Architecture in terms of architecture 1 ISLAMIC IDEOLOGY, RITUAL AND SPATIAL MANIFESTATIONS INTERMS OF ARCHITECTURE
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Islamic ideology, ritual and spatial manifestations in terms of architecture 1
ISLAMIC IDEOLOGY, RITUAL AND SPATIAL MANIFESTATIONS IN TERMS OF
ARCHITECTURE
By Name
Course
Instructor
Institution
Location
Date
ISLAMIC IDEOLOGY, RITUAL AND SPATIAL MANIFESTATIONS IN TERMS OF
ARCHITECTURE
By Name
Course
Instructor
Institution
Location
Date
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Islamic ideology, ritual and spatial manifestations in terms of architecture 2
ISLAMIC IDEOLOGY, RITUAL AND SPATIAL MANIFESTATIONS IN TERMS OF
ARCHITECTURE
Abstract
Architecture refers to the art of organizing spaces, and for a long period of time it has been
included customary and in possible dimensions to speak by a man with holiness, before when
was related to the veil of human's egotism. Scholars and researchers have been viewing the
Islamic architecture as a tradition of the past that had ceased to be creative i.e. modernization and
westernization, yet no other methodological perspective has been developed effectively to
accommodate its particular internal or trajectory cohesiveness while accounting for its regional,
ethnic or national diversity. In this dissertation was concluded that Islamic ideology and rituals
have a great impact on the manifestation of space and architecture as a whole. From the research
that has been carried out it has been concluded that there is a close relationship between religion
and art, and since architecture is an art of organizing spaces, the impacts of Islamic ideology and
rituals can be clearly seen on the architecture and space manifestation in the Islamic societies.
Hence, it is very notable that Islamic ideologies affect greatly the design and the architecture of
the religious and other Islamic buildings such as mosques.
ISLAMIC IDEOLOGY, RITUAL AND SPATIAL MANIFESTATIONS IN TERMS OF
ARCHITECTURE
Abstract
Architecture refers to the art of organizing spaces, and for a long period of time it has been
included customary and in possible dimensions to speak by a man with holiness, before when
was related to the veil of human's egotism. Scholars and researchers have been viewing the
Islamic architecture as a tradition of the past that had ceased to be creative i.e. modernization and
westernization, yet no other methodological perspective has been developed effectively to
accommodate its particular internal or trajectory cohesiveness while accounting for its regional,
ethnic or national diversity. In this dissertation was concluded that Islamic ideology and rituals
have a great impact on the manifestation of space and architecture as a whole. From the research
that has been carried out it has been concluded that there is a close relationship between religion
and art, and since architecture is an art of organizing spaces, the impacts of Islamic ideology and
rituals can be clearly seen on the architecture and space manifestation in the Islamic societies.
Hence, it is very notable that Islamic ideologies affect greatly the design and the architecture of
the religious and other Islamic buildings such as mosques.

Islamic ideology, ritual and spatial manifestations in terms of architecture 3
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract............................................................................................................................................2
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................4
1.0 Introduction................................................................................................................................4
1.1 Research background.................................................................................................................5
1.2 Problem statement.....................................................................................................................6
1.3 Research questions.....................................................................................................................6
1.4 Aims and objectives...................................................................................................................7
1.5 Significance of the research.......................................................................................................7
1.6 Scope of the research.................................................................................................................8
1.7 Structure of the research............................................................................................................8
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW.........................................................................................9
2.1 Islamic architecture: Forms, functions and meaning.................................................................9
2.11 Mosques.................................................................................................................................10
2.12 The quibla wall and mihrab...................................................................................................12
2.13 The minbar.............................................................................................................................13
2.14 The dome................................................................................................................................15
2.15 Madrasas...............................................................................................................................16
2.2 Surface, pattern and light.........................................................................................................19
2.21 Muqarnas...............................................................................................................................20
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract............................................................................................................................................2
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................4
1.0 Introduction................................................................................................................................4
1.1 Research background.................................................................................................................5
1.2 Problem statement.....................................................................................................................6
1.3 Research questions.....................................................................................................................6
1.4 Aims and objectives...................................................................................................................7
1.5 Significance of the research.......................................................................................................7
1.6 Scope of the research.................................................................................................................8
1.7 Structure of the research............................................................................................................8
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW.........................................................................................9
2.1 Islamic architecture: Forms, functions and meaning.................................................................9
2.11 Mosques.................................................................................................................................10
2.12 The quibla wall and mihrab...................................................................................................12
2.13 The minbar.............................................................................................................................13
2.14 The dome................................................................................................................................15
2.15 Madrasas...............................................................................................................................16
2.2 Surface, pattern and light.........................................................................................................19
2.21 Muqarnas...............................................................................................................................20
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Islamic ideology, ritual and spatial manifestations in terms of architecture 4
2.22 Calligraphy............................................................................................................................21
2.3 Geometry.................................................................................................................................23
2.4 Architecture as an expression of ideology...............................................................................24
2.5 Architecture as a sign and form of communication.................................................................25
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY.................................................................................................26
3.1 Introduction..............................................................................................................................26
3.2 Review of secondary sources...................................................................................................27
3.3 Case studies.............................................................................................................................28
3.4 Rationale for research methodology........................................................................................30
CHAPTER 4: DISCUSSIONS......................................................................................................30
4.1 Impact of Islamic ideology on architecture.............................................................................30
4.2 Impact of the Islamic ideology on the mosque........................................................................31
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION......................................................................................................32
CHAPTER 6: REFERENCES.......................................................................................................34
2.22 Calligraphy............................................................................................................................21
2.3 Geometry.................................................................................................................................23
2.4 Architecture as an expression of ideology...............................................................................24
2.5 Architecture as a sign and form of communication.................................................................25
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY.................................................................................................26
3.1 Introduction..............................................................................................................................26
3.2 Review of secondary sources...................................................................................................27
3.3 Case studies.............................................................................................................................28
3.4 Rationale for research methodology........................................................................................30
CHAPTER 4: DISCUSSIONS......................................................................................................30
4.1 Impact of Islamic ideology on architecture.............................................................................30
4.2 Impact of the Islamic ideology on the mosque........................................................................31
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION......................................................................................................32
CHAPTER 6: REFERENCES.......................................................................................................34
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Islamic ideology, ritual and spatial manifestations in terms of architecture 5
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.0 Introduction
In the past there has been increased Islam awakening in most of the Muslim societies, this has
given a momentum to the rise of the contextual necessity for the Islam culture. Being a culture
and religion, Islam framed in the city, the city Morphology according to Islam Ideology has
brought a lot of interests to the discussion among the professionals and specialists who are
involved in the Muslim world for many decades. The strong, spiritual influence which Islam
has and on its adherents over the centuries has manifested itself in a very unique forms of
Islam architecture and art whose ultimate aim includes the worship of Allah through the
beauty of decorations and forms and the lifting of the human soul from the profane to the
celestial realms (Hillenbrand, 2010, p. 237).
Architecture is defined as the art of giving the order to space. Since the early Islamic centuries,
Islamic architecture has been motivated by the crucial thoughts and learning of Islam in various
dimensions. Both in the initial works which symbolize the simplicity and unadorned forms and
the overall contemporary works a strong multitude of the decorations. Nevertheless, among all
these works the integrity and the principle of unity that is observed which represents itself b as
the spirit of art.
From the research that has been carried out it has been concluded that there is a close
relationship between religion and art, and since architecture is an art of organizing spaces, the
impacts of Islamic ideology and rituals can be clearly seen on the architecture and space
manifestation in the Islamic societies. Hence, it is very notable that Islamic ideologies affect
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.0 Introduction
In the past there has been increased Islam awakening in most of the Muslim societies, this has
given a momentum to the rise of the contextual necessity for the Islam culture. Being a culture
and religion, Islam framed in the city, the city Morphology according to Islam Ideology has
brought a lot of interests to the discussion among the professionals and specialists who are
involved in the Muslim world for many decades. The strong, spiritual influence which Islam
has and on its adherents over the centuries has manifested itself in a very unique forms of
Islam architecture and art whose ultimate aim includes the worship of Allah through the
beauty of decorations and forms and the lifting of the human soul from the profane to the
celestial realms (Hillenbrand, 2010, p. 237).
