Anatomy and Physiology of Diabetes: Symptoms, Treatment, and Impact

This article provides an in-depth understanding of the anatomy and physiology of diabetes. It explains the physiological condition of diabetes, outlines the related anatomy and physiology, highlights the signs and symptoms, and describes the care, treatment, and monitoring for diabetic patients. The impact of diabetes on various body systems is also discussed. The article emphasizes the importance of maintaining blood glucose levels and following a proper diabetic diet.

Anatomy and
Physiology

Table of Contents
Introduction................................................................................................................................3
Main body..................................................................................................................................3
Physiological condition..........................................................................................................3
Outline the related anatomy and physiology..........................................................................4
Highlight the signs and symptoms of the chosen condition and its impact...........................5
Describe the care, treatment and monitoring that you may give to a client with this
condition and provide justification for this............................................................................6
Conclusion..................................................................................................................................6
Reference....................................................................................................................................8

Introduction
Diabetes is the diseases, which occur in the body when the blood sugar is too high.
Blood glucose is the main source of energy which actually comes from the food that an
individual eat. Insulin, which is a hormone which is created by the pancreas, help glucose
from the food goes into the cell and make some energy which can use by that hormones. Over
the time, having high amount of glucose in the body can cause for the health problems
(Adams and et.al., 2018). Diabetes have no cure, so the patients have to take steps which help
them to manage diabetes and stay healthy. There are mainly two type of diabetes type 2 and
type 1. Type 2 are happened because of excess body weight and physical inactivity. Whereas
type one’s cure and causes are known. In this assignment anatomy and physiology conditions
of diabetes are defined. Furthermore sign, symptoms and treatment of diabetes are defined.
Main body
Physiological condition
The physiological condition of diabetes mellitus is a syndrome with high disorder of
metabolism and a suitable hyperglycaemia due to either a shortage of insulin or a
combination of insulin resistance. Here, Type 1 diabetes is related to pancreatic islet B cells
as this is an autoimmune process, and these patients are prone to ketoacidosis. Whereas in
type 2 diabetes, this is more dominant form and comes with the effect from the insulin
struggle with a deficiency in compensatory insulin emission (Whitehead and et.al., 2018).
Diabetes can be a serious health issue, which are resulting in many ways or disease or it may
be occur as a disorder that may affect the system which became the reason of premature
death. In people the health, pancreas, secretes the digestive enzymes and the hormones which
use insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream to control the amount of glucose in the human
body (Pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus, 2021). The release of insulin in the blood can
leads to lower the sugar level by allowing glucose for entering into the body where they can
easily metabolized. If the level of blood glucose level get too low, the pancreas of the body
will release glucagon to stimulate and release glucose from the liver. After having a meal,
glucose and amino acid are directly absorbed by the blood stream and this blood glucose are
increase the level. This rise in the blood glucose provide signal to cells in pancreas which
called beta cells, to remove the insulin which mixed with blood stream. Within 20 minutes of
having a meal insulin rises and reach the glucose level to their peak. Insulin enables the

