Understanding Ulcerative Colitis and its Impact on the Body

Answer no 1
It is reported from the case study; Eleanor a 48-year-old lady had been diagnosed
with ulcerative colitis 17 years ago and had suffered from severe symptoms of the disease.
She had several admissions to hospital because of uncontrolled symptoms of ulcerative
colitis-like severe diarrhoea with blood, occurrence of pus and pain in lower abdomen.
Later, with the progression of disease, she had painful and distended abdomen, her skin
becomes dry and cool with no turgor. On diagnosis with help of colonoscopy and MRI
scan, she has now developed Pancolitis with pseudopolyps is sigmoid colon. In last two
weeks, she lost 9 Kgs of weight as she was feeling too ill to eat and drink. As the impact of
this, she felt being fatigued and unable to do any activities. The transition of disease from
ulcerative colitis to pancolitis cause adverse changes in his body structure and function
which can be the primary cause for loss of appetite. Colitis causes inflammation in small
and large intestine specifically the colon (Hindryckx, Jairath & D'haens, 2016).
Ulcerative colitis tends to form ulcer in inner lumen of large intestine specifically in
rectum. Inner lining of large intestine is made of three-layer known as mucosa, submucosa
and muscle layer (Spoendlin et al., 2015). These ulcers are spot in the mucosa where tissue
get damaged and left behind with open sore (Tahara et al., 2015). Recent research on the
disease, says that ulcerative disease is an autoimmune disease where Cytotoxic T cell
present in the inner lining of epithelium of mucosa layer of colon is responsible for
ulceration (Ge et al., 2015). They degrade the inner lining of colon leaving behind the
eroded areas known as ulcer. The reason behind it is still unclear. It is also known that P-
ANCA antibodies present in the blood can mistakenly target antigens on neutrophils cell.
However, some theory says that it cross-react with healthy bacteria of gut, and attack the

cells of inner lining of intestine thus changing digestion to serious infection (Dulai,
Sandborn & Gupta, 2016). In response to immune system, number of white blood cell
increases against the infection thus causing colitis in inner lining of rectum. Ulcerative
colitis is circumferential to lining of large intestine may increase proximally, sometimes
whole colon with numerous pseudopolyps hence, causing pancolitis (Pardi, 2017). Increase
in ulcerative from rectum to whole colon cause weak digestion, lower absorption of water
and anaemia thus, causing weight loss.
Answer no 2
Pain pathway is divided into three steps. 1. Transduction, 2. Transmission, 3.
Modulation (Descalzi et al., 2017). Nociceptors present in the tissue are sensitized by
prostaglandin and bradykinin, to activation by the stimuli, and the information is passed by
the receptor via electrical signal and is transferred from the peripheral nervous system to
central nervous system through axons. Nociceptors have two type of fibre called A delta
and C fibres, these penetrate in the dorsal horn of spinal cord (Price & Inyang, 2015).
Passage of the pain information is often control by at this point by mean of
neurotransmitter. Neurotransmitters transmit the signal to the synaptic cleft of spinal cord
neuron, and then modulation event takes place. The information goes to thalamus through
motor neuron and sends to sensory cortex of brain which receive the information as pain
(Yarnitsky, 2015).
Morphine antagonize the opioid receptor present in the brain. They block the release
of neurotransmitter by inhibiting Ca2+ ion influx into the presynaptic end. (Bao et al., 2015).
Or they can open the potassium channels, cause hyperpolarization of the neuron thus create
efflux of potassium ion and prevent the release of neurotransmitter. These steps thus block

the synaptic transmission (Kesavan, 2015). As a result of this, a number of nociceptive
receptors becomes limited and does not reach the thalamus. Hence, pain pathway is
blocked.
Answer no 3
Mr Eleanor diagnosed with ulcerative colitis showed high frequency of diarrhoea
with blood. Associated symptoms include pain in lower abdomen, cramps, abdominal
bloating and she also feel fatigued. The manifestation of her is progressive over numerous
years. Currently, on physical examination, following thing was noted; Low haemoglobin,
high number of white blood cell, elevated ESR, high C-reactive protein and low albumen.
Earlier she was having large number of pseudopolyps in the descending and sigmoid colon.
On MRI test, the result disclosed that she had developed pancolitis. With progression of
disease, now she had distended abdomen, skin became pale and dry. She faces the problem
of slow capillary refill and has flat neck veins. The illness of Mr Eleanor has got
deteriorated day by day.
The reason for deterioration of disease can be linked to enteric nervous system. All
component of human gut is connected to CNS and regulates all the functionality of it.
Clinical observation facts the reason for spreading of colitis to non-inflamed area includes
GI innervation. These include imbalance of GI function and neurological pathway. There is
prolonged hyperexcitation of sympathetic ganglion due to IPAN activation. This cause
hyperactivation of afferent neuron and release neuropeptide substance, somatostatin
proteins, adrenergic and serotoninergic neurotransmitter (Goverse, Stakenborg, & Matteoli,
2016). The signal is passed to whole of intestine. This structural change involves neuronal