAL Table of Contents Introduction................................................................................................................................3 Question 2..................................................................................................................................6 Question 3................................................................................................................................10 References................................................................................................................................12
3ANALYSIS OF DATA SCANDAL Introduction The ethical issues that are related with the data scandal of Facebook and Cambridge analytical is mainly related with the privacy of the users of the social network platforms. The major concern that rises isthat Cambridge used the personal details of millions of people who have accounts with Facebook. The breach of trust of the people effected the share price of Facebook. The founder of Facebook mark Zuckerberg himself give statement that they have failed to protect the trust of the people who share their personal details to Facebook. Question 1 What is going on The personal details of the users of Facebook become vulnerable and has been used by others has become the major ethical issue in the data scandal case. The people who opened account will lose their faith from Facebook as they feel that their personal data are not safe and any one can access the data from Facebook. The security contact that Facebook make with the users have been breached and that is treated as unethical. What are the facts This is not the first instance that that face book has faced the issue of breach of the privacy of its clients. The main issue with Facebook is that it never followed any ethical issue regarding the privacy of their clients. Their platform is framed in such manner that it can be easily hacked and Facebook does not have any security system that prevent the occurrence of the data manipulation. What are the issues
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4ANALYSIS OF DATA SCANDAL The irresponsible behaviour of Facebook has raised the question on the ethical code of conduct of the company. It is expected that the company should have a specific code of ethics that will ensure the protection of the interest of the customers of the company. While receiving the data of the clients the companies should confirm that the data is collected in a manner that fulfils all the compliances that are required to be done to ensure better credibility of the data(Vardi, 2019). The CEO of Facebook has ensured some specific changes in the policy of the company to protect the interest of the clients but these changes were not related with the incidents of data scandal(Boiralet al,2018). The terms and conditions that are specified in the platform of the Facebook, which a new user has to accept are to be changed, and should be framed in such a manner that it protects the information of the clients more efficiently(Alleman, 2018). Facebook accepted the fact that their APPs were not that improved to protect the private information of the users and they are trying to improve the APP. The company declare this after the occurrence of the incident, which again proves that they have not followed any ethical rules that are essential to protect the client’s interest(Ferguson Thornley & Gibb, 2016). Who are affected The unethical behaviour of Facebook has hampered millions of the users and they have to suffer the loss of their privacy. Though Facebook tried to protect themselves by stating that the company has specifically mentioned that which data of the customers are to
5ANALYSIS OF DATA SCANDAL be made public and which are not to be shared with public but that does not proved to be good enough to create awareness among the users(Ailon, 2015). Face book has faced several lawsuits after the occurrence of the issue, which causes the sharp fall in the share price of the company. This scandal proves that the ethical factors not only effects the image of the company but it also causes financial loss for the company. The ethical issue of integrity and trust has been breached by Facebook, which leads to the damage of the organisation’s reputation(Craig Ketterer & Yousuf, 2017). Some of the major ethical issues and implications No security of personal details Accessible to the third parties who are familiar to the account holder. Unethical usage of personal details. Anybody can access every details of the user. Personal life of the user gets affected for opening account in Facebook. Breach of security of valuable informations. The pictures that are uploaded in Facebook can be easily accessed and tampered The virtual people with whom relation is made from Facebook can have criminal intention, which dismantle the life of the user. Consequence based theory of ethics The consequence based theory is concept of ethics that gives central importance on the consequence ofan action all of which maintain an action is morally right only when its positive are maximised and its negative effects are mitigated example egoism. Facebook does not follow the basic rule of the consequence-based theory, as it does not care about the consequence that will happen after the negative affect of the scandal.