glucose which enter the cells in body, particularly in muscle and liver cells. Here, insulin and
other hormones which directly use the glucose will be used for the energy purpose or store
for the future use. When insulin level are high in the body , the liver stop producing glucose
and that releasing glucose in any other form for the future use until the body need that again.
In type 1 diabetes, this diabetes are usually found in children and young people. This is
developed when the body of individual’s immune system destroy the pancreatic beta cells
and the left cells make the hormone insulin, which make the blood glucose within the body.
In all the people who have diabetes, only 5% are having this form or type of disease. When it
comes to survive, people who are suffering form the type 1 diabetes then they must use
insulin which are delivered by the injections or pump (Evers, Sandoval and Seeley, 2017). In
type 2 this is the most common form of disease it can be caused by both genetic and
environmental elements that easily affect the beta-cells. Here, either the body does not
produce enough insulin or the cells of the body ignore the insulin. Generally it begins with
normal resistance, a disorder where a cell does not use insulin properly. As a result the need
of insulin rises, the pancreases gradually start losing its ability to produce more insulin for the
body.
Outline the related anatomy and physiology
The pancreas is one of the dual citizenship organs, acting as both an endocrine organ
and an accessory organ for the use of digestive system. And there process will affect the high
and low level of glucose in body which comes in the form of diabetes. In nutshell, it can be
said that the insulin which attaches to another insulin inspector on the walls of capillary and
this is how it will be used to remove the glucose from the blood plasma; furthermore this
insulin also help with the storage of extra glucose through the formation of glycogen and
lipids. On the other hand glucagon, on the other hand, they target the liver cells and causing
fir the breakdown of glycogen and thus it will help in releasing the glucose monomers and
further it will add up in the blood streams (Hoit, 2017). Imagine a person who are drink half
gallon of milk in a half hour and still feel thirsty, or a person who are going for pee over 20
times in night. Then all this signs are use as untreated diabetes. Glucagon is work as the
receptor in pancreas which can sense the decline rate of glucose in blood levels and further it
will help the prolonged labour and exercise. In the response of that the alpha cells of
pancreases secret the hormones in glucagon which make several impact or effect on the
chosen human body.

The effect of diabetes are very dangerous on human body. As on cardiovascular
system as according to CDC, is one of the leading cause of diabetes. CDC add that people
with diabetes who are two or three times which are more likely to have a stroke or even they
can die from some minor or major heart diseases. Another issue is wound and infections,
people who are suffering from diabetes they have very poor circulation which directly affect
the body’s ability to heal when there is some cut, wound or infection in the human body.
Furthermore, the nervous system, can directly affect the part of nervous system, which
actually contain the nervous which resist automatic on inventory functions such as ingestion
and other hitches. The major part which is affected in human body is legs, feet, toe, arm,
hands and fingers. Another body part which can be affected by the diabetes that actually
increase the risk and increase the numbers of eye, and some of them can even loss their vision
(Schmidt-Erfurth and et.al., 2017). There are many short term problem which are can lead to
the blurred vision and due to high blood sugar. Many of long term implication are happened
such as glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, macular edema and cataracts. All of these issues can
be maintain by managing blood sugar level, avoiding and quitting smoking and many other
healthy steps are helpful for the person to control the issues which are occur due to high
blood level or low sugar level in body.
Highlight the signs and symptoms of the chosen condition and its impact
After knowing the anatomy and physiology of diabetes in human body, it comes the
part of sign and symptoms and how all these affect the human body. There are various
different type of signs which are usually found in human body when it comes to the diseases
Diabetes. When the diabetes is undiagnosed or uncontrolled then the effect of human body
which can noticed and known as symptoms of diabetes which are increasing thirst; mean an
individual are feeling thrust even after having gallons of water in a short period of time
(Wong, 2016). Another symptom of diabetes are frequent need to urinate; means a person
who are suffering from diabetes are frequently needed to go pee and mainly in nights say
more than 10 times. Fatigue is the symptom of diabetes, means people are feeling fatigue and
weak in their normal days. In addition to the symptoms list is blurred vision and pain in
hands, feet or legs. All these symptoms are used and see in the diabetic patients or the person
who are undiagnosed and later on find diagnosed with diabetes.
After knowing the symptoms it is very important to know that the impact of diabetes
on human body. In addition to symptoms, diabetes cab because long term damage for our
body. This long term damage effect mainly work as commonly referred as diabetic

