Renewable Energy Sources in Engineering

This content features annotated bibliographies by various authors on the role of renewable energy sources in engineering and their impact on environmental protection. It discusses the benefits of renewable energy sources, such as cost-effectiveness, environmental friendliness, and reliability. The bibliographies analyze different aspects of renewable energy sources, including their role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions, optimizing energy production, and evaluating their availability. The content also explores the socioeconomic and demographic factors that influence public awareness of renewable energy sources. It provides insights into the current status, prospects, and enabling technologies of renewable energy resources. Additionally, it discusses the utilization of waste sludge as a renewable energy source. Overall, this content provides a comprehensive overview of renewable energy sources in engineering.

Annotated Bibliography 1
Annotated Bibliography
Student’s Name:
Code and Course Name:
Professor:
University:
City, State:
Date:

Annotated Bibliography 2
Renewable Energy sources in Engineering
High costs, environmental pollutions from emissions and unreliability of nonrenewable
energy resources have developed an insight for the world to consider the use of renewable
sources of energy which are cost effective, environmentally friendly and are reliable. There is a
wide range of supply of renewable energy that is available for modern economies as well as
agricultural production. Such renewables are essential inputs in every production sector for
sustainability; hence an encouragement towards their growth is remarkable. Green energy
resources include wind power, hydro energy, biomass, solar energy and other continuing sources
like a waste. The scale of application of these forms of energy in totality is considered global
resources.
Green energy resources are naturally replenished, and their applications promote
sustainable development. Renewable technologies have resulted in the human and economic
development of both remote and rural areas in recent years. Renewable energy resources are
currently considered a backbone to the developing countries. Furthermore, green energy
technologies provide a wide range of employment in the installation as well as managing the
systems. The forms of energy from these sources are clean and efficient in comparison to
nonrenewable sources. There are many authors with numerous publications about renewable
sources of energy. Due to its adverse applications, this text will analyze and annotate the
bibliographies of articles published by different authors.
Panwar, N.L., Kaushik, S.C. and Kothari, S., 2011. Role of renewable energy sources in
environmental protection: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy
Reviews, 15(3), pp.1513-1524.

Annotated Bibliography 3
The article addresses the role of renewable energy sources in the conservation of the
environment. According to the article, renewable energy sources minimize environmental
pollution, help in the production of minimum secondary waste and are sustainable according to
the needs of the society currently and in the future. They are also the best in the mitigation of gas
emissions in greenhouses. The article further explains the role of substituting conventional
energy sources in the reduction of global warming. According to the article, sunlight is the
primary source of energy, and it gets absorbed in the form of wind energy, biomass among other
ways (Panwar, Kaushik and Kothari 2011).
Saber, A.Y. and Venayagamoorthy, G.K., 2011. Plug-in vehicles and renewable energy
sources for cost and emission reductions. IEEE Transactions on Industrial
electronics, 58(4), pp.1229-1238.
According to the article, renewable energy can play a significant role in the reduction of
emissions from the electricity industry primarily from the power plants. This can be achieved
through solar and wind sources of energy. Saber and Venayagamoorthy further explain that the
main factors contributing to greenhouses gas emissions on earth are transportation and electricity
industries. Therefore, through the application of renewable energy sources, it is possible to
minimize such emissions and thus achieve a better environment (Saber and Venayagamoorthy,
2011p.1229).
Quintana, N., Van der Kooy, F., Van de Rhee, M.D., Voshol, G.P. and Verpoorte, R., 2011.
Renewable energy from Cyanobacteria: energy production optimization by
metabolic pathway engineering. Applied microbiology and biotechnology, 91(3),
pp.471-490.

Annotated Bibliography 4
According to the article, there is great need to improve and develop renewable energy
sources following the high finite nature of fuels. The article explains the nature of fossil oils as a
finite resource which will get depleted shortly, and that its productivity and economic aspect is a
challenge. It, therefore, explains how different bioenergy sources such as biodiesel, hydrogen,
and ethanol among others can get developed from cyanobacteria, a renewable energy source
which does not compete with food resources (Saber and Venayagamoorthy 2011 p.473). The
article, therefore, highlights the significant biochemical pathways stating how they can get
improved into specific renewable energy sources.
Zobaa, A.F., and Bansal, R.C., 2011. Handbook of renewable energy technology. World
Scientific.
The book by Zobaa and Bansal highlights some of the renewable energy sources based on
generating technologies. According to the authors, some factors such as environmental,
technical, political, social and economic have significantly contributed to the rapid development
of renewable energy sources based generations. Such based-generation renewable energy sources
include wind power technology such as generators and power electronic converters, solar energy,
biofuels, ocean, and small hydro energy systems among others. The book also provides the
engineering application of the energy sources, their impact on the environment and also
applicable tools (Zobaa and Bansal 2011).
Angelis-Dimakis, A., Biberacher, M., Dominguez, J., Fiorese, G., Gadocha, S.,
Gnansounou, E., Guariso, G., Kartalidis, A., Panichelli, L., Pinedo, I. and Robba,
M., 2011. Methods and tools to evaluate the availability of renewable energy
sources. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, 15(2), pp.1182-1200.