Architecture is defined as the art of giving the order to space. Since the early Islamic centuries,
Islamic architecture has been motivated by the crucial thoughts and learning of Islam in various
dimensions. Both in the initial works which symbolize the simplicity and unadorned forms and
the overall contemporary works a strong multitude of the decorations. Nevertheless, among all
these works the integrity and the principle of unity that is observed which represents itself b as
the spirit of art.
From the research that has been carried out it has been concluded that there is a close
relationship between religion and art, and since architecture is an art of organizing spaces, the
impacts of Islamic ideology and rituals can be clearly seen on the architecture and space
manifestation in the Islamic societies. Hence, it is very notable that Islamic ideologies affect

Islamic ideology, ritual and spatial manifestations in terms of architecture 6
greatly the design and the architecture of the religious and other Islamic buildings such as
mosques (Petersen, 2014, p. 419).
1.1 Research background
The Muslim culture and history are intertwined with ideas of civilization and urbanity, and in the
Muslim societies, the current architecture and space manifestation should be based on the Islamic
city. The Taj Mahal, the dome of rock, a Mina’l ware bowl and a silk carpet are some of the
examples which illustrate the Islamic ideology in relation architecture. The superiority of the
Muslims in architecture does not require any commentary for the art but instead, it inspires the
non-Muslim architects and artists (Attilo Petruccioli, 2013, p. 92).
Fig 1: the dome of the rock
Fig 2: Taj Mahal
1.2 Problem statement
For the two past generations, scholars
and researchers have been viewing the
greatly the design and the architecture of the religious and other Islamic buildings such as
mosques (Petersen, 2014, p. 419).
1.1 Research background
The Muslim culture and history are intertwined with ideas of civilization and urbanity, and in the
Muslim societies, the current architecture and space manifestation should be based on the Islamic
city. The Taj Mahal, the dome of rock, a Mina’l ware bowl and a silk carpet are some of the
examples which illustrate the Islamic ideology in relation architecture. The superiority of the
Muslims in architecture does not require any commentary for the art but instead, it inspires the
non-Muslim architects and artists (Attilo Petruccioli, 2013, p. 92).
Fig 1: the dome of the rock
Fig 2: Taj Mahal
1.2 Problem statement
For the two past generations, scholars
and researchers have been viewing the
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Islamic ideology, ritual and spatial manifestations in terms of architecture 7
Islamic architecture as a tradition of the past that had ceased to be creative i.e. modernization
and westernization,; yet no other methodological perspective has been developed effectively to
accommodate its particular internal or trajectory cohesiveness while accounting for its
regional, ethnic or national diversity.
Scholars specifically in the late twentieth century have questioned the term Islamic architecture
instead opt for dynastic or regional categories. This dissertation will focus mainly on the
common features which run through the numerous regional categories within the broad rubric of
the Islamic architecture, the distinct hierarchy of the forms and the different categories that can
be applied and be integrated with the modern ways of construction.
1.3 Research questions
The research questions for this research include;
What are the main principles behind Islamic architecture?
What are the design ideas and concepts that can be obtained from Islamic architecture, and be
integrated into the current architecture?
How does the Islamic ideology influence the design of spaces?
What are the differences and similarities between the various regional categories of Islamic
architecture?
1.4 Aims and objectives
The main aims of this research are:
1. To find out and document the diverse changes in the Islamic architecture
Islamic architecture as a tradition of the past that had ceased to be creative i.e. modernization
and westernization,; yet no other methodological perspective has been developed effectively to
accommodate its particular internal or trajectory cohesiveness while accounting for its
regional, ethnic or national diversity.
Scholars specifically in the late twentieth century have questioned the term Islamic architecture
instead opt for dynastic or regional categories. This dissertation will focus mainly on the
common features which run through the numerous regional categories within the broad rubric of
the Islamic architecture, the distinct hierarchy of the forms and the different categories that can
be applied and be integrated with the modern ways of construction.
1.3 Research questions
The research questions for this research include;
What are the main principles behind Islamic architecture?
What are the design ideas and concepts that can be obtained from Islamic architecture, and be
integrated into the current architecture?
How does the Islamic ideology influence the design of spaces?
What are the differences and similarities between the various regional categories of Islamic
architecture?
1.4 Aims and objectives
The main aims of this research are:
1. To find out and document the diverse changes in the Islamic architecture
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Islamic ideology, ritual and spatial manifestations in terms of architecture 8
2. To find out the main salient features and principle of the Islamic architecture
3. To analyze the principle and features of Islamic architecture in order to extract design
principles and ideas which can be integrated with the current issues and thinking in
architecture.
1.5 Significance of the research
The battle for modernity in the Islam world is a very crucial phenomena, it is very essential to
reflect one’s time but it is challenging to preserve the identity of the Islamic world, as
architects it is our responsibility to remind that a structure belong to the specific land, which
is no completely bare or free, there is usually a broad geographic and historic legacy which is
linked to the general culture and religion. As mentioned earlier slam is not only a religion but
also a way of life, Islam fostered the development of the distinctive culture which was having its
own unique artistic language which is reflected in the Islamic architecture. The culture is usually
a linkage between various civilizations; in most cases, it can be the first way of understanding
each other through the expression of given abstraction. The findings of this research will assist in
improving the understanding of how architecture engages and participates with the culture, due
to that architecture can be considered as a factor of culture.
1.6 Scope of the research
Because of the little time allocated for this research the author of this research will heavily
depend on other people's work through carrying out a review of both published and
unpublished masteries to find out the pre-existing as well as the existing conditions of the
Islamic world, in order to illustrate the social-cultural history and the values of the place and
2. To find out the main salient features and principle of the Islamic architecture
3. To analyze the principle and features of Islamic architecture in order to extract design
principles and ideas which can be integrated with the current issues and thinking in
architecture.
1.5 Significance of the research
The battle for modernity in the Islam world is a very crucial phenomena, it is very essential to
reflect one’s time but it is challenging to preserve the identity of the Islamic world, as
architects it is our responsibility to remind that a structure belong to the specific land, which
is no completely bare or free, there is usually a broad geographic and historic legacy which is
linked to the general culture and religion. As mentioned earlier slam is not only a religion but
also a way of life, Islam fostered the development of the distinctive culture which was having its
own unique artistic language which is reflected in the Islamic architecture. The culture is usually
a linkage between various civilizations; in most cases, it can be the first way of understanding
each other through the expression of given abstraction. The findings of this research will assist in
improving the understanding of how architecture engages and participates with the culture, due
to that architecture can be considered as a factor of culture.
1.6 Scope of the research
Because of the little time allocated for this research the author of this research will heavily
depend on other people's work through carrying out a review of both published and
unpublished masteries to find out the pre-existing as well as the existing conditions of the
Islamic world, in order to illustrate the social-cultural history and the values of the place and

Islamic ideology, ritual and spatial manifestations in terms of architecture 9
in order to illustrate the effect after the influx of Islam, on the physical surroundings of
different regions.
The Author of this dissertation will try to proffer an intellectual and creative response to this
challenging phenomenon. In order to demonstrate that a methodological perspective can be
created efficiently to accommodate the particular trajectory of the Islam architecture while
accounting for its regional, national or ethnic diversity, without necessarily comprising on the
identity of the Islamic world.
1.7 Structure of the research
Chapter 1: introduction
This chapter introduces on to the project topic through the background information regarding the
research topic. In this chapter the aims and objectives of the research are clearly stated, problem
statement, the significance of the research and the justification and the scope the author is
limiting him/ or herself, to the complex nature of the topic.
Chapter 2: a Literature review
In this chapter works of other scholars who had done research on this topic of research are
reviewed in order to gain a deep understanding of the project.
Chapter 3: Methodology
In this chapter, the various methods and approaches that were used to gather data for the research
are discussed.
Chapter 4: Discussions
in order to illustrate the effect after the influx of Islam, on the physical surroundings of
different regions.
The Author of this dissertation will try to proffer an intellectual and creative response to this
challenging phenomenon. In order to demonstrate that a methodological perspective can be
created efficiently to accommodate the particular trajectory of the Islam architecture while
accounting for its regional, national or ethnic diversity, without necessarily comprising on the
identity of the Islamic world.
1.7 Structure of the research
Chapter 1: introduction
This chapter introduces on to the project topic through the background information regarding the
research topic. In this chapter the aims and objectives of the research are clearly stated, problem
statement, the significance of the research and the justification and the scope the author is
limiting him/ or herself, to the complex nature of the topic.