6ANALYSIS OF DATA SCANDAL Duty based theory The theory of duty based theory holds that everyone has certain duties that they have to fulfil and that is to be fulfilled irrespective of the consequence of the acts. Facebook has overlooked the concept of the duty-based theory of ethics while performing its duty. Facebook never bothered about the result of the work that they has done. Contract based theory Social contract theory states that people live together in the society in accordance with an agreement that creates a moral and ethical rules of behaviour.it is the believe of people that if they live according to a social contract. Facebook ignores the basic rule of the contract based theory and never give importance to the fact that there irresponsible act can damage the moral and ethical character of the users. The character base theory The character-based theory is also called as virtue ethics, the virtue ethics helps to frame different approaches to workplace communication that can lead to better outcome for employees and customers. Facebook has violated the concept of the character-based theory as the company fails to protect the privacy of the customers. What can be done Face book should implement some strict rules and regulations that ensure the ethical behaviour of the company. The company should try to implement some of the ethical theories to prevent the happening of another data scandal. What are the options The options available to face book is to apply the duty based theory of ethics which will lead to bring more transparency in the activities of the company.
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7ANALYSIS OF DATA SCANDAL What is the best option and why The best option for Facebook is to apply the duty-based theory of ethics, as it will make the company more responsible about the acts that they are doing to run their business. The companies that electronically process personal data of the clients should have strict security system to better balance the privacy risks and the privacy controls. The companies that handle the private data of the clients should give more emphasis on the act of deontological ethics rather than giving emphasis on the rule of deontological ethics. Question 2 Compare the Australian computer society code of ethics and the ACM code of ethics and professional conduct. Definition of ACS The ACS code is defined as the code of professional behaviour and is the part of the society’s regulation. The society needs its member to abide by these values and act with responsibility and integrity in all of their professional dealings. Definition of ACM The ACM code of ethics defined as the code of ethics and professional conduct and the professional behaviour should reflect on the wider impacts of their work consistently supporting public good. The comparison between the Australian computer society code of ethics and the ACM code of ethics and professional conduct are explained in the below mentioned points
8ANALYSIS OF DATA SCANDAL Point of differenceACMACS Whoitisrelatestothe honesty in association with the highest objective of the businessleadershipand responsibilityofthe stakeholders ACM : contributesto the societyandhumanwell beingtoprotectthe fundamentalrightsofthe human beings Tominimisethethreatto health and safety Itpromotethehonour dignity and effectiveness in theprofessionof informationtechnology.It also ensure the maintenance ofintegrityofthe profession. What Thisrelateswiththe stakeholderswiththe presumption that influence a computerproject.itis necessarytoavoid unnecessary offence in the business environment and it alsohighlightedthe objectivesofthe management. ACM Supportsthepoliciesthat saves the dignity of the users and others affected by the computer system. It is not ethicaltointentionally demoraliseindividualsor groupofindividuals.The informationtechnology shouldtrytoenhancethe dignityandmoraleof individuals or groups. ACS The code of ethicsof the ACS always try to act with professionalresponsibility and integrity while dealing with the clients. The oath of the ethics is to keeptheinterestofthe clients on top priority. Therespectoftheit professionshouldbe enhanced The IT professionals should givedueregardtothe perceptionofthesepeople
9ANALYSIS OF DATA SCANDAL whoareaffectedbythe work of the professional. When It is related with the work cultureandstakeholders relation ship ACM The ACM code give lessons totheITprofessionals should follow the principle of equal justice. Italso giveimportanceto the privacy of the others ACS Thecodeteachestothe professionals that the should giveimportancetothe feelings and emotions of the users who use their work. How It is in relation to the clients property and wealth ACM The ACMcode teaches to be honest and trustworthy ACS TheACScodegive importance on protection of the property of the clients. Why Thisisrelatedtothe situationofchangeand possibility of stress ACM Organisingtraining programsthatcanbring disciplineintheIT professionals. ACS TheITprofessionalsmust keepdistancefromthese whose behaviour is unethical andunsatisfactory (Mittelstadtet al,2016). How much It is relates to the evaluation of the external and internal practiceofthebusiness.it also relates with the redress ACM This code teaches to report any sign of possible loss to thesewhohavethe opportunity to resolve these ACS It teaches the it professional to react quickly if they find that the usage of their work causesdamagetothe