complications. Diabetes affect our blood vessels, nervous system and many other parts of
body which may be feel ineffective due to this chronic diseases. And these complications will
make several times or years of poorly controlled the diabetes to develop in body. Diabetes
make effect on heart, as it will create some coronary heart disease which are actually closely
related to the body. High blood pressure and high cholesterol are main system which are
further increase the risk of herat attack.
Describe the care, treatment and monitoring that you may give to a client with this condition
and provide justification for this
Major goal while treating the diabetic person is to maintain his/her body glucose
level. Type 1 diabetes patient can be treated with maintained diet, providing insulin and
necessary amount of physical exercise (Wei and et.al., 2019). Type 2 diabetes patient can be
treated without insulin and with controlled diet, regular exercise and other little measures.
The medication for the type 2 diabetes is personalised and depends on the condition of
individual. The compulsory treatment for any type of diabetes is the proper nutritious diet and
particular diabetic diet is ideal for all the patients. Control of body glucose level and
providing all major nutrients is main objective of the proper diabetic diet. This kind of diet
must achieve the objective of preventing the cardiac and vascular complications and main the
normal weight or to reduce the weight in some cases. Eating planned should be tailored
according to the patient’s lifestyle, schedules, need and other habits. In many studies, it has
been found that weight reduction has been proven very effective while treating the type 1 or
type 2 diabetes (Tortora and Derrickson, 2018). Major important nutrient required for the
diabetic person are non-fat products, iron diet, fruits and meats etc. Small meals with little
intervals have been prescribed for the persons with diabetes instead of full fledge meals once
or twice a day. It has also been found that in type 2 diabetes weight reduction has been
sufficient for curing the diabetes. Monitoring the blood sugar level regularly is as important
as treating the diabetic person to keep a track on the effects of the exercise, diet and
medication on the patients, identifying the level of blood sugar whether it is high or low,
tracking the progress and understanding the other factors. Some other ways of improving the
conditions can be no smoking, maintaining blood pressure and cholesterol level, regular
medical examinations, proper vaccination, good teeth hygiene, taking extra care of feet and
say no to alcoholism and if can’t retrained do it responsibly, keeping the stress level low as
possible plays a major role.

Conclusion
From the above report, it is concluded that diabetes are the main disease which are
effect the human body in many ways. There are many symptoms which are found while
diagnosing patients. But it is further seen that about 50% people are did not report any of the
symptoms through they have highly characteristics of diabetes. It is find critical, therefore
many physicians are said that diabetes are most risky diseases but it will be control while
having most of the healthy precautions and control their blood pressure during the whole
process of treatment. Many of the scientists are searching for the genuine treatment of
diabetes which help the people to become free from this life time diseases.

Reference
Books and journals
Adams, N.C. and et.al., 2018. Neuroimaging of central diabetes insipidus—when, how and
findings. Neuroradiology, 60(10), pp.995-1012.
Evers, S.S., Sandoval, D.A. and Seeley, R.J., 2017. The physiology and molecular
underpinnings of the effects of bariatric surgery on obesity and diabetes. Annual
review of physiology, 79, pp.313-334.
Hoit, B.D., 2017. Anatomy and Physiology of the Pericardium. Cardiology clinics, 35(4),
pp.481-490.
Schmidt-Erfurth, U. and et.al., 2017. Guidelines for the management of diabetic macular
edema by the European Society of Retina Specialists
(EURETINA). Ophthalmologica, 237(4), pp.185-222.
Ting, D.S.W., Cheung, G.C.M. and Wong, T.Y., 2016. Diabetic retinopathy: global
prevalence, major risk factors, screening practices and public health challenges: a
review. Clinical & experimental ophthalmology, 44(4), pp.260-277.
Tortora, G.J. and Derrickson, B.H., 2018. Principles of anatomy and physiology. John Wiley
& Sons.
Wei, W.and et.al., 2019. Molecular imaging of β-cells: diabetes and beyond. Advanced drug
delivery reviews, 139, pp.16-31.
Whitehead, M. and et.al., 2018. Diabetic retinopathy: a complex pathophysiology requiring
novel therapeutic strategies. Expert opinion on biological therapy, 18(12), pp.1257-
1270.
Online
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