Chapter 2: a Literature review
In this chapter works of other scholars who had done research on this topic of research are
reviewed in order to gain a deep understanding of the project.
Chapter 3: Methodology
In this chapter, the various methods and approaches that were used to gather data for the research
are discussed.
Chapter 4: Discussions
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Islamic ideology, ritual and spatial manifestations in terms of architecture 10
In this chapter, the various data that was collected is analyzed with the main aim of answering
the research questions and objectives of the research
Chapter 5: Conclusion
This chapter gives a summary of the research that was carried out. The author can also give
his/her recommendations if there is any.
Chapter 6: References
The various sources where the information contained in this dissertation was obtained from are
listed in this section.
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Islamic architecture: Forms, functions, and meaning
The Muslim ideology has a great impact on the various architectural spaces in Muslim societies
there are many forms in the Islamic architecture which have underlying meaning and a specific
function which clearly simplifies why the forms must be included in the design some of the
forms and spaces that are unique in the Islamic architecture include (Mitchell, 2011, p. 228);
2.11 Mosques
Mosques are enclosed spaces which are simply oriented and usually set aside for the purpose of
prayers, one of the most fundamental element of the Islamic faith, requires one to pray a
minimum of five times a day and also to attend Friday congregations which are usually led by
the Imams (Burton, 2011, p. 342).The prayer is usually performed while facing the direction of
Mecca and it consists of specific rituals and reciting the worship liturgy. The physical movement
of the prayers requires a minimum of 1m × 2m for each believer and a clear view of the prayer
In this chapter, the various data that was collected is analyzed with the main aim of answering
the research questions and objectives of the research
Chapter 5: Conclusion
This chapter gives a summary of the research that was carried out. The author can also give
his/her recommendations if there is any.
Chapter 6: References
The various sources where the information contained in this dissertation was obtained from are
listed in this section.
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Islamic architecture: Forms, functions, and meaning
The Muslim ideology has a great impact on the various architectural spaces in Muslim societies
there are many forms in the Islamic architecture which have underlying meaning and a specific
function which clearly simplifies why the forms must be included in the design some of the
forms and spaces that are unique in the Islamic architecture include (Mitchell, 2011, p. 228);
2.11 Mosques
Mosques are enclosed spaces which are simply oriented and usually set aside for the purpose of
prayers, one of the most fundamental element of the Islamic faith, requires one to pray a
minimum of five times a day and also to attend Friday congregations which are usually led by
the Imams (Burton, 2011, p. 342).The prayer is usually performed while facing the direction of
Mecca and it consists of specific rituals and reciting the worship liturgy. The physical movement
of the prayers requires a minimum of 1m × 2m for each believer and a clear view of the prayer
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Islamic ideology, ritual and spatial manifestations in terms of architecture 11
leader in order to facilitate accurate timing. Those who attends the sermons in the mosque they
position themselves in long and few rows which must be parallel to the direction of prayers, this
is done for the purpose of facilitating and enhancing synchronized movements during prayers.
The Muslims found it impractical when they tried to adopt the short rows which are formed in
the Christian basilicas and due to that they rejected them as the main motivation behind the
design of the mosques and this forced the architects of those days to create a unique typology
which is adopted up to today.
The house for Muhammad which was constructed in Medina in 622A.D is the appropriate model
for the design of a Mosque. The house was constructed to serve dual functions i.e. a home for the
prophet’s family and a point for the new Muslim community, hence being considered as a place
of secular and spiritual place. This structure was build using the mud bricks and in its center
there was a large square, there were also nine rooms which were accommodating the family of
the prophet and all were facing towards the direction which Muslims face during prayer time. In
the building there was also a shaded portion which was referred to as zulla, in the structure there
was also a double row of palm trunks which were acting as the support for the roof made if
leaves which were plastered with mud. The roof was not part of the initial design but it was
fixed later when the companions of the prophet complained of the sun which was affecting them
during prayers. (Hoag, 2017, p. 210). All the walls on the other side of the building were circular
in shape and this structure demarks the holy ground from the earthly world outside. All the
rooms are located outside this wall. The house of the prophet set a precedent for the use of axial
relationship within the mosque. The main entrance to the house and the mihrab are on the axis
with each other and they are centered in their perspective walls. All the openings which form the
cross axis are not centered on their respective walls. The importance of the shaded part compared
leader in order to facilitate accurate timing. Those who attends the sermons in the mosque they
position themselves in long and few rows which must be parallel to the direction of prayers, this
is done for the purpose of facilitating and enhancing synchronized movements during prayers.
The Muslims found it impractical when they tried to adopt the short rows which are formed in
the Christian basilicas and due to that they rejected them as the main motivation behind the
design of the mosques and this forced the architects of those days to create a unique typology
which is adopted up to today.
The house for Muhammad which was constructed in Medina in 622A.D is the appropriate model
for the design of a Mosque. The house was constructed to serve dual functions i.e. a home for the
prophet’s family and a point for the new Muslim community, hence being considered as a place
of secular and spiritual place. This structure was build using the mud bricks and in its center
there was a large square, there were also nine rooms which were accommodating the family of
the prophet and all were facing towards the direction which Muslims face during prayer time. In
the building there was also a shaded portion which was referred to as zulla, in the structure there
was also a double row of palm trunks which were acting as the support for the roof made if
leaves which were plastered with mud. The roof was not part of the initial design but it was
fixed later when the companions of the prophet complained of the sun which was affecting them
during prayers. (Hoag, 2017, p. 210). All the walls on the other side of the building were circular
in shape and this structure demarks the holy ground from the earthly world outside. All the
rooms are located outside this wall. The house of the prophet set a precedent for the use of axial
relationship within the mosque. The main entrance to the house and the mihrab are on the axis
with each other and they are centered in their perspective walls. All the openings which form the
cross axis are not centered on their respective walls. The importance of the shaded part compared
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Islamic ideology, ritual and spatial manifestations in terms of architecture 12
to the suffa, which is an area used by the neediest supporters of the prophet, established a two-
part division within the mosque.
Fig 3: House of Prophet Muhammad
Muslim rituals do not allow any artificial structure, nevertheless, through the history of the
Islamic religion, a number of components and forms have become very essential in the design of
mosques. The forms vary in significance and not all the components will be present in the same
building (Behrens-Abouseif, 2012, p. 227).
2.12 The quibla wall and mihrab
Quibla is the direction which the Muslim believers faces during the prayer sessions. The
direction was changed in 624 by Prophet Muhammad from facing Jerusalem to facing Ka’ba in
Mecca. The changing of quibla led to the prophet declaring independence of the Muslim from
Judaism and Christianity (Adèr, 2008, p. 437). The quibla wall is at right angles to a fictional
line drawn facing Mecca, which is the spiritual and geographical center of the Islamic culture
and beliefs. Ka’ba, in Mecca, is a cubed assembly which is positioned with its edges facing the
to the suffa, which is an area used by the neediest supporters of the prophet, established a two-
part division within the mosque.
Fig 3: House of Prophet Muhammad
Muslim rituals do not allow any artificial structure, nevertheless, through the history of the
Islamic religion, a number of components and forms have become very essential in the design of
mosques. The forms vary in significance and not all the components will be present in the same
building (Behrens-Abouseif, 2012, p. 227).
2.12 The quibla wall and mihrab
Quibla is the direction which the Muslim believers faces during the prayer sessions. The
direction was changed in 624 by Prophet Muhammad from facing Jerusalem to facing Ka’ba in
Mecca. The changing of quibla led to the prophet declaring independence of the Muslim from
Judaism and Christianity (Adèr, 2008, p. 437). The quibla wall is at right angles to a fictional
line drawn facing Mecca, which is the spiritual and geographical center of the Islamic culture
and beliefs. Ka’ba, in Mecca, is a cubed assembly which is positioned with its edges facing the
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Islamic ideology, ritual and spatial manifestations in terms of architecture 13
four directional points. The Ka'ba precedes Islam as a holy place which said to be have been
constructed by Adam and later rebuilt by Ishmael and Abraham. (Dani, 2013, p. 280).
