Antenna Technology and Wireless Technologies

This article discusses different types of antennas like Horn, Yagi, and Cellular Antenna and their merits and demerits. It also covers wireless technologies like Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, WiMAX, and LTE, and their functioning, strengths, and weaknesses. The article further explains the concept of Software Defined Wireless Network (SDN) and its application in wireless networks, including virtualization, security challenges, and its role in LTE-RAN and WiSa.

Assignment
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Question 1
 Horn antenna
This is a type of antenna that is mostly used in flaring ,this is the improvement of the
radiation efficiency through utilization of a wave guide that has an a long aperture to
form unexpected cutoff in the gradual transformation of a wave. It is mostly used in
UHF and SHF frequency ranges. During the transformation process, the beam is
gradually changed to radiation this reduces the losses and increases the focusing
strength of the beam. It works with increasing directivity and reducing diffraction criteria
to improve communication process. There are different types of horns antenna this
includes, sectoral, pyramidal and conical horns. It has the following demerits and merits
in the industry.
Merits
 Has high and great directivity during transformation of the beams.
 There are no standing waves during transformation.
 The impedance and matching of the waves is good.
 The beam formed has a narrow width.
Demerits
 Requires large flare angles.
 Flare angle within the device is the one that decides the directivity of the of the
wave produces during transformation.
 Yagi antenna
This the commonly used type of antenna. Mostly used since its has high performance,
directivity and high gain. It is made with very many directors that increases the
directivity and functioning of the antenna. The reflectors also are placed at the end of the
antenna to reflect all the energy in the direction in which the wave is being transferred.
The directors also direct the beams or waves to the desired angles. They are mostly used
in TV reception and where mainly a single frequency is required.
Yagi antenna has the following demerits and merits.
Merits
 There is low wastage of power during the transfer of signals.
 Makes the beam to achieve high directivity hence clear focusing.
 Has a broader coverage of frequencies.
 The antenna can be easily managed and maintained without any difficulties.
 It achieves high gain
Demerits

 The yagi antenna is mostly affected by the atmospheric factors like weather
change .e.g rainfall hinder the rate in which it receives frequencies.
 It is also prone to noise.

 Cellular Antenna
This are kind of antennas that can be used in conjunction with signal boosters such as
amplifiers and repeaters .They can be connected directly to the cellphone or the adapter of the
device .This are low frequency radiations and small in size .They are made up of die –electric
materials which radiations are placed by a process called photoetching. The cellular antennae’s
are mostly used in spacecraft applications, aircraft applications, and other devices that have low
profile antennas .They a have the following demerits and merits.
Merits
 They are very light in weight hence portable.
 They are cheap and require low cost in the installation process.
 They are ease to be installed hence can be used by anybody.
Demerits
 They have inefficient radiations.
 They experience low frequency bandwidth.
The yaqi antenna will take over antenna technology in future since it produces waves
that have high directivity high gain and performance .More so there is low energy waste
during the transmission process hence the waves are well transmitted.

Question 2
Wireless technologies this term that encompasses all devices and technologies that
communicate or transmit data over air rather than using wires .This technology is involved in
cellular communications and internetworking between computers and adapters that are wireless.
There are severally wireless technology they include Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, WiMAX , and LTE.
Wi-Fi wireless technology
Wireless fidelity is type of fidelity that is based on IEEE 802 family and it is a local area network
mainly used in buildings broadband coverage. The access point and mobile stations all share the
channel this makes it half duplex.
Functioning
The radio signals are the key that make Wi-Fi networking possible. This signal that are
conveyed from Wi-Fi antennae which are then received by receivers such as computers and cell
phones or any network enabled device that is equipped with Wi-Fi cards. When a computer or
a phone receives a signal within the range of the Wi-Fi network normal within 300_500 feets
the antennae range. The Wi-Fi card reads the signal thus create a data connection within the
network and the device without the utilization of the cord. Access points which are mainly
consisting of antennas and routers that are used as both receivers and transmitters. More so the
antennae are used in wide area network while routers are used in home networks.
This network a can also be accessed using Wi-Fi hotspot by installing an access point to an
internet connection. The access point transmits the signals over given are which are then
received by the Wi-Fi devices such as pocket phones and PCS.The hotspots are mainly placed in
area such hospitals or schools where many people are so that they can access the network with a
lot of easy.
Although being a good technology its has the following weakness and strengths.
Merits
 It is cheap technology does involve wires for connection
 It allows connection of multiple devices within the network.
 It can be accessed from anywhere within its range rather than the normal working
environment e.g offices.
 Can serve an increased number of users without requiring more wiring like the wired
networks.