Annotated Bibliography 5
The article features a survey on the tools and methods which are available for the
determination and exploitation of energy in the wind, wave, solar, geothermal and biomass
energy sectors. The methods are aimed at facilitating the use of renewable energy sources and
also acting against the climatic changes which are caused by the high concentration of carbon
dioxide in the atmosphere from gaseous emissions (Angelis-Dimakis et al. 2011). The article
further explains the challenges related to each renewable energy source, and it is, therefore,
useful in the field as it is useful in the evaluation of the use of a combination of several sources.
Karytsas, S. and Theodoropoulou, H., 2014. Socioeconomic and demographic factors that
influence publics' awareness on the different forms of renewable energy
sources. Renewable energy, 71, pp.480-485.
According to the article, public awareness of renewable energy sources is very significant
as it allows for the public acceptance of the projects on renewable energy and also allows the
members of the public to accept consuming the sources. It, therefore, presents a survey
conducted in attempts to determine the socioeconomic and demographic factors that determine
the knowledge by the members of the society on renewable energy sources such as solar, wind,
biomass among others. The article explains such factors as education level, age, gender among
others in details. It is, therefore, a useful article in the engineering field as it creates avenues for
more research (Karytsas and Theodoropoulou 2014 p.480).
Twidell, J. and Weir, T., 2015. Renewable energy resources. Routledge.
The book by Twidell and Weir addresses Built Environment, Engineering, and
Technology. The book explains how renewable energy helps in securing national and natural
resources alleviate pollution and the effects of climate change as well as providing cost-effective
services (Twidell and Weir 2015). The book also explains the application of the sources, cost-

Annotated Bibliography 6
effectiveness and environmental impact of various renewable energy sources. It also describes
underlying renewable energy technologies and basic scientific theories surrounding various
renewable energy resources.
Ellabban, O., Abu-Rub, H. and Blaabjerg, F., 2014. Renewable energy resources: Current
status, prospects, and their enabling technology. Renewable and Sustainable Energy
Reviews, 39, pp.748-764.
The article explains the need for renewable energy resources and gives reasons as to why
green energy resources are enormous. The greenhouse emissions, high costs and limited sources
of fossil fuels and the need to maintain electric energy security are the reasons that make the
renewable sources attractive. The paper further explains the current utilization of renewable
energy, the prospects of these sources as well as scientific programs to improve their use. Also,
the paper explains accordingly the effect of smart grid technologies and power electronics used
in equally dispensing the energy resources (Ellabban, Abu-Rub and Blaabjerg 2014 p.748).
Lv, T. and Ai, Q., 2016. Interactive energy management of networked microgrids-based
active distribution system considering large-scale integration of renewable energy
resources. Applied Energy, 163, pp.408-422.
The article explains how renewable energy resources in large scale have got integrated
into power systems for optimization in recent years; this is a success by use of programming
knowledge. Furthermore, this paper proposes an energy management strategy that is dynamic
and shows the interaction of energy systems which are of improved standards (Lv and Ai 2016
p.411). Also, the paper provides information on optimal operations like high technical
performance for high quality, energy use, and adaptability. It also brings out the concept of
energy storage systems that are extensive.

Annotated Bibliography 7
Tyagi, V.K. and Lo, S.L., 2013. Sludge: a waste or renewable source for energy and
resources recovery?. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 25, pp.708-728.
According to the article, continuously increasing waste can be reduced by utilization of
waste sludge for energy recovery as renewable energy. In so doing, the sustainable, reliable and
affordable energy is supplied. Also, the paper discusses the type of materials utilized in sludge
and the methods used to convert the sludge into a usable form of energy. Factors affecting the
method of sludge energy conversion, stages involved and merits, the demerits are further
discussed widely in this article (Tyagi and Lo 2013 .708).

Annotated Bibliography 8
Reference List
Angelis-Dimakis, A., Biberacher, M., Dominguez, J., Fiorese, G., Gadocha, S., Gnansounou, E.,
Guariso, G., Kartalidis, A., Panichelli, L., Pinedo, I. and Robba, M., 2011. Methods and tools to
evaluate the availability of renewable energy sources. Renewable and sustainable energy
reviews, 15(2), pp.1182-1200.
Ellabban, O., Abu-Rub, H. and Blaabjerg, F., 2014. Renewable energy resources: Current status,
future prospects and their enabling technology. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 39,
pp.748-764.
Karytsas, S. and Theodoropoulou, H., 2014. Socioeconomic and demographic factors that
influence publics' awareness on the different forms of renewable energy sources. Renewable
energy, 71, pp.480-485.
Lv, T. and Ai, Q., 2016. Interactive energy management of networked microgrids-based active
distribution system considering large-scale integration of renewable energy resources. Applied
Energy, 163, pp.408-422.
Panwar, N.L., Kaushik, S.C. and Kothari, S., 2011. Role of renewable energy sources in
environmental protection: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15(3),
pp.1513-1524.
Quintana, N., Van der Kooy, F., Van de Rhee, M.D., Voshol, G.P. and Verpoorte, R., 2011.
Renewable energy from Cyanobacteria: energy production optimization by metabolic pathway
engineering. Applied microbiology and biotechnology, 91(3), pp.471-490.
Saber, A.Y. and Venayagamoorthy, G.K., 2011. Plug-in vehicles and renewable energy sources
for cost and emission reductions. IEEE Transactions on Industrial electronics, 58(4), pp.1229-
1238.

Annotated Bibliography 9
Twidell, J. and Weir, T., 2015. Renewable energy resources. Routledge.
Tyagi, V.K. and Lo, S.L., 2013. Sludge: a waste or renewable source for energy and resources
recovery?. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 25, pp.708-728.
Zobaa, A.F. and Bansal, R.C., 2011. Handbook of renewable energy technology. World
Scientific.