2.13 The minbar
The minbar refers to the pulpit which is positioned to the right side of the mihrab. The pulpit
helps in making the Imam (prayer leader) be visible by all the believers. From the many types of
research that have been carried out the minbar is traced back to the house of the prophet which
was either a raised chair or a number of steps where the prophet stood on in order to address the
congregation which was growing at a fast rate. Since that time the minbar has been a series of
steps that are appendicular to the wall. In most cases, the minibars are normally found in Jami
which are the large Friday mosques and at the same time they may be absent in the Masjid which
are the smaller mosques. There are very stout relationships between the minibars and the lectern,
a pulpit and Christian ambo, in the early medieval churches and the bishop's throne in the
Byzantine churches (Hamid, 2017, p. 263).
Fig 4: The iwan and quibla in Sultan al-Nasir Muhammad Mosque, in Cairo (718-35). Mihrab
decorated with marble, minbar made of wood.
four directional points. The Ka'ba precedes Islam as a holy place which said to be have been
constructed by Adam and later rebuilt by Ishmael and Abraham. (Dani, 2013, p. 280).
2.13 The minbar
The minbar refers to the pulpit which is positioned to the right side of the mihrab. The pulpit
helps in making the Imam (prayer leader) be visible by all the believers. From the many types of
research that have been carried out the minbar is traced back to the house of the prophet which
was either a raised chair or a number of steps where the prophet stood on in order to address the
congregation which was growing at a fast rate. Since that time the minbar has been a series of
steps that are appendicular to the wall. In most cases, the minibars are normally found in Jami
which are the large Friday mosques and at the same time they may be absent in the Masjid which
are the smaller mosques. There are very stout relationships between the minibars and the lectern,
a pulpit and Christian ambo, in the early medieval churches and the bishop's throne in the
Byzantine churches (Hamid, 2017, p. 263).
Fig 4: The iwan and quibla in Sultan al-Nasir Muhammad Mosque, in Cairo (718-35). Mihrab
decorated with marble, minbar made of wood.
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Islamic ideology, ritual and spatial manifestations in terms of architecture 14
Figure 5: Minbar in the Mosque of Sultan Hassan, Cairo
2.14 The Dome
In the design of the mosques, the domes usually provide the interior light and it also scared space
of the exterior. All the Muslim architects since the time immemorial were familiar with the
honorific domes that were used by the Byzantine and the Roman architecture and they
expounded on the knowledge with the geometry explanations. The quince changes a square into
an a hexagon or an octagon as in the case of sokollu Mhnet Pasa Mosque found in the city of
Istanbul, on which the done was positioned. A pendentive refers to a triangle fragment of a
sphere that matches at the bottom and opens at the top form an uninterrupted base which is used
for the dome. The Muqarnas and the Ribs are the geometric beautifications which can also serve
structural purposes (Grover, 2018, p. 33). The 10th century of Cordoba includes the eight
intersecting ribs which develop indicating geometric shapes of the eight-pointed stars and
polygons, which includes the octagons and squares.
Figure 5: Minbar in the Mosque of Sultan Hassan, Cairo
2.14 The Dome
In the design of the mosques, the domes usually provide the interior light and it also scared space
of the exterior. All the Muslim architects since the time immemorial were familiar with the
honorific domes that were used by the Byzantine and the Roman architecture and they
expounded on the knowledge with the geometry explanations. The quince changes a square into
an a hexagon or an octagon as in the case of sokollu Mhnet Pasa Mosque found in the city of
Istanbul, on which the done was positioned. A pendentive refers to a triangle fragment of a
sphere that matches at the bottom and opens at the top form an uninterrupted base which is used
for the dome. The Muqarnas and the Ribs are the geometric beautifications which can also serve
structural purposes (Grover, 2018, p. 33). The 10th century of Cordoba includes the eight
intersecting ribs which develop indicating geometric shapes of the eight-pointed stars and
polygons, which includes the octagons and squares.
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Islamic ideology, ritual and spatial manifestations in terms of architecture 15
Fig 6: Domes constructed in the mosque
2.15 Madrasas
In the Islam ideology education is strictly related to worshiping and from the history mosques
have been serving dual purposes i.e. prayers and instruction. In Islamic Madrasas refers to the
academic mosque and it usually have a live stations for the students. The teachings usually
carried out outdoors under a covered porch (twan), in each center of each wing (Bailey, 2008).
Madrasa numerous features which are similar to the mosque but the key difference is that it has
housing sections for students and their tutor (Bloom, 2012, p. 518). The Sultan Hassan madrasas
have also an obituary element. The Sultan's mausoleum, which is a doomed structure, behind the
main iwan.
Fig 6: Domes constructed in the mosque
2.15 Madrasas
In the Islam ideology education is strictly related to worshiping and from the history mosques
have been serving dual purposes i.e. prayers and instruction. In Islamic Madrasas refers to the
academic mosque and it usually have a live stations for the students. The teachings usually
carried out outdoors under a covered porch (twan), in each center of each wing (Bailey, 2008).
Madrasa numerous features which are similar to the mosque but the key difference is that it has
housing sections for students and their tutor (Bloom, 2012, p. 518). The Sultan Hassan madrasas
have also an obituary element. The Sultan's mausoleum, which is a doomed structure, behind the
main iwan.
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Islamic ideology, ritual and spatial manifestations in terms of architecture 16
Fig 6: An illustration of Sultan Hassan Madrasa in Cairo
Fig 7: Elevations of the four yard fronts and volumetric study of Sultan Hassan Madrasa in Cairo
Fig 6: An illustration of Sultan Hassan Madrasa in Cairo
Fig 7: Elevations of the four yard fronts and volumetric study of Sultan Hassan Madrasa in Cairo
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Islamic ideology, ritual and spatial manifestations in terms of architecture 17
Fig 8: illustrations of the entry porch to Sultan Hassan Madrasa in Cairo.
2.2 Surface, light and pattern
The decorations done to the surfaces and their correlation to light are very essential to the entire
configuration of the Islamic buildings. Decorations are not artificial elements which are added
after the design have been completed but they are used critically to assist in defining space. The
big difference within Islamic architecture to create rich and flexible surfaces shall be explored
with an eye towards inventive materials and the adaptation of the locally available materials. The
decoration of surfaces in Islamic architecture includes; calligraphy, muqarns, geometric patterns,
floral motifs and the arabesques (Yeomans, 2010, p. 225).
The decorations in most cases are not restricted to any aspect of the building and they are usually
overlapped in the scale and material to assist transform and define the spaces. Decorations are
often used to dissolve the structure and mass. Surfaces are like fluids, the decorations help to
make the transition imperceptibly from one plane to another. In most cases, there are no sharp
Fig 8: illustrations of the entry porch to Sultan Hassan Madrasa in Cairo.
2.2 Surface, light and pattern
The decorations done to the surfaces and their correlation to light are very essential to the entire
configuration of the Islamic buildings. Decorations are not artificial elements which are added
after the design have been completed but they are used critically to assist in defining space. The
big difference within Islamic architecture to create rich and flexible surfaces shall be explored
with an eye towards inventive materials and the adaptation of the locally available materials. The
decoration of surfaces in Islamic architecture includes; calligraphy, muqarns, geometric patterns,
floral motifs and the arabesques (Yeomans, 2010, p. 225).
The decorations in most cases are not restricted to any aspect of the building and they are usually
overlapped in the scale and material to assist transform and define the spaces. Decorations are
often used to dissolve the structure and mass. Surfaces are like fluids, the decorations help to
make the transition imperceptibly from one plane to another. In most cases, there are no sharp

Islamic ideology, ritual and spatial manifestations in terms of architecture 18
divisions that are allowed. Light is filtered, water reflects, unifies and cools (Rājāmukamatu,
2016, p. 221).
2.21 Muqarnas
Muqarnas refers to the unique inventions in Islam, most of this inventions are always in three-
dimensional wedge forms which are combined into the intricate design to develop patterns
which resembles honeycombs on the vaults, domes, portals and walls. Majority of the Muqarnas
volumes are made of the combination of the seven shapes, when cut through they take the
rectangular shape and they form a small number of the units having a minimum of one surface
area in common, many different arrangements could be created.
divisions that are allowed. Light is filtered, water reflects, unifies and cools (Rājāmukamatu,
2016, p. 221).
