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Homeostatic Changes and Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus

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Added on  2020-03-23

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6 1 Homeostatic Changes and Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus Tutor’s Name Tutorial Time Student’s Name Date of Submission Abstract Diabetes mellitus is the most common form of diabetes caused by abnormalities in the human body leading to high blood sugar concentrations. In this report, the normal functioning of the endocrine pancreas substrates will be discussed including the homeostatic insulin and glucagon control, followed by the alteration of this homeostasis to develop diabetes mellitus and finally the treatment and their mechanism in restoring normal regulation.

Homeostatic Changes and Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus

   Added on 2020-03-23

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1Homeostatic Changes and Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus Tutor’s NameTutorial TimeStudent’s NameDate of Submission
Homeostatic Changes and Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus_1
2Abstract Diabetes mellitus is the most common form of diabetes caused by abnormalities in the humanbody leading to high blood sugar concentrations. It, therefore, requires that a person is diagnosedby some qualified medical personnel before beginning to take any form of treatment. Some ofthe common symptoms of diabetes mellitus are the loss of weight, increased thirst and hungerand frequent urination. There are so many causes of diabetes mellitus which include geneticmutations, unfavorable lifestyles like physical inactivity, use of some medications, and poor dietamong other causes. In this condition, the body pancreatic cells are unable to use the glucoseextracted from food due to lack of insulin, a hormone which is produced by the pancreas. If theincreased blood sugars are not controlled through effective medication, it can result in long-termdiabetes complications. This leads to damage of the beta cells that produce insulin in thepancreas, further lowering the output of insulin. Diabetes mellitus is also referred to as the non-insulin dependent diabetes and a chronic disease (Bishal et al., 2016). The high levels of sugar inthe blood in diabetes mellitus patients is caused by alterations in the way the body synthesizes oruses insulin. Normally, insulin functions to carry sugar inside the body cells. The sugar inside thecells is stored so that it can be used in future to make energy for the cell. These patients thus donot effectively use their insulin and also their fat, muscle and liver cells do not respond well toinsulin leading to insulin resistance. This means that the sugar in the blood is not able to enter inthe cells to make energy, leading to a build-up of sugars in the blood. In this report, the normalfunctioning of the endocrine pancreas will be discussed including the homeostatic insulin andglucagon control, followed by the alteration of this homeostasis to develop diabetes mellitus andfinally the treatment and their mechanism in restoring normal regulation. The normal physiology of the endocrine systemThe blood sugar is controlled by insulin and glucagon, two of the hormones produced by theorgan pancreas. Diabetes mellitus develops slowly and in most cases, the medical condition doesnot have any symptoms. The endocrine pancreas is a slender and long organ found in the lowerpart of the stomach. It is an exocrine gland involved in the production of digestive enzymes andhence performs some endocrine roles. In the pancreas, there are some specialized cells known as
Homeostatic Changes and Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus_2
3islets of Langerhans or pancreatic islets which are involved in the secretion of hormonesglucagon and insulin among others. Glucose is very critical in the respiration processes by livingcells and is the most preferred source of energy as compared to other biomolecules. Whencarbohydrates are broken down into digestion, the form glucose, which can either be usedimmediately or stored inside the liver and muscle cells for energy production in future (Louise etal., 2015). The two pancreatic hormones, insulin and glucagon are involved in the control ofeither storage of utilization of glucose in the cells. The pancreatic system has some cell receptorswhich sense the levels of blood glucose and lead to synthesis and release of either glucagon orinsulin in order to maintain normal glucose levels. For instance, when a person is fasting, thepancreatic receptors sense low blood glucose and initiates the release of glucagon hormone. Inthis case, glucagon hormone causes the following effects: stimulation of the liver to convertglycogen to glucose for use by cells, the breakdown of lipids into fatty acids, taking up of aminoacids and converting them into glucose. It is worth noting that the effect of the hormone glucagon is controlled by use of negativefeedback methods such that when the amount of blood sugar is high, the level of production andsecretion of glucagon hormone is inhibited. On the other hand, the hormone insulin is activelyinvolved in the high activity of blood glucose into the cells for storage. However, it is worthnoting that the cells of the red blood cells, brain, kidney, liver and small intestines have noinsulin receptors, thus they do not need insulin hormone to take up glucose for their use. Thereare several cell types that require insulin receptors but skeletal and adipose cells mostly needinsulin to take up blood glucose. When food reaches the stomach, gastrointestinal hormone-likeglucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide secretion is triggered (Aryal et al., 2017). This, in turn,triggers the synthesis and release of insulin from the pancreatic beta cells. As digestion andnutrient absorption occurs, blood glucose further rises leading to a further release of moreglucose. Basically, insulin activates a tyrosine kinase receptor which causes the phosphorylationof several cellular substrates. The effects of these processes are that intracellular vesicles enableglucose to be transported across the cell membrane. The excess glucose which is circulating in the blood is taken by the facilitated glucose transport2 found on the outer surface of the beta pancreatic cells. Under normal circumstances, when
Homeostatic Changes and Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus_3

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