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Do we blame the drug for not destroying the bacteria of the 21st century?

   

Added on  2021-06-14

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Antimicrobial Resistant Bacteria 1ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANT BACTERIAStudent (Name)Professor (Name)CollegeCourseDate

Antimicrobial Resistant Bacteria 2ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANT BACTERIAIntroductionSupposing the very same formula and substances that were used approximately 90 yearsago to develop antibiotics are still the same techniques used even today, and the components ofthe drugs are still the same. So, do we blame the drug for not for not destroying the bacteria ofthe 21st century? Or do we blame the physicians of these days for not being accurate? Or do weblame we blame everybody using these antibiotics for not adhering to the proper discourse whenadministering it? I don’t think so. One fact remains constant: in our fast moving world, far fasterthan any period in human history, and so do these bacteria mutate and develop adaptive featuresthat can withstand the antibiotics (Gullberg et al. 2011). This paper will examine theantimicrobial resistant bacteria through evaluating a research question from the very samethematic concern and also give critical appraisal for five different articles addressing the verysame topic. What are the mechanisms through which Microbes resistant to antimicrobial orantibiotics arise?Research Question What are the mechanisms through which Microbes resistant to antimicrobial orantibiotics arise?Although we may note some predictions of experts, I would like to categorically pointout that, human knowledge of the future is extremely limited and sometimes farcical. In 1928,Alexander Fleming, an expert and a professor of bacteriology discovered penicillin, the very firsttrue antibiotic. Following his breakthrough in the field of medicine, a lot more such discoverieswere made until microbial infections were never a threat to both animals and human lives. But

Antimicrobial Resistant Bacteria 3no expert by that time predicted or considered the fact that these bacteria would evolve or mutateto develop resistance to these drugs (Derde et al. 2014). In a nutshell, resistance emanatesmajorly from one of the many mechanisms: for instance, natural resistance in some bacteria, acertain species obtaining resistance from another species, or through genetic mutation. In fungithey have antifungal resistance, in viruses, it is called antiviral resistance, in protozoa, theydevelop antiprotozoal resistance, and in this context, the bacteria or microbes develop antibioticor antimicrobial resistance respectively (Galvin et al. 2010). So, the articlehttp://www.bbc.co.uk/guides/z8kccdm on how the microbes resistant to antimicrobials, it statesthat antibiotics function through disruption of the survival mechanisms of the microbes orthrough simply making them extinct by preventing them from reproducing (Rai et al. 2013). The fact is that when a lot of these antibiotics are used on the microbes, they developresistance and in places where there are more human or animal hosts, they spread very fast eitherdirectly or indirectly to other hosts. They always degenerate or replicate very fast at themolecular stages hence outsmarting the antimicrobials (Hammerum and Heuer 2009). Theymutate to become superbugs that don't just survive but thrive over time. The resistant microbeshave got several mechanisms for spreading to a larger area either directly or indirectly. They areboth water or airborne hence can spread via water, human beings can pass the bacteria to othersby coughing, or when they get into contact especially with unclean hands (Derde et al. 2012).From my point, though not having the entire expertise regarding the field, a lot of emphasesshould be not only be put in diagnosing microbial infections, but also in looking for thealternative ways by which the mutated microbes-the ‘superbugs’ could be manipulated to offsetfurther potential damages.Five articles

Antimicrobial Resistant Bacteria 4Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance.Microbiology spectrum,2016. 4(2).By Munita, J.M., and Arias, C.A.The complex relationship between virulence and antibiotic resistance.Genes,8(1), 2017. P.39. by Schroeder, M., Brooks, B.D. and Brooks, A.E.An Evaluation of the Prevalence of Antibiotic Resistant amongSalmonella and Staphylococcus Aureus Isolated from Various Food Animals. 2016. byTorres, M.A.High levels of macrolide resistance-associated mutations in Mycoplasmagenitalium warrant antibiotic susceptibility-guided treatment.Journal of AntimicrobialChemotherapy, 2015.70(9), pp.2515-2518. By Nijhuis, R.H.T., Severs, T.T., Van derVegt, D.S.J.M., Van Zwet, A.A. and Kusters, J.G.Antibiotic Resistance: Associations and Implications for Antibiotic UsageStrategies to Control Multiresistant Bacteria.Antimicrobial Stewardship: Principles andPractice, 2016 80. By Rice, L.B.Methods The first article, Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance.Microbiology spectrum co-authoredby Munita J.M and Arias C.A. I found this article from the National Library of Australia sciencesection of the library database. I used the keywords like antimicrobial resistance, antibioticresistant, superbugs and mechanism of antimicrobial resistant bacteria (Magiorakos et al. 2012).Because I had a randomized controlled trial in testing the article, I used the CASP checklist incritical appraisal of the article (Munita and Arias 2016).

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