Preservation of Ancient Chinese Culture: Challenges and Solutions

This paper discusses the challenges faced by China in preserving its ancient cultural heritage and suggests solutions to address them. It explores the significance of cultural conservation and the methods that can be adopted to address the issue. A case study of Wuzhen is also included.

Running head: CULTURAL MANAGEMENT PROJECT
CULTURAL MANAGEMENT PROJECT
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author note:

1CULTURAL MANAGEMENT PROJECT
Table of Contents
1.1 Introduction:.........................................................................................................................2
1.2 Background:.........................................................................................................................3
1.3 How is the issue addressed...................................................................................................5
Tourism..................................................................................................................................5
Collection of the culture.........................................................................................................6
Cultural Education.................................................................................................................6
Media Attention.....................................................................................................................6
1.4 Why is it significant.............................................................................................................6
2.0 Literature Review.................................................................................................................7
3.0 Case Study..........................................................................................................................12
Wuzhen................................................................................................................................12
Description.......................................................................................................................12
Infrastructure....................................................................................................................12
Tradition and Culture.......................................................................................................13
Festivals............................................................................................................................14
4.0 Conclusion..........................................................................................................................14
Reference:................................................................................................................................17

2CULTURAL MANAGEMENT PROJECT
1.1 Introduction:
China is considered to be one of the ancient civilizations of the world developing over
thousands of years with a rich legacy of cultural heritage. The advent of different dynasties
over the different ages has led to the development of different culturally diversified
architectures and ancient cities. This culturally rich society draws people from all over the
world who come to taste the unique and mysterious culture of the far-east. However, as has
been seen all over the world the advent of modernization and globalization have had an effect
of westernization in the modern Chinese tradition (Hua & Nathan, 2016). The focus of the
Chinese society has now focused to the development of the modern cities such as Beijing and
Hong Kong. The cities are decorated with tall buildings and well maintained roads but the
question arises that behind the garb of this development are there any conservation of the old
cultural architectures or the remnants of the ancient civilizations. The Chinese culture not
only lies in the architectural marvels or grand buildings but it is also represented by the
Chinese way of living. It is important to notice that during the European advancement into
civilization, China was already far ahead in development in cases of scientific knowledge or
inventions. The travelogues of early European writers such as Marco Polo have mentioned
the uniqueness of the Chinese civilization, their lifestyle, their food habits and their
philosophy towards life (Tang, 2015). The development of the early Buddhism, which spread
from India, and consequently the development of unique Chinese philosophies such as
Confucianism and Taoism, all contribute to the rich cultural heritage of the Chinese
civilization. It is important to understand how these advanced philosophies survived in the
age of violence and how they transformed the lives of the Chinese people. These rich cultural
diversities has made China the gem of the east and preservation of these should play an
important part in enriching the modern China even more. However, with the rapid
modernization it being seen that China is losing its own culture to the easily adaptable

3CULTURAL MANAGEMENT PROJECT
Western culture. The evidence lies in the change of the lifestyle of the people, who seem to
be more inclined to the western life and this has resulted in the emergence of the challenges
that China is facing in the process of conserving its ancient culture. Though Buddhism is still
the primary religion in China, emergence of Christianity had its effect in the Chinese
population. The changes mentioned is not isolated to the modern Chinese civilization only,
but is the key issue of the other far-eastern countries as well. The neighbouring countries such
as Japan, Korea and Taipei, all have faced the wave of development influenced by the west
and has developed rapidly in the past few decades. The threat of cultural disappearance is
eminent in these ancient civilizations. However, there are ways that China can adopt in order
to identify the key challenges of conservation and take appropriate steps to address them. The
discussion will focus on some of the key issues that China is currently facing regarding
conservation and analyse them. This will done by identifying the significance of these issues.
Doing a case study regarding this issue will help in the better understanding of the issues and
will help in the development of the recommendations which can be adopted for the
addressing the issues identified.
1.2 Background:
The preservation of ancient cultural heritage and traditions is a key challenge that is
being faced by China in the modern age. With every passing day of development, the age old
traditions which are the unique features of China seem to be getting in the pages of the
history books (Yang, 2018). One of the key challenges of this preservation issue is that with
rapid urbanization, people are more inclined to move to developed cities and abandon their
home towns which are slowly getting destroyed. This type of issue has several cultural
impacts on the lifestyle of the people who are migrating and also on the people who are
staying back. People who are migrating to larger cities seem to be adopting the modern
lifestyle and the touch of westernization. These are making them forget their roots and their

