Research Methodology and Ethics

This assignment delves into the essential elements of research methodology. It examines various data collection techniques from primary and secondary sources, emphasizing ethical considerations like respondent privacy and data integrity. The assignment also explores two philosophical approaches – positivism and interpretivism – highlighting their influence on data analysis. Strengths and limitations inherent in research are discussed, alongside a proposed timeline and budget for conducting the research effectively.

Approaches to
Research

ABSTRACT
Primary education is very important as it supports for making enhancement in learning of
the individual. It supports for making positive improvements in logical and cognitive skills. It is
critical that basic knowledge should be possess by the person so that positive improvements
could be made and success in the field of education could be enhanced. Primary education also
helps for making improvements in communication, spoken, written skills of the person and thus
it aids for improving the overall personality of the individual. One more benefit provided by
primary education is for developing the existing skills and capabilities of individual.

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................................1
LITERATURE REVIEW ...............................................................................................................1
METHODS .....................................................................................................................................3
DATA ANALYSIS .........................................................................................................................5
ETHICAL CONSIDERATION ....................................................................................................12
UNDERLYING PHILOSOPHICAL ASSUMPTIONS................................................................12
STRENGTHS AND LIMITATION .............................................................................................13
TIMELINE AND BUDGET .........................................................................................................13
REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................15
APPENDIX....................................................................................................................................16