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10ANALYSIS OF DATA SCANDAL oftheidentifiedunethical behaviour possibleloses(Stahl, Timmermans & Mittelstadt, 2016). propertyoftheclients (Brinkmanet al,2016). Where Regardstheneedsof protectionofenvironment and the habitat needs. ACM For thewellbeingofthe humanitisrequiredto protectthenatural environment.sotheIT professionals who design the systemsmust be aware of any potential damage of the environment (Lee, Zhu& Jeffery, 2019.) ACS The IT professionals should behave in such away so that itdoesnotharmthe environment and should try to protect the natural habitat of the human beings. Example of ACM code of conduct. Integrity, honour, efficiency in profession, survival, safety considerations, knowledge understanding and the reputation in the community are the example of ACM code of conducts. Respect the emotions of others, Service orientation, pleasantness, loyal, Educated are the examples of ACM code of conducts
11ANALYSIS OF DATA SCANDAL Self-restraint, courage, discipline caring, loyal examples of ACM code of conducts From the code of ACM the IT professionals learn the lessons that they should be fair and take action not to discriminate. The values of equality tolerance respect for others and the principles of equal justice should be given high priority(Flucket al2016). Example of ACS code of conduct Diplomacy, respect, patience calmness, importance, understanding wisdom are the example of ACS code of conducts. Reliable, trustworthiness, reliability are the example of ACS code of conducts. Sincerity, correction, judgement, mercy, restitution, harmony, decisiveness, courage, strength of character, are the example of ACS code of conducts. Kindness, patience, stewardship are the examples of ACS code of conduct. Question 3 Definition of Act deontology and rule deontology An act deontology is an ethical theory that presents logical priority to particular moral judgements rather than following any rules or principles. A rule deontology theory is a deontological theory that presents logical priority to rules rather than any particular judgements or principles. Difference between act of deontology and the rule of deontology Rule deontology made on the basis of ethical issue in making the ethical decision. Act deontology on the other hand deny what matters in an action what matters in the solution of the problem. Act deontology makes argument that when it is required to do two or
12ANALYSIS OF DATA SCANDAL more duties against each other it is better to assess both the situation and determine which will be better to select(Hooker & Kim, 2018). Rule deontology does not make comparison but it only follows a predetermined rule. Act deontology judges every situation and based on the judgement make every decision. Rule deontology is obsolete where the specific rule cannot be used to make the judgement that whether the decision is ethical or not(Gerdes & Thornton, 2015). Act deontology is perfect for every situation as it makes judgement of every situation and make decision based on such judgements. Rule deontology consider the fact that consequence of any action is irreverent and the rule is the decisive factor to decide whether the action will be treated as ethical or unethical. Act deontology on the other hand believes that the consequence of the act will decide that the act will be treated as ethical or unethical. Rule deontology ignore the special roles that consequences duties social contracts play in the moral system, especially with respect to determine the appropriate standard to evaluate moral behaviour(Holyoak & Powell, 2016). Act deontology give more emphasis on the rolesand duties of the social contracts play in determining the moral behaviour of any act. Rule deontology give more importance on the criteria having to do with the character development of nay individual. Actdeontologynevergiveimportanceontheindividualcharacteristicsbutit emphasis on the actions of the individual. Example of rule of deontology and act of deontology.
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13ANALYSIS OF DATA SCANDAL The rule deontology often crates dilemma in doing some moral act. For example if a computer engineer finds that a particular country is going to launch a nuclear missile on another country and that leads to major collapse of the country. The engineer knows how to hack the network of the missile but the rule deontology will prevent the engineer from doing so as hacking is unethical for the profession of the engineer(Goncalves & Santos, 2017). The act deontology on the other hand in the same case will treat the act of the engineer to hack the network as ethical, as the act of hacking will save the life of millions of human beings. Facebook has just followed the rule of deontological ethics and not the act of deontological ethics. The companies required to do more than just following the laws of cybersecurity as the rules cannot protect the customers every time , the companies has to act specifically to prevent the occurrence of data scandal(Fleischmanet al,2017). According to theinternational organisation for standardization and international electro technical commission the bodies that govern the global security practices states that the breach of security means the actions that are lead to the accidental or unlawful destruction , loss, alteration, unauthorised disclosure or access to protected data . As the system of the Facebook is not capable to handle all these security problems, it has become a major ethical issue for the company(Shim Chung & Kim, 2017). More transparency in the ethical codes of both Facebook and the Cambridge analytic is required to be checked so that the company become more cautious in the next time.