4CULTURAL MANAGEMENT PROJECT
traditions of their hometowns that they are leaving behind. These changes are not intentional
but are adopted with the flow of time. The next generations of these people are born without
the knowledge of their cultural traditions or where they actually belong to and thus are not
able to preserve the heritage of the past. Secondly, the underdeveloped regions which are
abandoned for the search of a better life in the urban cities are left without young men and
women without whom the preservation is impossible (Sundararajan, 2015). With the passage
of time as the older generation passes away, these towns are being demolished for the
construction of industries or real estates or modern architectures. These leads to the burial of
the ancient traditions in the debris of modernity.
It is a fact that adopting modernisation is a very important aspect of any civilisation. If
a civilisation is holding back to its root in a way that it doesn’t modernise, with time decay
will creep in and it will fall. Therefore it is to be appreciated that China has been following
the path of development and modernisation at a fast rate, it is one of the countries that is
fastest in the path of economic and industrial development.
Keeping this fact in mind, it must also be stated that the nations must preserve their
history, their ancient culture and the roots from which they have originated. History helps us
in understanding how the present and future is to be developed without repeating the mistakes
that had been committed in the past and by repeating the good things that has helped on
building the civilisation. The Chinese people must learn from their forefathers who laid the
foundation of the country, the fabric on which the nation stands today. Such historical
accounts are embedded in the different archaeological and cultural remains of the Chinese
civilisation. The historical locations, the archaeological findings, the ancient books and
languages, and the rituals & practices of the ancient times all these must be preserved in order
to protect the ancient Chinese culture.

5CULTURAL MANAGEMENT PROJECT
There has been various dynasties in China that had ruled the land for decades in
ancient times. Important such dynasties are Shang Dynasty, Zhou Dynasty, Han Dynasty, Sui
Dynasty, Tang Dynasty, and Song Dynasty. The Sunxindui and Chen kingdoms are also
important in the history of China. The Great Wall of China was established by the emperor
Qin Shi Huang who established the Qin dynasty. This was established in order to protect the
empire from invading forces. There were various invading forces which used to come from
the northern part of China from the present area of Mongolia. All these cultural components,
tangible or intangible must be preserved through various means which are discussed in details
in this paper.
1.3 How is the issue addressed
The heritage structures are not only just a historical sculpture rather they are the
identity to a certain section of the society. The heritage and cultural revitalization in a broader
concept is instrumental for the society’s betterment as the entire community relates to the
culture and this is especially true in Chinese context (Tu, 2017). The cultural resurgence will
be benefiting for the society in various sectors like employment generation, tourism
development, and the infrastructural development for that region. The cultural conservation
will generally associate with the people of that region as the heritage conservation will need
active participation from the people of that region. The general methods of cultural heritage
conservation are discussed below:
Tourism
The ancient cities with immense cultural association will generally be an influential
destination for tourism. The proper development of the region surrounding that historical
creation with precise focus in the tourism concept will eventually observe a rapid rise not

6CULTURAL MANAGEMENT PROJECT
only in the survival of the culture but also in the increment of the economic status of that
region. The proper strategy in converting the cultural practice of one region into a brand will
obviously attract a global attention which will significantly boost the resurgence of the
history and culture that associates with that region.
Collection of the culture
The usual practice of collecting the important signs, belongings of any particular
religion in one floor in the form of museum will eventually endorse that particular piece of
history in a more convenient way. That will provide a precious chance to the outsiders of the
culture to know and get associated with the heritage in a significant manner.
Cultural Education
The government has a major role in this section as they are the concerned bodies to
inspire the researchers and historians to document the culture and heritages of that region.
The cultures and heritages in the form of education will be significantly interesting and will
be able to consolidate the survival of the culture.
Media Attention
This section of the conservation strategy will focus on the digital platforms and social
media campaigns to project the history and culture of that region. The immense influence of
the social media and the digital media over the people across the globe will be instrumental in
highlighting the culture so that the heritage gains the maximum limelight and can survive
with a lot more ease in the adverse situation of the modern generation.
1.4 Why is it significant
The major significance of this issue is the resurgence of the ancient cities with
significant culture and heritage. The revival of those heritage is significantly essential for the
restoration of the culture and history of a region. It is evident that the issue is not restricted