INTRODUCTION
Statement of problems
Primary education is very essential in every one life. Eduction helps to people for doing
something great in their own life (Evetts, 2017). Teaching at primary level provide ideas to
children encourages a desire to learning. It helps to students to make their learning more strong
and build confidence among them. In the world there are many regions or nations which are not
providing primary education to their children. There are different reason that primary education
not taking place in that countries.
There are many types of problem which are faced by those people. Primary teaching is
always helps to children in their overall development. It helps to them for bringing confidence
and help to them for use of their creativity (OBE and Qualter, 2014). School make focuses on
the basic subject such as at the primary level so they can make improvement in their basic
concept and build strong understanding about the world. Through this research, scholar can
identify the different ways which are used by primary teaching for making their teaching more
effective.
Aims and Objectives
Aim “To understand ways adopted for teaching children at primary school”
Objectives
 To analyse importance of primary teaching
 To ascertain ways of teaching at primary school
 To identity impact of primary teaching on child development
Research questions
 What is the importance of teaching at the primary school?
 What are the different way of teaching children at primary school ?
 What is the impact of primary teaching in child development?
LITERATURE REVIEW
Importance of primary teaching
Education is very important part in everyone's life. A good eduction offers is always
helps to people for doing something great in their own life ad helps to society for taking good
srteps According to the Nilson, (2016) education provide an opportunity to everyone to develop
creativity and high self esteem and a life long respect of learning. It helps to students to make
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their learning more strong and build confidence among them. At the primary level, importance of
education is quit different. At this level, with the help of teaching children learn new things and
it makes able to them for build understanding about the world. At this level students gain
knowledge about reading and writing.
According to (Farrell, 2015) Teaching provide good ideas to children and encourages a
desire to learn and make more choices. Primary teaching make enable to child to learn and
write. Children lern simple rules of arithmetic and normal basic language . It also helps to them
for understand to basic concept of each subjects.
According to (Smith, 2015) aim of primary teaching is to improve language and arithmetic. At
primary level, most of the school make focuses on the basic subject such as English, science and
mathematics. By these subjects students improve their language problem and learn the basic
calculation. According to (Smith, 2015) primary teaching not only helps to student in improve
their learning ability but also make helps to them for gain knowledge about good habits.
It also helps to children to improve their behaviour with parents and other person to
whom they are associated.
Ways of teaching at primary school
At primary level student do not have much knowledge about the subjects. Aim of primary
education is to improve language and athematic of children. According to (Dana, and Yendol-
Hoppey, 2014) For making education more effective at primary level it is essential to select
effective approach. There are many types of way which helps to individual for improving their
teaching ability. From the age of the 4 top 11 younger taught many important skills from various
teachers. Each instructor select different method of teaching. According to (Flood, Heath and
Lapp, 2015) the best method of teaching at primary level is active listening. This method helps to
children to make their listening ability and with the help of this they learn to express
themselves. Active listening techniques is also helped exchanges between students when there
feelings are properly expressed.
According to (Matthews, 2014) method which can be used for primary teaching is
constructive feedback. It means to give positive comments to students for their creativity and
praise them for good work. Along with these are many there are many other methods which can
be used by teachers of the primary school. Another method which can be used in teaching
method is making task lists. Working together encourages learning among children. According
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to ( Bailey, 2014) under this method teacher can put the job task or classroom list for daily items
that need to be accomplished. With the help of this technique children can learn to complete task
and build strong team spirit. It brings harmony and allow to children to build self esteems and
provide better communication.
Impact of primary teaching on child development
Education which gain by the student at early stage is always become long lasting and helps to
them in their higher education. A primary level all the efforts which put by teachers helps to
overall development of children. According to (Littledyke and Huxford, 2013) primary teaching
helps to children to improve their learning ability and bring creativity. At primary level, all the
activities which are conducted by teachers helps to them for bring confidence and children gain
understanding about their associated world.
According to (Brown and Coombe, 2015) child development is refers to build strong
understanding about the world and make them able to understand between right or wrong. The
major benefit of primary teaching is developed critical thinking skills. In the primary education
level there are many types of activities which are conducted by the teachers and the main motto
is to develop critical thinking of children. According to (Allgood, Walstad, and Siegfried,
2015) impact of primary teaching on children make them engage with the personal ways with
event and develop deeper understanding about the program of human events. In the primary level
students increase understanding and work with multiple activities.
According to (Allgood, Walstad, and Siegfried, 2015) impact of primary teaching on
children also helps to them for development of their emotions. It helps to them for expressing
their views and capacity to make social development. According to (Bailey, 2014) there are some
negative impact are also there. In many times in the primary level students become aggressive, if
they fail to attend certain task in the class.
METHODS
In this particular part of the research it is essential for researcher to carry out framework
and make proper analysis of research methodologies (Evetts, 2017 ). In order to make effective
research it is important to make selection of appropriate tools and techniques. Following are the
methods of research.
Study Design
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In the research methodology there are different types of designs which are available.
This design helps to scholar to assess the material facts and figures in relation to chosen topic.
Design refers to the way in which whole investigation conducted by researcher (OBE and
Qualter, 2014). There are different types of design available such as descriptive, analytical, case
study and correlation etc. In the present researcher use descriptive analysis which helps to
describing existing phenomenon (OBE and Qualter, 2014). Researcher aims to apply the
descriptive design to construct questionnaire which focuses upon data and collect information to
encourage individuals towards desired results.
Sampling / Participants
It is refers to the method through which research able to collect target to population from
the universe (Nilson, 2016). In the present report researcher uses simple random sampling
method to 350 teachers of primary school are had been taken. Through this research methods
researcher get opportunities to assess ways which are used by primary teachers in their teaching.
For research, sample are selected by the basis of simple random sampling method (Farrell,
2015). The main reason for selecting teachers for research, helps to gain proper knowledge about
the respondent and their ways to teaching students.
Research Instruments / Procedures
It is considered as the measurement tool which includes questionnaire or scales. Such
type of instruments are designed to receive data in topic of research (Evetts, 2017). It helps to
researcher for making record of data from the sample population. This instrument represents
that data are collected in a systematic-manner. In the present investigation, scholar uses
questionnaire (OBE and Qualter, 2014). This questionnaire distributed among the teacher of
primary schools.
Establishing the rigour of the study
It refers to the check the reliability and validity of research. Reliability refers as the way
through which assessment done which helps to researcher to make study on the situation in order
to attain desired results (OBE and Qualter, 2014). On the other hand validity refers to the to
meet the whole concept to attain expected outcomes. In the present report research ensure
validity and reliability of data, collect sources or information and data analysis tool etc (Evetts,
2017). In the primary source data are collected from making questionnaire which are reliable
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because no manipulation has been taken. On the other hand in the secondary data sources helps
to researcher for making collecting of data from the different article and internet etc.
DATA ANALYSIS
Theme 1: Primary teaching is important for children
Do you think that primary teaching is important for
children ?
Frequency
Yes 170
No 160
Not sure 20
Interpretation: Education is very important part of every one 's life. By conducting research in
the Primary school teachers it is assessed that 170 out of the 350 teachers said yes, 160 teachers
said No and 20 teachers said that they are not sure. So from the above graph it can be
interprated that primary teaching is important for the children as it give them opportunities for
grow in healthy and secure environment.
Theme 2: Improve language and basic calculation is aim of primary teaching
What is aim of primary teaching ? Frequency
Improve language & basic calculation 180
Entertainment of child 100
develop creativity 70
5
Yes No Not sure
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180 170 160
20
Frequency