2.21 Muqarnas
Muqarnas refers to the unique inventions in Islam, most of this inventions are always in three-
dimensional wedge forms which are combined into the intricate design to develop patterns
which resembles honeycombs on the vaults, domes, portals and walls. Majority of the Muqarnas
volumes are made of the combination of the seven shapes, when cut through they take the
rectangular shape and they form a small number of the units having a minimum of one surface
area in common, many different arrangements could be created.
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Islamic ideology, ritual and spatial manifestations in terms of architecture 19
Fig 9: Muqurnas in the portal to Sultan Hassan madrasa
2.22 Calligraphy
Calligraphy is defined as attractive handwriting and in the Arabic it also means the geometry of
the spirit.
The intricate texture and the attractive surfaces that are created by calligraphy in Islamic
architecture are stunning and influential at the same time. The specific significance which is
Fig 9: Muqurnas in the portal to Sultan Hassan madrasa
2.22 Calligraphy
Calligraphy is defined as attractive handwriting and in the Arabic it also means the geometry of
the spirit.
The intricate texture and the attractive surfaces that are created by calligraphy in Islamic
architecture are stunning and influential at the same time. The specific significance which is
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Islamic ideology, ritual and spatial manifestations in terms of architecture 20
attributed to writing found its roots in the point that Arabic is booth i.e. the language of God's
revelation to his prophet Muhammad and the subsequently the script in which it is written.
Adding to the numerousness of the calligraphy as the ornamental art within the mosque are the
limitations on the presentation of animal and humans in forms of scared spaces. Aniconism is not
allowed in Islam culture and believes this is aimed at preventing the worship of false gods and
idol. Calligraphy also addresses the tension within Islamic art between illustration and the
abstraction, offering distinguishable content in the abstract patterns (Helms, 2017, p. 223).
The availability of calligraphy on the mosque offers the viewers with a message and focus of
meditation. Majority of the text found in the mosques are direct quotes from the Qur'an but at the
same time, they can include other quotations from the hadith. The Quranic inscription is valuable
in their existence regardless of the content of the quotation from the Qur'an, God's word is the
guise of human speech. The symbolic nature of the script also clearly explains how in many
mosques the text may be very challenging to read due to the fact that it can be a too far way or
intertwined to an extent it cannot be easily recognized. Many scripts are applied congruently to
create a balanced composition with symmetry and variation. The scripts are usually arranged to
maximize their individual compositional qualities. The calligraphy is usually arranged in a linear
or in a geometrical pattern and is used as a compositional element.
attributed to writing found its roots in the point that Arabic is booth i.e. the language of God's
revelation to his prophet Muhammad and the subsequently the script in which it is written.
Adding to the numerousness of the calligraphy as the ornamental art within the mosque are the
limitations on the presentation of animal and humans in forms of scared spaces. Aniconism is not
allowed in Islam culture and believes this is aimed at preventing the worship of false gods and
idol. Calligraphy also addresses the tension within Islamic art between illustration and the
abstraction, offering distinguishable content in the abstract patterns (Helms, 2017, p. 223).
The availability of calligraphy on the mosque offers the viewers with a message and focus of
meditation. Majority of the text found in the mosques are direct quotes from the Qur'an but at the
same time, they can include other quotations from the hadith. The Quranic inscription is valuable
in their existence regardless of the content of the quotation from the Qur'an, God's word is the
guise of human speech. The symbolic nature of the script also clearly explains how in many
mosques the text may be very challenging to read due to the fact that it can be a too far way or
intertwined to an extent it cannot be easily recognized. Many scripts are applied congruently to
create a balanced composition with symmetry and variation. The scripts are usually arranged to
maximize their individual compositional qualities. The calligraphy is usually arranged in a linear
or in a geometrical pattern and is used as a compositional element.
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Islamic ideology, ritual and spatial manifestations in terms of architecture 21
Figure 10 – Calligraphy of the bismillah (Bailey, 2008, p. 2).
2.4 Architecture as an expression of ideology
In common terms, architecture is clearly viewed as the practice or art of designing and
constructing buildings, or in simple terms, it is a combination of building art. Architecture by
itself is acknowledged as a self-referential object due to the basic generic elements such as line,
volume, plane, mass, surface structure and material which constitute it. These fundamental
elements become very significant in themselves when they are combined, interacting and united
they usually make up the physical and the visual forms which greatly assist in defining the
existing context and space (Khan, 2014, p. 227).
Architecture occupies and shapes the physical social context as well as impacting the perceptual
nature of human character. This is possible as architecture's aesthetic manifestation satisfies and
motivates the human emotion. Architecture ‘s physical appearance and the visual impression not
only assist engage the user to its content, similar to the reaction of the picture engages our
deposition to the world, but it also allows the user to physical senses in order to recognize the
architectural function. Because of the interactive situations, the communication between the
Figure 10 – Calligraphy of the bismillah (Bailey, 2008, p. 2).
2.4 Architecture as an expression of ideology
In common terms, architecture is clearly viewed as the practice or art of designing and
constructing buildings, or in simple terms, it is a combination of building art. Architecture by
itself is acknowledged as a self-referential object due to the basic generic elements such as line,
volume, plane, mass, surface structure and material which constitute it. These fundamental
elements become very significant in themselves when they are combined, interacting and united
they usually make up the physical and the visual forms which greatly assist in defining the
existing context and space (Khan, 2014, p. 227).
Architecture occupies and shapes the physical social context as well as impacting the perceptual
nature of human character. This is possible as architecture's aesthetic manifestation satisfies and
motivates the human emotion. Architecture ‘s physical appearance and the visual impression not
only assist engage the user to its content, similar to the reaction of the picture engages our
deposition to the world, but it also allows the user to physical senses in order to recognize the
architectural function. Because of the interactive situations, the communication between the
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Islamic ideology, ritual and spatial manifestations in terms of architecture 22
users and the built environment therefore exists, this is an architectural function assist organize
the space of human actions (Parihar, 2018, p. 453).
2.5 Architecture as a sign and form of communication
The idea that architecture elements are constructed with meaning has been there from the ancient
times. Through history, writers and architects who were engaged in the architectural fields have
been debating on this issue. Most of them contented that architecture is more of a utilitarian since
architecture is the evidence of social life. In most cases, architecture has the ability to convey
intellectual and social meaning within the Muslim societies which include; expressing the
political practices and religious beliefs through its physical and visual forms. At the same time,
the architecture may be understood from a different perspective, which involves the structured
relationship which exists between the buildings and the immediate and the wider surroundings,
both at the construction period and thereafter (O'Kane, 2011, p. 286).
Since architecture by itself is a self-contained sign system, having its own grammar and syntax,
the majority of researchers and scholars in the field of architecture have tried to bring in
structuralist methodology in order to understand architecture, this is because they believe that
architecture can easily be read as text. The structuralist approach to understanding architecture
was based upon the assumption that architecture was a sign system and away of communication
which was analogous to the verbal or written language (DESAI, 2017, p. 321).
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
Research methodology is the deliberate approach which assists the research to be able to collect
the most appropriate data or to analyze the data relating to his/her subject through the utilization
users and the built environment therefore exists, this is an architectural function assist organize
the space of human actions (Parihar, 2018, p. 453).
2.5 Architecture as a sign and form of communication
The idea that architecture elements are constructed with meaning has been there from the ancient
times. Through history, writers and architects who were engaged in the architectural fields have
been debating on this issue. Most of them contented that architecture is more of a utilitarian since
architecture is the evidence of social life. In most cases, architecture has the ability to convey
intellectual and social meaning within the Muslim societies which include; expressing the
political practices and religious beliefs through its physical and visual forms. At the same time,
the architecture may be understood from a different perspective, which involves the structured
relationship which exists between the buildings and the immediate and the wider surroundings,
both at the construction period and thereafter (O'Kane, 2011, p. 286).
Since architecture by itself is a self-contained sign system, having its own grammar and syntax,
the majority of researchers and scholars in the field of architecture have tried to bring in
structuralist methodology in order to understand architecture, this is because they believe that
architecture can easily be read as text. The structuralist approach to understanding architecture
was based upon the assumption that architecture was a sign system and away of communication
which was analogous to the verbal or written language (DESAI, 2017, p. 321).