14ANALYSIS OF DATA SCANDAL Ethics means some rules and guidelines following which ensure that any specific work can be done with transparency and integrity. The safety of the data get affected as Facebook fails to do their activities in ethical way, it is their responsibility to protect the data of the account holders and they failed to perform their duty effectively. The government also has to take steps that are beneficial for the customers the ethical issue should give be given more importance. The government should bring strict rules that ensure the prevention of the breach of contract between the clients and the service providers. References Ailon, G. (2015). From superstars to devils: The ethical discourse on managerial figures involved in a corporate scandal.Organization,22(1), 78-99. Alleman, J. (2018). Threat of Internet Platforms: Facebook, Google, etc.
15ANALYSIS OF DATA SCANDAL Boiral, O., Heras-Saizarbitoria, I., Brotherton, M. C., & Bernard, J. (2018). Ethical issues in theassuranceofsustainabilityreports:Perspectivesfromassurance providers.Journal of Business Ethics, 1-15. Brinkman, B., Gotterbarn, D., Miller, K., & Wolf, M. J. (2016). Making a positive impact: updating the ACM code of ethics.Communications of the ACM,59(12), 7-13. Craig, D., Ketterer, S., & Yousuf, M. (2017). To post or not to post: Online discussion of gun permitmappingandthedevelopmentofethicalstandardsindata journalism.Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly,94(1), 168-188. Ferguson, S., Thornley, C., & Gibb, F. (2016). Beyond codes of ethics: how library and information professionals navigate ethical dilemmas in a complex and dynamic information environment.International Journal of Information Management,36(4), 543-556. Fleischman, G. M., Johnson, E. N., Walker, K. B., & Valentine, S. R. (2017). Ethics versus outcomes: Managerialresponses to incentive-driven and goal-inducedemployee behavior.Journal of Business Ethics, 1-17. Floridi, L. (2018). Soft ethics, the governance of the digital and the General Data Protection Regulation.PhilosophicalTransactionsoftheRoyalSocietyA:Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences,376(2133), 20180081. Fluck, A. E., Webb, M., Cox, M. J., Angeli, C., Malyn-Smith, J., Voogt, J., & Zagami, J. (2016).Arguingforcomputerscienceintheschoolcurriculum.Educational Technology & Society,19(3), 38-46. Gerdes, J. C., & Thornton, S. M. (2015). Implementable ethics for autonomous vehicles. InAutonomes fahren(pp. 87-102). Springer Vieweg, Berlin, Heidelberg.
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16ANALYSIS OF DATA SCANDAL Goncalves, G., & Santos, J. M. (2017). What ethics for governmental communication?: ethical issues on government public relations.Revista Internacional de Relaciones Públicas,7(14), 165-182. Holyoak,K.J.,&Powell,D.(2016).Deontologicalcoherence:Aframeworkfor commonsense moral reasoning.Psychological Bulletin,142(11), 1179. Hooker, J. N., & Kim, T. W. N. (2018, December). Toward Non-Intuition-Based Machine and Artificial Intelligence Ethics: A Deontological Approach Based on Modal Logic. InProceedings of the 2018 AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society(pp. 130-136). ACM. Lee, S. U., Zhu, L., & Jeffery, R. (2019, January). Data Governance Decisions for Platform Ecosystems. InProceedings of the 52nd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. Mittelstadt, B. D., Allo, P., Taddeo, M., Wachter, S., & Floridi, L. (2016). The ethics of algorithms: Mapping the debate.Big Data & Society,3(2), 2053951716679679. Shim, K., Chung, M., & Kim, Y. (2017). Does ethical orientation matter? Determinants of public reaction to CSR communication.Public Relations Review,43(4), 817-828. Stahl, B. C., Timmermans, J., & Mittelstadt, B. D. (2016). The ethics of computing: A survey of the computing-oriented literature.ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR),48(4), 55. Vardi, M. Y. (2019). Are we having an ethical crisis in computing?.