Interpretation: There are many types of aim to provide primary teaching to students. But main
aim is different t. By making research on the primary teachers of schools it is identified that 180
out of the 350 teachers suggested that improve language and basic calculation is main aim, 100
teacher suggested that entertainment of child and 70 teachers suggested that development of
creativity among children is main aim of primary teaching. So it can be considered that improve
language and basic calculation is main aim of primary teaching.
Theme 3: Language improvement helps to children for expressing themselves in effective
way
Do you think that Language improvement helps to
children for expressing themselves in effective way?
Frequency
Yes 190
No 120
Not sure 40
6
Improve language & basic calculation
Entertainment of child
develop creativity
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200 180
100
70

Interpretation: The main aim of the primary teaching is to make improvement in children's
language and basic calculation. By devising research on the primary teaching on teachers it is
assessed that 190 out of the 350 teachers said yes, 120 teachers said no and 40 teachers said that
they are not sure, so it can be say that language improvement helps to children for expressing
themselves in better way. Children who belongs to age group 4-11 falls under the primary
teaching so with the help of primary teaching their language gets improved and they can express
themselves in effective manner.
Theme 4 Active Listening used by teacher to teaching primary students
What are the different way which can be used by
teacher to teaching primary students?
Frequency
learning through activity 150
Active Listening 170
Constructive feedback 30
7
Yes No Not sure
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200 190
120
40
Frequency

Interpretation: Individuals who worked as teachers in the primary schools used many types of
ways to provide teaching to children. By making research on the primary teaching on teachers it
is assessed that 150 out of the 350 used learning through activity approach, 170 teachers uses
active listening and 30 teachers uses constructive feedback. So it can be concluded that active
listening is approach which used by majority of teachers to provide education at primary school.
This approach helps to children for developing their listening power and communication skills.
Theme 5 Primary education make impact on country's economy
Do you think that primary education make impact on
country's economy?
Frequency
Yes 150
No 120
Not sure 80
8
learning through activity
Active Listening
Constructive feedback
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
150
170
30
Frequency

Interpretation: Quality of education also make impact in different ways. By making
investigation in the primary schools and teachers it is assessed that 150 out of the 350 teachers
said yes that primary education make impact on country's economy, 120 teachers said No and 80
teachers said that they are not sure. So it can be interpreted that primary education is make
impact on the economy. Quality of primary teaching helps to children for improving their
understanding towards basic concept and develop of critical thinking so it helps to country's
economy for producing better work.
Theme 6: Improve language is major impact of creativity learning on children
What is major impact of creativity learning on children ? Frequency
Brain development 150
Improve language 170
Social developmental 30
9
Yes No Not sure
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160 150
120
80
Frequency

Interpretation: There are many types of impact of creativity learning on children. By
conducting the market research it is assessed that 150 out of the 350 teachers suggested brain
development, 170 suggested that improve language and 30 teachers suggested that social
development. So it can be interpreted that improve language is impact of the creativity learning
of children.
Theme 7: Primary teaching helps to overall development of children
Do you think primary teaching helps to overall
development of children ?
Frequency
Yes 190
No 140
Not sure 20
10
Brain development Improve language Social developmental
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
150
170
30
Frequency

Interpretation: By making research on different primary teachers in the primary school, it is
assessed that 9 out of the 15 teachers said yes, 4 teachers said no and 2 teachers said that they are
not sure. So it can be interpret that primary education make helps to children for their overall
development. In the secondary research it is asses that by getting quality of teaching at lower
level helps to children for rising their basic concepts and along with this it also helps to them for
improving their leaning capabilities. So it can be said that primary education helps to children
overall development.
Theme 8: Primary teaching helps to overall development of children
Do you think that each student have right of primary
education ?
Frequency
Yes 180
No 150
11
Yes No Not sure
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200 190
140
20
Frequency

Not sure 20
Interpretation: In the many country it is found that children are avoided from taking any types
of education and in some regions there are not facilities are provided of primary education. By
conducting market research in it has been assessed that 180 out of 350 teachers said yes, 150
teachers said no and 20 years said that they are not sure. So it can be interpreted that primary
education is right of children. Primary teaching helps to children to improve their learning ability
and bring creativity.
ETHICAL CONSIDERATION
In the research methodology, ethical consideration refers to identity between right and
wrong ( Nilson, 2016). In every research for scholar it is important to follow some ethics. While
collecting data from the primary and secondary sources there are some ethics which need to be
followed by researceher. In the primary research it is important to do not disclosed information
of the respondent and for proper security should be given to the respondent (Farrell, 2015). On
the other hand, secondary data researcher need to use authorized websites only so all the
information which are collected by the researcher give proper information (Nilson, 2016).
Further, modification and manipulation is collected data should be avoided so the best solution
identified research problem.
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Yes No Not sure
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200 180
150
20
Frequency

