Case Study On Crohn’s disease

Running Head: CASE STUDY
CASE STUDY
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author’s Note

CASE STUDY1
Question 1
Crohn’s disease is a complication in the bowel movement and its functions. It is an
inflammatory bowel disease that affects the digestive tract, and this is the reason for diarrhea and
abdominal pain in people. Due to the inflammation of digestive tract it becomes an issue to
consume food as the digestion is obstructed, which becomes a reason for weight loss and
malnutrition. This disease is also known as regional enteritis or granulomatous colitis as it has a
negative impact on both the small and large intestine but the rectum is not always involved. It is
similar to ulcerative colitis as the symptoms and the pathophysiology are almost familiar. The
altered immune response and genetic predisposition to the usual flora of the bowel. Sometimes it
is not easy to differentiate between ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease (Feuerstein & Cheifetz,
2017). Common factors for the enhancement of this disease is macrophage activation, elevated
suppressor T cell activity, susceptible genes, bacterial flora antigens, and alterations in
immunoglobulin A (IgA) productions. Another cause for Crohn’s disease is psychological
stresses, which is the underlying trigger as people do not give importance to this issue. The
structural changes take place as the disease keeps enhancing, the pathophysiology of the disease
begins from the intestinal submucosa and passes towards the inner and outer layers of the walls
of the intestine. The absence or the lower rate of secretion of mucin happens during Crohn’s
disease that leads to the changes in the mucosal layer, exposure to luminal inflammation-
inducing toxins and enhanced intestinal permeability (Torres et al., 2017). The neutrophils and
macrophages in the system become active that enhances the inflammation, which causes injury
in the tissues. The common sites of this disease are transverse colon, terminal ileum and
ascending colon. Skip lesions are formed when the inflammation only affects some sections of
the intestine and not all, which is the reason that not all sides of the intestinal walls are affected

CASE STUDY2
(Zhang & Li, 2014). Crohn’s disease causes ulceration that also causes tears and fissures, which
is the reason for inflammation into the lymphoid tissue. Granuloma is the common type of lesion
formed in the intestine that has an appearance like a cobblestone that are surrounded by
ulcerations as it has inflamed tissue projection. Perianal area has fistulae projections that is
situated between the loops of intestine or when it reaches the bladder, and this causes the
intestine to connect to the other areas. This also causes strictures that leads to obstruction (Chan,
Mourad & Leong, 2018). As this comes between the digestion processes when the food enters
the body, it becomes difficult to maintain the sufficient calorie intake, which leads to weight loss.
Question 2
The pain pathway implies that pain is felt by the nociceptors in the periphery of the body such as
viscera or the skin. Cutaneous form of pain travels by 2 types of nerve fibers that transmit signals
known as A-delta fibers and smaller C nerve fibers (Pinho-Ribeiro et al., 2017). The A delta
fibers have a medium diameter, which are myelinated and respond basically to mechanical pain
with a high intensity such as causing sharp and stabbing like pain, and heat stimuli. Smaller C
nerve fibers have a small diameter, which are not myelinated and it responds to pain that are low
in intensity such as chemical, thermal, mechanical cold stimuli that results to an aching and dull
type of pain. The pain caused due to deep body structures such as viscera and muscles are
signaled by C fibers and it is linked to persistent pain. Then inhibition of the pain is a mechanism
that is improved with the help of endorphins, which are known as morphines, endogenously.
They are naturally occurring opioid peptides that are found in the neurons of the brain,
gastrointestinal tract and spinal cord. The functions of the endorphins processes when it binds to
the opiate receptors on the neurons, which helps in obstructing the transmission of the pain
impulse (Geremia et al., 2014).