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
Research methodology is the deliberate approach which assists the research to be able to collect
the most appropriate data or to analyze the data relating to his/her subject through the utilization
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Islamic ideology, ritual and spatial manifestations in terms of architecture 23
of many research strategies (Burns, 2012, p. 184). The main aim of this research is to find out
and document the diverse changes in Islamic architecture. The aims and objectives of the
research were set to help in achieving the main objective of the study. In order to gain a deeper
understanding of the topic of research, it was very essential to carry out a review of Islamic
ideology, ritual and spatial manifestations in terms of Architecture.
It was very important to understand the various features of the research topic. Thus the
qualitative approach together with carrying out a literature survey was used during this research.
The selected research approach is very appropriate to carry out this research since the literature
review to be carried out provide detailed data To find out and document the diverse changes in
the Islamic architecture.
This adopted research methodology gives an overview of the researches that were carried out on
the same topic and at the same time, they give a summary about to find out and document the
diverse changes in the Islamic architecture (Smith, 2014, p. 75). The literature review was
carried out to gain a deeper understanding of the research topic and at the same time assist in
identifying the research gap. Some of the methods that were used during the research to gather
data include;
3.2 Review of secondary sources
A literature review that was carried out involved reviewing the works which had been done by
other scholars and researchers regarding Islamic ideology, ritual and spatial manifestations in
terms of Architecture. The authors of the various secondary sources that were reviewed can be
able to pass knowledge of the Islamic architecture and other features relating to tithe use of
secondary sources is of great significance in achieving the research aims and objectives (Ross,
of many research strategies (Burns, 2012, p. 184). The main aim of this research is to find out
and document the diverse changes in Islamic architecture. The aims and objectives of the
research were set to help in achieving the main objective of the study. In order to gain a deeper
understanding of the topic of research, it was very essential to carry out a review of Islamic
ideology, ritual and spatial manifestations in terms of Architecture.
It was very important to understand the various features of the research topic. Thus the
qualitative approach together with carrying out a literature survey was used during this research.
The selected research approach is very appropriate to carry out this research since the literature
review to be carried out provide detailed data To find out and document the diverse changes in
the Islamic architecture.
This adopted research methodology gives an overview of the researches that were carried out on
the same topic and at the same time, they give a summary about to find out and document the
diverse changes in the Islamic architecture (Smith, 2014, p. 75). The literature review was
carried out to gain a deeper understanding of the research topic and at the same time assist in
identifying the research gap. Some of the methods that were used during the research to gather
data include;
3.2 Review of secondary sources
A literature review that was carried out involved reviewing the works which had been done by
other scholars and researchers regarding Islamic ideology, ritual and spatial manifestations in
terms of Architecture. The authors of the various secondary sources that were reviewed can be
able to pass knowledge of the Islamic architecture and other features relating to tithe use of
secondary sources is of great significance in achieving the research aims and objectives (Ross,

Islamic ideology, ritual and spatial manifestations in terms of architecture 24
2016, p. 238). The use of secondary sources is also very important in attaining all the study aims
of the research such as having a summary of Islamic ideology, ritual and spatial manifestations in
terms of Architecture.
Advantages of secondary sources
The use of secondary sources to gather data saves a lot of time and resources which would have
been used in the field while gathering the information. Currently, accurate data can be obtained
through the use of search engines. Majority of the libraries in different parts of the world have
digitized their collection so that it can enable the students and other researchers to perform more
advanced researches.
The secondary sources are also easily accessed through the use of internet and other library
materials. Currently one only requires internet to access millions of sources online.
Secondary sources greatly help in generating new insights in that the researcher is able to be
enlightened on the topic of research from the previous analyses. Reanalyzing data can also lead
to unexpected new discoveries (McNeill, 2012, p. 231).
Disadvantages of secondary sources
Even though there are many benefits that are associated with the use of secondary sources during
research there are other limitations that have been associated with them and they include;
Inappropriateness of data
2016, p. 238). The use of secondary sources is also very important in attaining all the study aims
of the research such as having a summary of Islamic ideology, ritual and spatial manifestations in
terms of Architecture.
Advantages of secondary sources
The use of secondary sources to gather data saves a lot of time and resources which would have
been used in the field while gathering the information. Currently, accurate data can be obtained
through the use of search engines. Majority of the libraries in different parts of the world have
digitized their collection so that it can enable the students and other researchers to perform more
advanced researches.
The secondary sources are also easily accessed through the use of internet and other library
materials. Currently one only requires internet to access millions of sources online.
Secondary sources greatly help in generating new insights in that the researcher is able to be
enlightened on the topic of research from the previous analyses. Reanalyzing data can also lead
to unexpected new discoveries (McNeill, 2012, p. 231).
Disadvantages of secondary sources
Even though there are many benefits that are associated with the use of secondary sources during
research there are other limitations that have been associated with them and they include;
Inappropriateness of data
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Islamic ideology, ritual and spatial manifestations in terms of architecture 25
The data which is usually collected first hand by the research is very accurate because the
researcher collects the data with a concrete idea in mind. In most cases to answer a research
question or to meet the research objectives.
Lack of control over the quality of data
Government and other official institutions are in most cases the guarantees of accurate data but
some of the sources that are stored in the institution are biased and corrupted in the process of
updating the databases (Adèr, 2008, p. 221).
3.3 Case studies
Case study research involves an in-depth, and detailed study of an individual, an event, an object
or even an idea to gain a comprehensive understanding of it. The case studies are typically
qualitative in nature, due to that, they result in the narrative description of character or
experience. The case studies in most cases are not used to determine cause and effect, nor they
can be used to discover generalizable truths or make any prediction, rather the case studies
emphasize in exploration and description of the phenomena or of an object. The key
characteristic of case studies are they narrowly focus, hence they provide a high level of details
and is able to combine both the objectives and subjective data to achieve the in-depth
understanding.
In this research, various structures in the Muslim societies were studied to see how the Islamic
ideology impacted on their design and construction due to that various structures such as
mosques were reviewed and all their elements were discussed (Lancaster, 2018, p. 852). Various
elements such as domes and the pulpit were also discussed into details.
The data which is usually collected first hand by the research is very accurate because the
researcher collects the data with a concrete idea in mind. In most cases to answer a research
question or to meet the research objectives.
Lack of control over the quality of data
Government and other official institutions are in most cases the guarantees of accurate data but
some of the sources that are stored in the institution are biased and corrupted in the process of
updating the databases (Adèr, 2008, p. 221).
3.3 Case studies
Case study research involves an in-depth, and detailed study of an individual, an event, an object
or even an idea to gain a comprehensive understanding of it. The case studies are typically
qualitative in nature, due to that, they result in the narrative description of character or
experience. The case studies in most cases are not used to determine cause and effect, nor they
can be used to discover generalizable truths or make any prediction, rather the case studies
emphasize in exploration and description of the phenomena or of an object. The key
characteristic of case studies are they narrowly focus, hence they provide a high level of details
and is able to combine both the objectives and subjective data to achieve the in-depth
understanding.
In this research, various structures in the Muslim societies were studied to see how the Islamic
ideology impacted on their design and construction due to that various structures such as
mosques were reviewed and all their elements were discussed (Lancaster, 2018, p. 852). Various
elements such as domes and the pulpit were also discussed into details.
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Islamic ideology, ritual and spatial manifestations in terms of architecture 26
Advantages of case studies
There are many benefits that are associated with the use of case studies in research and they
include;
They are considered to be very flexible as compared to other methods of research
The data we usually collected in a natural context and setting
The case studies emphasize in-depth content
The case studies lead to the evaluation of new hypotheses which can be tested later
Disadvantages of case studies
Even though the case studies have a lot of disadvantages they also have limitations which
include;
The uniqueness of data usually means that the data cannot be replicated
For a long time, there have been concerns regarding validity, reliability and the
generalizability of the results.
Case studies have some level of subjectivity and the researcher bias may be a great
problem
3.4 Rationale for research methodology
The proposed methodology is aimed at using case studies as an appropriate approach to carry out
the research. The case study research usually motivates the researcher to keenly examine the
information relating to a particular setting that is a specific topographical territory as a topic of
study. In addition, a case study investigation allows the researcher to pick up to the bottom
information and be able to illustrate the different aspects of the proposed research topic. For this
Advantages of case studies
There are many benefits that are associated with the use of case studies in research and they
include;
They are considered to be very flexible as compared to other methods of research
The data we usually collected in a natural context and setting
The case studies emphasize in-depth content
The case studies lead to the evaluation of new hypotheses which can be tested later
Disadvantages of case studies
Even though the case studies have a lot of disadvantages they also have limitations which
include;
The uniqueness of data usually means that the data cannot be replicated
For a long time, there have been concerns regarding validity, reliability and the
generalizability of the results.