7CULTURAL MANAGEMENT PROJECT
only to the revitalization of the culture but it has a wide spread effect on the economy of that
particular region with the possible scope of conversion of it into a tourism destination (Fang,
2014). As mentioned above, the general benefits of the cultural preservation in the form of
employment generation and infrastructural development of that particular region is a genuine
catalyst for the process of preservation and serves a crucial need to the people of that region
to protect their culture and heritage. With the minor form of benefit being visible in the
general development of the individuals of that region, the major impact of it lies in the
societal development including the educational advancement and the economic growth. The
economic growth resulting from that tourism sectors enables the people of that region to live
their life with a bit more ease. The survival of the heritages and the cultural representation of
that region make sure that the identity and the pride of the people in that region do not lose its
existence.
2.0 Literature Review
One of the methods of preserving the cultural gems of an ancient civilisation is by
devising methods which will bring back the ancient glories of the past into the people’s mind,
make them realise of the values of the forefathers and then finally make them enough
interested to take part in the common goal of preserving and restoring the ancient culture
which are now under the threat of extinction. Richards (2013) has pointed out that festival
plays an important role in the lives of the people and they look forward to festivals every
season. Therefore the society as a whole has been commercially festivalized in many aspects.
Most of the festivals today has commercial value and different interest groups catalyses the
process. Inclusion of festivals can be applied in the case of the vanishing antiquity of the
ancient Chinese civilisation. “One of the problems with applying models of festivalization
derived from north western European or American context to southern Europe is the fact that

8CULTURAL MANAGEMENT PROJECT
commodification of cultural events is a complex affair.” In the case of Chinese festivals the
commodification of cultural affairs and festivals may prove to be effective.
Jordan (2015) has explained that such growth in the trend of arts festival has been
seen since the 1990s and this has also changed the scenario of the cultural market place and
its structure. The researcher explored whether in the United Kingdom the trend of
commodification of the festivals has changed the patterns of the workforce. “It identifies a
number of dimensions of the festival experience, commissioning, spectacularisation, thematic
programming, immersion and participation that are increasingly prevalent in the performing
and visual arts being produced for non-festival settings”. The researcher found that such
commercialisation has given rise to healthy competition and in the process there are new
innovative new art forms or new innovations in the existing art forms that are being
developed. The proposal of introducing new festivals to bring back the ancient culture of
China to life will also produce innovations in the art forms and cultivate new possibilities
keeping the ancient Chinese practices intact. On the other hand Belghazi (2006) claims “the
festivals work as boundary stones, marking territory, staking claims and declaring meanings,
and as historical events, cobbled from traces of the past.” Talking about the famous festival in
Morocco called the “Fez Festival of World Sacred Music”, the growing importance of
festivals in the Moroccan context has been explored and the role played by the festivals in the
urbanisation of rural or ancient folk culture has also been investigated by the researcher.
Whether or not the commercialisation of festivals which celebrate art and culture has been
taking a toll on the income of the consumers of this genre is a debatable question, however it
is a true fact that the artists and the performers associated with these cultural practices has got
a boost by such commercialisation. “Festivals covers a constellation of very different events,
sacred and profane, private and public, sanctioning tradition and introducing innovation,
proposing nostalgic revivals, providing the expressive means for the survival of most archaic

9CULTURAL MANAGEMENT PROJECT
folk customs, and celebrating the highly speculative and experimental avant-gardes of the
elite fine arts” (Belghazi, 2006).
Indigenous expressions are huge to the manner in which Australia is spoken to the
world (Glow & Johanson, 2009) . Since the mid 1970s Indigenous social approaches, at both
government and state levels, have served to shape the advancement of Indigenous performing
expressions in Australia. Over this period, social approaches, in juncture with the points of
Indigenous craftsmen and social equality activists, have created and replicated instrumentalist
bases for the help of Indigenous expressions. Specifically, the area has conveyed 'helping'
bases for social arrangements which centre around social and financial results. This article
tends to current banters around the instrumentalist motivations behind social approach and
the cooperation of Indigenous specialists in replicating the 'helping' talk. The article, be that
as it may, discovers confirmation of an ongoing break in the agreement which sees some
Indigenous specialists opposing the verifiable basic for their crafts practice to be solely
centered around instrumentalist results.
Glow (2010), contends that the job of arts and performance administration involves a
basic commitment with the talks of administration. The declaration of financial logic over the
expressions and social segment is recognized with regards to the general arrangement of
financial criteria to judge the achievement of various associations. Specifically, the idea of
the innovative ventures, worried about business social generation, and its effect on
expressions of the human experience segment is featured as a predominant verbose practice.
Gl puts forth the defense that the assignment of human expressions chief must be to contend
for the social estimation of expressions of the human experience, and adopt a basic strategy to
the prevailing talks that presently characterize the field. At last, it is contended that one of the
key difficulties for the eventual fate of expressions administration is to likewise adopt a basic