UNDERLYING PHILOSOPHICAL ASSUMPTIONS
Research philosophy is considered as the belief of research regarding to the data will be
collected, examined and analyzed (Smith, 2015). It is also assisted scholar to analyze sources
from which data will be collected. Mainly there are two types of philosophical assumption that is
positivism and interpretivim. Positivism refers aims to carry out the research by making focus on
objectives of investigation and it provides flexible research frameworks thus it helps to
researcher to identify reality of research. On the other hand interpretivims refers to the subjective
part of the study an involved theories and model (Dana, and Yendol-Hoppey, 2014). In the
present research, scholar use interpretivims approach so they gain realistic information about
the research question.
STRENGTHS AND LIMITATION
In the research there are different types of strengths and limitations which are
applied during conducting research ( Flood, Heath and Lapp, 2015). Researcher sometimes faces
time limitation and thus does not possess enough time to carry out in-depth research and along
with researcher also face many there is not availability of proper funds. In addition to this
researcher face problem regarding to the while conducting researcher there are many responses
given by respondents are very slow (Smith, 2015). Due to all this types of research limitation
researcher does not make properly research.
In the present researcher there are some other type of strength are also there. Aims and
objectives of research provide clear and give accurate research (Matthews, 2014). In this
researcher there was no research gap has been identified and researcher has been collected in
effective way. Technique which are selected by the research give appropriate answers to all
research questions (Matthews, 2014). So research make effective research on the present topic
and conduct all valuable data.
TIMELINE AND BUDGET
Activity/ week 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Formulation of
research proposal
Deciding aim and
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objectives
Statements of
problems
Conducting
literature review
Methods
Analyzing data
Ethical
consideration
Underlying
Philosophical
Assumptions
Strengths and
Limitations of the
Study
Revision as per
the feedback
Final submission
For conducting research, scholar needs to make budgets. For the collecting all research
activities research take 20 weeks (Bailey, 2014). So it is estimated that for making research on
the above topic $1000 requires. Scholar makes sure that each types of activities which are carried
by him need to make proper allocation of budget and which helps to them for making their
research more effective.
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REFERENCES
Books and journals
Allgood, S., Walstad, W.B. and Siegfried, J.J., 2015. Research on teaching economics to
undergraduates. Journal of Economic Literature. 53(2). pp.285-325.
Bailey, R., 2014. Teaching values and citizenship across the curriculum: educating children for
the world. Routledge.
Brown, J.D. and Coombe, C., 2015. The Cambridge guide to research in language teaching
and learning. Cambridge University Press.
Dana, N.F. and Yendol-Hoppey, D., 2014. The reflective educator's guide to classroom
research: Learning to teach and teaching to learn through practitioner inquiry. Corwin
Press.
Evetts, J., 2017. Women in Primary Teaching: career contexts and strategies. Routledge.
Farrell, T.S., 2015. Reflective language teaching: From research to practice. Bloomsbury
Publishing.
Flood, J., Heath, S.B. and Lapp, D., 2015. Handbook of research on teaching literacy through
the communicative and visual arts, volume II: A project of the International Reading
Association. Routledge.
Littledyke, M. and Huxford, L., 2013. Teaching the primary curriculum for constructive
learning. Routledge.
Matthews, M.R. ed., 2014. International handbook of research in history, philosophy and
science teaching. Dordrecht: Springer.
Nilson, L.B., 2016. Teaching at its best: A research-based resource for college instructors.
John Wiley & Sons.
OBE, W.H. and Qualter, A., 2014. The teaching of science in primary schools. Routledge.
Smith, J.A. ed., 2015.Qualitative psychology: A practical guide to research methods. Sage.
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APPENDIX
Questionnaire
Name
Age
Gender
What do you think that primary teaching is important for children ?
 Yes
 No
 Not sure
What is aim of primary teaching ?
 Improve language and basic calculation
 Entertainment of child
 develop creativity
Do you think that Language improvement helps to children for expressing themselves in
effective way?
 Yes
 No
 Not sure
What are the different way which can be used by teacher to teaching primary students?
learning through activity
 Active Listening
 Constructive feedback
Do you think that primary education make impact on country's economy?
 Yes
 No
 Not sure
What is major impact of creativity learning on children ?
 Brain development
16

 Improve language
 Social developmental
Do you think primary teaching helps to overall development of children ?
 Yes
 No
 Not sure
Do you think that each student have right of primary education ?
 Yes
 No
 Not sure
17