Case studies have some level of subjectivity and the researcher bias may be a great
problem
3.4 Rationale for research methodology
The proposed methodology is aimed at using case studies as an appropriate approach to carry out
the research. The case study research usually motivates the researcher to keenly examine the
information relating to a particular setting that is a specific topographical territory as a topic of
study. In addition, a case study investigation allows the researcher to pick up to the bottom
information and be able to illustrate the different aspects of the proposed research topic. For this
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Islamic ideology, ritual and spatial manifestations in terms of architecture 27
dissertation it is suitable as the investigation on Islamic ideology, ritual and spatial
manifestations in terms of Architecture is concerned (Hair, 2012, p. 247).
CHAPTER 4: DISCUSSIONS
4.1 Impact of Islamic ideology on architecture
The influence of Islamic beliefs and practices in the field of architecture has been a subject of
intensive research for a long period of time. The old rituals of Islamic worshiping did not know
an indoor place was of need. But on the contrary, Buddhism believed in keeping the objects and
the sacred human remains. Hence, they found out that there is a need to have an indoor place and
the building to carry out the worshipping activities. Architecture is a process which directly
relates to the beliefs of people and their religion in general. Every country and religion shows its
effects on the buildings more than any other factor. One 0f the structures which are greatly
affected by the Islamic ideology is the Mosque (Khām̐, 2010, p. 56).
4.2 Impact of the Islamic ideology on the mosque
Islam progress in all the aspects of humanity, in this dissertation the Islamic ideology it affects
all things including the manifestation of space, this means that in life there is no difference
between the holy and the non-holy. But there is just a hierarchy which is rooted in the define
unification. The unification is hidden in all the environmental elements and is very obvious in the
art of Islam world which have any difference between difference between the fine art and art and
the applied industries applied industries. The techniques and the aesthetics that are applied a
complementary aspect of artistic of artistic creativity. Islam is neither great to mean the glory of
ideas and the achievements of the given civilization given civilization, which are currently seen
in the Renaissance, and nor the promoting of the personal mental expression, which we see on
dissertation it is suitable as the investigation on Islamic ideology, ritual and spatial
manifestations in terms of Architecture is concerned (Hair, 2012, p. 247).
CHAPTER 4: DISCUSSIONS
4.1 Impact of Islamic ideology on architecture
The influence of Islamic beliefs and practices in the field of architecture has been a subject of
intensive research for a long period of time. The old rituals of Islamic worshiping did not know
an indoor place was of need. But on the contrary, Buddhism believed in keeping the objects and
the sacred human remains. Hence, they found out that there is a need to have an indoor place and
the building to carry out the worshipping activities. Architecture is a process which directly
relates to the beliefs of people and their religion in general. Every country and religion shows its
effects on the buildings more than any other factor. One 0f the structures which are greatly
affected by the Islamic ideology is the Mosque (Khām̐, 2010, p. 56).
4.2 Impact of the Islamic ideology on the mosque
Islam progress in all the aspects of humanity, in this dissertation the Islamic ideology it affects
all things including the manifestation of space, this means that in life there is no difference
between the holy and the non-holy. But there is just a hierarchy which is rooted in the define
unification. The unification is hidden in all the environmental elements and is very obvious in the
art of Islam world which have any difference between difference between the fine art and art and
the applied industries applied industries. The techniques and the aesthetics that are applied a
complementary aspect of artistic of artistic creativity. Islam is neither great to mean the glory of
ideas and the achievements of the given civilization given civilization, which are currently seen
in the Renaissance, and nor the promoting of the personal mental expression, which we see on
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Islamic ideology, ritual and spatial manifestations in terms of architecture 28
the modern architecture (Point, 2017). This means that the civilization built its monuments to
bow upon God, and each of their aspects is clearly remembering its greatness. There are no large
landscapes or streets in the old Islamic towns. The most significant of the inhabitants' buildings
beside of them was the elevated as a symbol of cultural achievements. Even if the scared
architecture of Islam is the architecture of the mosque, nevertheless the mosque has never been
separated from other urban surroundings. As noted, Islam does not divide the life of a nation as
the territory of holy and non-holy. The holy matters in all the manifestation of the urban
environments and the same ceremonies offer in the mosque and at the residential places. In the
Muslim societies a Mosque cannot be seen from the outside, this is because of the structure of
the dense urban environments which usually surround them. The experience of this kind of
architecture is in its internal architecture, thus this architecture releases people from out of the
plurality of the worlds in order to keep thinking and the spirit territory of the world.
Fig 11: Verse writing on the religious buildings
the modern architecture (Point, 2017). This means that the civilization built its monuments to
bow upon God, and each of their aspects is clearly remembering its greatness. There are no large
landscapes or streets in the old Islamic towns. The most significant of the inhabitants' buildings
beside of them was the elevated as a symbol of cultural achievements. Even if the scared
architecture of Islam is the architecture of the mosque, nevertheless the mosque has never been
separated from other urban surroundings. As noted, Islam does not divide the life of a nation as
the territory of holy and non-holy. The holy matters in all the manifestation of the urban
environments and the same ceremonies offer in the mosque and at the residential places. In the
Muslim societies a Mosque cannot be seen from the outside, this is because of the structure of
the dense urban environments which usually surround them. The experience of this kind of
architecture is in its internal architecture, thus this architecture releases people from out of the
plurality of the worlds in order to keep thinking and the spirit territory of the world.
Fig 11: Verse writing on the religious buildings
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Islamic ideology, ritual and spatial manifestations in terms of architecture 29
Architecture refers to the art of organizing spaces. An architecture which has a source of holy
tradition spread this poetry from the materials space in order to explain metaphysical poetry,
hence the goal of this kind of architecture is replacing (Burton, 2011, p. 217)
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION
In conclusion, according to the stated research problem, it can be concluded that the Islamic
ideology and rituals have a great impact on the manifestation of space and architecture as a
whole. From the research that has been carried out it has been concluded that there is a close
relationship between religion and art, and since architecture is an art of organizing spaces, the
impacts of Islamic ideology and rituals can be clearly seen on the architecture and space
manifestation in the Islamic societies. Hence, it is very notable that Islamic ideologies affect
greatly the design and the architecture of the religious and other Islamic buildings such as
mosques. The Mosque decorations and spaces shows the influence of Islamic ideologies on
these buildings, in the Mosques, the use of blue spaces symbolizes tranquility, the writing of
verses on the minarets , walls and domes , simply without necessarily decorating the mosque
spaces , all arising from the effect and the role of Islam, which ordered to be simple and the
law-decorations. And such practices in architecture greatly show that Islamic ideologies and
rituals have a significant effect on the art, exalted spirit of human and architecture of the
buildings used for the purpose of worshipping, and it is considered that man always find the
spirit of peace once in this building. And Hence, architects resent the perfection of the religion in
their projects and that has greatly attracted the viewer's mind to the perfection of the god, and
ideality spirit to their design works because the work when has perfection and beauty that could
clear attributes of God.
Architecture refers to the art of organizing spaces. An architecture which has a source of holy
tradition spread this poetry from the materials space in order to explain metaphysical poetry,
hence the goal of this kind of architecture is replacing (Burton, 2011, p. 217)
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION
In conclusion, according to the stated research problem, it can be concluded that the Islamic
ideology and rituals have a great impact on the manifestation of space and architecture as a
whole. From the research that has been carried out it has been concluded that there is a close
relationship between religion and art, and since architecture is an art of organizing spaces, the
impacts of Islamic ideology and rituals can be clearly seen on the architecture and space
manifestation in the Islamic societies. Hence, it is very notable that Islamic ideologies affect
greatly the design and the architecture of the religious and other Islamic buildings such as
mosques. The Mosque decorations and spaces shows the influence of Islamic ideologies on
these buildings, in the Mosques, the use of blue spaces symbolizes tranquility, the writing of
verses on the minarets , walls and domes , simply without necessarily decorating the mosque
spaces , all arising from the effect and the role of Islam, which ordered to be simple and the
law-decorations. And such practices in architecture greatly show that Islamic ideologies and
rituals have a significant effect on the art, exalted spirit of human and architecture of the
buildings used for the purpose of worshipping, and it is considered that man always find the
spirit of peace once in this building. And Hence, architects resent the perfection of the religion in
their projects and that has greatly attracted the viewer's mind to the perfection of the god, and
ideality spirit to their design works because the work when has perfection and beauty that could
clear attributes of God.