10CULTURAL MANAGEMENT PROJECT
strategy to the traditional talks of expressions showcasing with a specific end goal to convey
another emphasis on gathering of people commitment.
Cultural restoration of a particular place requires human involvement from all sectors.
The people come together with a collective conscience to work together towards a common
goal of achieving a present that values the past and that travels successfully towards a
brighter future. It is a fact that without respecting the past glories of the ancient cultural roots
it is impossible to properly comprehend the present. Festivals and organised programs play a
very critical and vital role in defining the ancient past much of which is lost to the ignorant
present generation. The performance artists therefore need to be preserved and valued who
take part in such programs and spread awareness. This requires special knowledge of arts
management which is now a separate branch of study where managing programs, culture and
art is learnt.
According to Belfiore (2014), inquiries around the estimation of expressions of the
human experience and humanities to the contemporary world and the advantages they are
relied upon to convey to the general public that backings them through subsidizing have
expected an expanded centrality inside various orders, not constrained to humanities grant.
“cultural value debate” as it includes created inside British social strategy: here, the talk of
'esteem' has been inseparably connected to the test of 'presenting the defence' for expressions
of the human experience and for open social financing. The paper talks about the issues with
the holding on transcendence of financial matters in moulding current ways to deal with
encircling verbalizations of 'esteem' in the strategy making setting. It finishes up with a
request for a community oriented push to oppose the financial doxa, and to recover and re-
examine the effect plan as a course towards the foundation of new open humanities.

11CULTURAL MANAGEMENT PROJECT
According to Holden “Culture should no longer be thought of as a set of binary
oppositions between elite/popular, refined/debased, individual/mass, high/low. Instead, we
need to conceive of culture in three highly interrelated spheres: publicly funded, commercial,
and home-made, each with its own definition, gatekeepers and critical discourse.”
Faulkner (2008) et al., has stated through research how art for the sake of art can be
differentiated from the recent trends of TV broadcasting field. The trend in the TV has been
seen to be of “super-indies” and it is seen that often the smaller directors and producers also
are ready to sell up because of monetary profits. This has set up a debate about the portrayal
of history in television. It has become a trend to represent history in a particular way as
required by the people who are providing the money. At an exact level the research indicates
how, in light of administrative changes, a moderate developing business sector and the
impact of outside money related patrons, the segment has turned out to be overwhelmed by
greedy super-independents, who purchase little and medium-sized firms from willing
merchants who regard their firm as a genuine alternative to be traded out for the future, in
light of the fact that offering up can make them richer by many times. Hesmondhalgh (2006)
has stated in this regard the cultural theory of Pierre Bourdieu. It was conspicuous to large
extent why there is no or very little mention about media in the cultural theory of Pierre
Bourdieu. However leaving aside the media quotient in the general field of cultural studies
and understanding the nature of human attitude and behaviour towards culture. The cultural
remains of ancient Chinese civilisation has still remained in the various practices of the
Chinese people. The archaeological remains are also there. What needs to be done is to revive
these in the mind of the people by applying various cultural theories and planning a proper
policy towards such an objective. As stated by Eikhof & Haunschild (2007) has argued that
business and economic objective of art has immense influence on the means and patterns of
creativity that is included. Therefore cultural objectives are important at one hand and on the