Demerits
 They can be easily compromised by hackers due to their encryption weakness.
 It has a very low speed as compared to wired network.
 Since they depend on waves they are subjected to high rate of interferences due to
change of environmental factors.
Bluetooth technology
This is short range wireless communication technology that is intended to replace cabling within
a small network. The technology uses Ad hoc technology that has a small are network coverage
thus can also be called Personal Area network.
Functioning.
The technology employee’s radio frequency for communication between the devices. It makes
use frequency modulation that generate waves for communication among the devices. The
technology is uniform such that devices that are Bluetooth enabled can easily communicate with
each other. The low power connection of Bluetooth offers communication up to a range of ten
meters.
Merits
 Has low power consumption rate
 It can pass through walls
 It can used for voice and data transfer.
Demerits
 Has short range coverage within 10 meters.
 Has a very low bandwidth compared to Wi-Fi network.
WiMAX
Wimax is one is one of the hottest broadband technology that is being used today. It provides
Broadband access to both residential and enterprise customers in a way that is economical. It
operates like Wi-Fi network but has high speeds over great distances and support a large number
of uses. The network can also be used in area where the wires networks cannot be used since it
has a coverage speed of up 15Mbs in 3km coverage.

Merits
 Single WiMAX technology can cover a number of users.
 Has faster deployment to new users as compared to wired networks.
 Has high speed of up to 10mbs within 10 Km.
Demerits
 Weather conditions like rain interrupt with the signal
 Other wireless equipment’s or devices interrupt the network communication.
Security Challenges in network equipment’s
 Unauthorized Access
If anybody can connect to the wireless network .This means that he can access anything
within the other devices .This make it very dangerous especially when an intruder gets access
to the network he or she can get classified information from the devices that are connected to
the network.
 Denial of service attack
This threat where by the owner of the network cannot have access to the network since
an attacker has blocked him from accessing the network.

Question 3
Software defined wireless network(sdn)
Sdn is technology that makes wireless network more dependable and portable by separating the
data plans and control plans tasks. Its plays a role in the deploying mobile networks to network
function virtualization for elastic and flexible positioning of the core mobile networks which
can also be called the control panels .Before any deployment of a network SDN encourages the
researchers to do more live experiments for high network flexibility this makes the network to
be more manageable. There three branches that make SDN to accomplish its tasks .They include
infrastructure layer, control layer and application layer. Utilization of the of the three layers in
any network will make it more manageable and flexible.
Infrastructure layer- This is the layer of the SDN that is made up of the SD-switches. When a
packet arrives to this switch its checked if it is suitable then forwarded to the next switch for
processing.
Control layer- This layer that interconnect with infrastructure layer through an open flow
protocol .Application layer –many network applications can be developed through this layer.
Virtualization
Adoption of SDN technology has really improve the support of virtualization of wireless
network through solving of some issues.SDN employees a wide set of control logics that are set
of physical resources .This because support of different logics within a network raises the
flexibility and the scalability issues. On the one hand, traffic from a certain instantiation of a
virtual operator must be isolated from traffic belonging to a different virtual operator, for
security and privacy reasons. On the other hand, changes performed in the virtual infrastructure
of an operator must be isolated from the rest of virtual to create steadiness.
Application of sdn in wireless network
SDN create s high adaptability flexibility in mobile networks this controls the delay in signal
transfer within the network .This also makes the network to be easily managed in the control
panel task and data plan.
Sdn in LTE.
This kind of networks are designed to offer high rates of data plan to users. They require high
cost and of management since they are supposed to be more flexible and dependable .SDN has
the following roles in them it handles a larger number of mobile device that is supported by the
network. More so it handles the frequent mobility of the many wireless networks within the data

plan. Most of the functions that were not easy to be performed long ago in wireless network can
now easily be carried out at the control plan part this is all the benefit of SDN.
SoftCell
This term has the first SDN EPC to be created it incorporates high level operators and
subscribers as single flows in network devices for efficient controlling of traffic flows with the
wireless network.
Procel
This another technology that works hand in hand with SDN technology where by some
complex network components are replaced with the procel in order to benefit the SDN
switches. Within such a network all the traffics are monitored with SDN switched and procel
switches .This is a smart way of reducing the delay in transfer of signals within a given
network. The procel has the following functionalities within network
 It improves the signals relaying rate
 It increases the solution for MN0s.
SDN IN LTE-RAN
SDN controller is used with open Flow that is enabled with eNBs to design an optimal control
algorithms for load balancing, management of inference ,handover and power controlling. The
following issues are mainly considered during this process.
 Identification of critical time eNBs.
 Providing a high performance computing environment for handling large data.
 Handling a large size of small cells within the network.
SDN IN WISA
Sdn that is enabled with converged networks designs a complete SDN mobile networks .This is
also the proposed WiSa architecture for SDN that is converges with EPC and RAN. This
technology is propose with various concepts of data and control palanes .The technology ia
smade up of four components which include the following single network controller (SNC),
control plane of eNodeB (cNB), user plane of eNodeB (uNB) and data plane of gateway routers
(GR.This have enhance the global virtualization of the networks.
Security with SDN
Through design of networks with SDN their new security plans that researchers have come up
with .This include the following.
Data plane – there some attacks that may create through use of switches this can be prevented
through use of verification and flow rules within the network.

Attacks on the application plane and misuse of the of the controller code and malicious
application .This controlled through authorization and authentifaication before any user get
access to the given network.
Faulty tolerance in SDN-This is another issue that hinders the flow of mobile network normal
caused by controller or application failure.
SDN is more advantageous to wireless networks and mobile in a high-level architecture
leveraging on the advantages of the logical centralization provided by SDN. In order to provide
end-user proximity based network solutions and applications SDN technology must be
implemented in any wireless technology

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