12CULTURAL MANAGEMENT PROJECT
other hand the economic factor also shapes the way creativity is shaped. “Exploring logics of
practice in theatre reveals a central paradox of creative production: economic logics tend to
crowd out artistic logics, and thus endanger the resources vital to creative production.”
(Eikhof & Haunschild, 2007)
3.0 Case Study
Wuzhen
Description
Wuzhen that is located in china is known as the historical water town that consists of
ancient docks and waterside buildings. It is located near the grand canal of Beijing-
Hangzhou. The magnificent place of Wuzhen, with area covering 70 km2 and with a
population of 60,000 represents the ancient China. It reflects the heritage, culture and beauty;
therefore, the place has been awarded as the “Most Favourite Chinese Scenic Area by
European Tourist”. The place was established 7,000 years ago, in 872 AD. As per the ancient
texts, the place is fortunate of having a splendid culture, water system and lifestyle.
Infrastructure
In the town, there are several rivers networks alongside to which people built their houses
and established markets. The ancient arch bridges and stone railings and makes the town a
remarkable spot. The infrastructure that has been constructed years ago can be observed as
very suitable and modern, which can make the place easy to live in and look magnificent. In
the present era, this kind of infrastructure is missed. The various arched gates and spacious
courtyards, different shaped verandas and river banks represent an original ecological scene
of the water town.

13CULTURAL MANAGEMENT PROJECT
Tradition and Culture
The residents or the native people have been living there peacefully in the houses along water
with a profound culture and history. The town displays the charm of Chinese ancient culture
that has been lost at present. The costumes, music, folk dance and etiquettes make the
environment healthy and sustainable.
The town has been the beholder of the Chinese traditions of flower-drum opera, shadow-
puppet shows, and temple fairs; they also enhanced the cultural ancient art of making indigo-
dyed printed calico that was used in ancient times, for curtains, scarves, and tablecloths in
every household in the Province. This also allows them to attract tourist and can be a source
of income. This also provides a mental satisfaction that is missing in the present corporate
world in china. The happiness in the society is lost.
In addition to this the lifestyle of the people in Wuzhen is very simple unlike the modern
complexities of the corporate and urban sectors in china. The main occupation for many of
them is to raise chrysanthemums and breed silkworms. In top of that they have retained the
ancient Chinese tradition of selling and buying vegetables and fruits from the various trade
boats through the windows if the houses located in the side of water. This also makes the
market place less congested, convenient and easy. With less complexities and a friendly
atmosphere, the locals stay happy with a great social life just like their ancestors. The present
urban lifestyle has lost the soul that is still intact in Wuzhen. If this simplicity, roch culture
and royal lifestyle can be adopted and retained there would have been a better and a
sustainable world just like the small town of Wuzhen. As correctly said by the newspaper
china daily, indeed Wuzhen is place where modernity meets heritage.

14CULTURAL MANAGEMENT PROJECT
Festivals
There are a number of festivals and programs that are arranged in Wuzhen China and
these have helped in revamping the cultural landscape of the region to a large extent. The
theatre festival is very famous in the region and all kinds of theatrical genres are being
performed by professionals. There are contemporary modern ones and also there are
traditional stories that reflect ancient China. This is a very effective way in which the lost
ancient culture can be preserved and revamped in the general population. The theatre festival
has a dedicated team working for the smooth operation of the program over the years. This
festival is an annual event and was started by famous theatre director Meng Jinghui.
Apart from the theatre festival, there is a carnival which happens along with the
theatre festival and this Outdoor carnival is one of the biggest gathering of people not only
from the local region but from the whole world. The city Wuzhen is itself a very ancient city
and therefore the cultural history dates back to thousands of years. The carnival helps in
bringing people from all over the globe in a glorious gathering and there is a celebration of
the spirit and history of the ancient city. People from all over the world take part in the
festival wearing traditional dresses.
4.0 Conclusion
It can be concluded from the above discussion that one of the issues in the present
times is the fact that ancient cultural history is being forgotten by this generation. People are
busy with their lives so much that it does not matter to them whether the past is being
forgotten or not. Therefore to remind the people about their glorious past and to keep alive
the cultural gems that are slowly being lost in the whirlwind of time. China is thought to be
one of the old human advancements of the world creating more than a large number of years
with a rich inheritance of social legacy. The coming of various administrations over the
distinctive ages has prompted the improvement of various socially expanded models and

15CULTURAL MANAGEMENT PROJECT
antiquated urban communities. This socially rich society draws individuals from everywhere
throughout the world who come to taste the one of a kind and puzzling society of the far-east.
Be that as it may, as has been seen everywhere throughout the world the approach of
modernization and globalization have had an impact of westernization in the cutting edge
Chinese custom. The focal point of the Chinese society has now centered to the advancement
of the cutting edge urban communities, for example, Beijing and Hong Kong. The urban
areas are enriched with tall structures and all around kept up streets yet the inquiry emerges
that behind the clothing of this improvement are there any preservation of the old social
designs or the leftovers of the antiquated developments.
One of the key difficulties of this conservation issue is that with quick urbanization,
individuals are more disposed to move to created urban communities and surrender the places
where they grew up which are gradually getting obliterated. This sort of issue has a few
social effects on the way of life of the general population who are relocating and furthermore
on the general population who are remaining back. Individuals who are moving to bigger
urban communities appear to embrace the cutting edge way of life and the pinch of
westernization. These are influencing them to overlook their underlying foundations and their
conventions of the places where they grew up that they are deserting. These progressions are
not deliberate but rather are embraced with the stream of time. The following ages of these
individuals are conceived without the information of their social customs or where they really
have a place with and in this manner are not ready to safeguard the legacy of the past.
Furthermore, the immature areas which are relinquished for the hunt of a superior life in the
urban areas are left without young fellows and ladies without whom the safeguarding is
unimaginable. With the progression of time as the more seasoned age passes away, these
towns are being crushed for the development of ventures or genuine bequests or present day

16CULTURAL MANAGEMENT PROJECT
structures. Therefore proper planning is required to preserve the ancient history of a place and
the whole community must take part in the process.

17CULTURAL MANAGEMENT PROJECT
Reference:
Belfiore, E. (2015). ‘Impact’,‘value’and ‘bad economics’: Making sense of the problem of
value in the arts and humanities. Arts and Humanities in Higher Education, 14(1), 95-
110.
Belghazi, T. (2006). Festivalization of urban space in Morocco. Critique: critical middle
eastern studies, 15(1), 97-107.
Chen, L., & Zelin, M. (Eds.). (2015). Chinese law: Knowledge, practice and transformation,
1530s to 1950s. Brill.
Fang, T. (2012). Yin Yang: A new perspective on culture. Management and organization
Review, 8(1), 25-50.
Fang, T. (2014). Understanding Chinese culture and communication: the Yin Yang approach.
Global leadership practices, 171-187.
Glow, H. (2010). Taking a critical approach to arts management. Asia Pacific journal of arts
& cultural management, 7(2), 585-594.
Glow, H., & Johanson, K. (2009). Instrumentalism and the ‘helping’discourse: Australian
Indigenous performing arts and policy. International journal of cultural policy, 15(3),
315-328.
Holden, J. (2016). How we value arts and culture. In Sustaining Cultural Development (pp.
39-50). Routledge.
Hua, S., & Nathan, A. J. (2016). Chinese Political Culture. Routledge.
Jordan, J. (2015, October). Festivalisation of cultural production. ENCACT, Brussels.

18CULTURAL MANAGEMENT PROJECT
Lee, H. F., Fei, J., Chan, C. Y., Pei, Q., Jia, X., & Yue, R. P. (2017). Climate change and
epidemics in Chinese history: A multi-scalar analysis. Social Science & Medicine,
174, 53-63.
Richards, G. (2007). The festivalization of society or the socialization of festivals? The case
of Catalunya. Cultural tourism: Global and local perspectives, 257-280.
Sundararajan, L. (2015). Understanding emotion in Chinese culture. Switzerland: Springer
Cham Heidelberg Publishing.
Tang, Y. (2015). Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, Christianity and Chinese Culture.
Springer.
Tu, C. I. (2017). Classics and interpretations: the hermeneutic traditions in Chinese culture.
Routledge.
Yang, L. (2018). Inheriting and Protecting Ancient Books Culture Scheme-Construction of
Large Database. JOURNAL OF ADVANCED OXIDATION TECHNOLOGIES,
21(2).
Yizhuang, D., & Elliott, M. (2018). How to write Chinese history in the twenty-first century:
The impact of the “New Qing History” studies and Chinese responses. Chinese
Studies in History, 51(1), 70-95.
Zhang, F. (2015). Confucian foreign policy traditions in Chinese history. The Chinese Journal
of International Politics, 8(2), 197-218.
Hesmondhalgh, D. (2006). Bourdieu, the media and cultural production. Media, culture &
society, 28(2), 211-231.
Eikhof, D. R., & Haunschild, A. (2007). For art's sake! Artistic and economic logics in
creative production. Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of

19CULTURAL MANAGEMENT PROJECT
Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior, 28(5), 523-
538.
Faulkner, S., Leaver, A., Vis, F., & Williams, K. (2008). Art for art's sake or selling up?.
European Journal of Communication, 23(3), 295-317.