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Islamic ideology, ritual and spatial manifestations in terms of architecture 30
Glossary
Architecture The art or practice of designing and constructing buildings.
Islam an Abrahamic monotheistic religion teaching that there is only one God
(Allah), and that Muhammad is the messenger of God.
Mosque A place of worship for Muslims
Imam A Muslim leader who leads the prayers
Mihrab A semicircular niche in the wall of a mosque that indicates the qibla
Qibla The direction that should be faced when a Muslim prays during Ṣalāt
Ṣalāt the daily ritual prayer enjoined upon all Muslims as one of the five Pillars of
Islam
Dome A rounded vault forming the roof of a building or structure, typically with a
circular base
Madrasa Any type of educational institution, secular or religious, whether for
elementary instruction or higher learning.
Muqarnas Form of ornamented vaulting in Islamic architecture
Calligraphy The design and execution of lettering
Glossary
Architecture The art or practice of designing and constructing buildings.
Islam an Abrahamic monotheistic religion teaching that there is only one God
(Allah), and that Muhammad is the messenger of God.
Mosque A place of worship for Muslims
Imam A Muslim leader who leads the prayers
Mihrab A semicircular niche in the wall of a mosque that indicates the qibla
Qibla The direction that should be faced when a Muslim prays during Ṣalāt
Ṣalāt the daily ritual prayer enjoined upon all Muslims as one of the five Pillars of
Islam
Dome A rounded vault forming the roof of a building or structure, typically with a
circular base
Madrasa Any type of educational institution, secular or religious, whether for
elementary instruction or higher learning.
Muqarnas Form of ornamented vaulting in Islamic architecture
Calligraphy The design and execution of lettering
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Islamic ideology, ritual and spatial manifestations in terms of architecture 31
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Islamic ideology, ritual and spatial manifestations in terms of architecture 32
CHAPTER 6: REFERENCES
Adèr, H. J., 2008. Advising on Research Methods: A Consultant's Companion. 4th ed. London:
Johannes van Kessel Publishing.
Attilo Petruccioli, 2013. Understanding Islamic Architecture. 4th ed. Chicago: Routledge.
Bailey, J., 2008. Frontiers of Islamic Art and Architecture: Essays in Celebration of Oleg
Grabar's Eightieth Birthday ; the Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture Thirtieth
Anniversary Special Volume. 2nd ed. London: BRILL.
Behrens-Abouseif, D., 2012. Islamic Architecture in Cairo: An Introduction. 3rd ed. Berlin:
BRILL.
Bloom, J., 2012. Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture. 3rd ed. Chicago: OUP USA.
Dani, A. H., 2013. Islamic architecture: the wooden style of northern Pakistan. 2nd ed. Sydney:
National Hijra Council,.
Degeorge, G., 2017. The Glory of the Sultans: Islamic Architecture in India. 1st ed. Chicago:
Flammarion.
DESAI, Z.-D. A., 2017. Indo-Islamic architecture. 3rd ed. Berlin: Director, Publications
Division.
Grover, S., 2018. Islamic Architecture in India. 2nd ed. London: Galgotia Publishing Company,.
Hair, J. F., 2012. Essentials of Business Research Methods. 5th ed. Texas: M.E. Sharpe.
CHAPTER 6: REFERENCES
Adèr, H. J., 2008. Advising on Research Methods: A Consultant's Companion. 4th ed. London:
Johannes van Kessel Publishing.
Attilo Petruccioli, 2013. Understanding Islamic Architecture. 4th ed. Chicago: Routledge.
Bailey, J., 2008. Frontiers of Islamic Art and Architecture: Essays in Celebration of Oleg
Grabar's Eightieth Birthday ; the Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture Thirtieth
Anniversary Special Volume. 2nd ed. London: BRILL.
Behrens-Abouseif, D., 2012. Islamic Architecture in Cairo: An Introduction. 3rd ed. Berlin:
BRILL.
Bloom, J., 2012. Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture. 3rd ed. Chicago: OUP USA.
Dani, A. H., 2013. Islamic architecture: the wooden style of northern Pakistan. 2nd ed. Sydney:
National Hijra Council,.
Degeorge, G., 2017. The Glory of the Sultans: Islamic Architecture in India. 1st ed. Chicago:
Flammarion.
DESAI, Z.-D. A., 2017. Indo-Islamic architecture. 3rd ed. Berlin: Director, Publications
Division.
Grover, S., 2018. Islamic Architecture in India. 2nd ed. London: Galgotia Publishing Company,.
Hair, J. F., 2012. Essentials of Business Research Methods. 5th ed. Texas: M.E. Sharpe.
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Islamic ideology, ritual and spatial manifestations in terms of architecture 33
Hamid, A., 2017. Hassan Fathy and Continuity in Islamic Architecture: The Birth of a New
Modern. 1st ed. London: American Univ in Cairo Press,.
Helms, S. W., 2017. Early Islamic Architecture of the Desert: A Bedouin Station in Eastern
Jordan. 4th ed. Chicago: Edinburgh University Press.
Hillenbrand, R., 2010. Islamic Architecture: Form, Function, and Meaning. 4th ed. London:
Columbia University Press.
Hoag, J. D., 2017. Western Islamic Architecture: A Concise Introduction. 3rd ed. Auckland:
Courier Corporation.
Khām̐, A. M., 2010. Implementation of Islamic ideology in Third World countries. 2nd ed.
Chicago: the University of California.
Khan, S. A. A., 2014. Islamic Architecture. 5th ed. Chicago: IQRA International Educational
Foundation.
Lancaster, G., 2018. Research Methods in religion. 5th ed. Texas: Routledge.
McNeill, P., 2012. Research Methods. 5th ed. TExas: Psychology Press.
Mitchell, G., 2011. Indian Islamic Architecture: Forms and Typologies, Sites and Monuments.
4th ed. Chicago: BRILL.
O'Kane, B., 2011. Creswell Photographs Re-examined: New Perspectives on Islamic
Architecture. 2nd ed. Cairo: American Univ in Cairo Press.
Parihar, S., 2018. Some Aspects of Indo-Islamic Architecture. 2nd ed. London: Abhinav
Publications.
Hamid, A., 2017. Hassan Fathy and Continuity in Islamic Architecture: The Birth of a New
Modern. 1st ed. London: American Univ in Cairo Press,.
Helms, S. W., 2017. Early Islamic Architecture of the Desert: A Bedouin Station in Eastern
Jordan. 4th ed. Chicago: Edinburgh University Press.
Hillenbrand, R., 2010. Islamic Architecture: Form, Function, and Meaning. 4th ed. London:
Columbia University Press.
Hoag, J. D., 2017. Western Islamic Architecture: A Concise Introduction. 3rd ed. Auckland:
Courier Corporation.
Khām̐, A. M., 2010. Implementation of Islamic ideology in Third World countries. 2nd ed.
Chicago: the University of California.
Khan, S. A. A., 2014. Islamic Architecture. 5th ed. Chicago: IQRA International Educational
Foundation.
Lancaster, G., 2018. Research Methods in religion. 5th ed. Texas: Routledge.
McNeill, P., 2012. Research Methods. 5th ed. TExas: Psychology Press.
Mitchell, G., 2011. Indian Islamic Architecture: Forms and Typologies, Sites and Monuments.
4th ed. Chicago: BRILL.
O'Kane, B., 2011. Creswell Photographs Re-examined: New Perspectives on Islamic
Architecture. 2nd ed. Cairo: American Univ in Cairo Press.
Parihar, S., 2018. Some Aspects of Indo-Islamic Architecture. 2nd ed. London: Abhinav
Publications.
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Islamic ideology, ritual and spatial manifestations in terms of architecture 34
Petersen, A., 2014. Dictionary of Islamic Architecture. 5th ed. London: Routledge.
Point, C. T. C. a. W., 2017. Radical Islamic Ideology in Southeast Asia. 3rd ed. Chicago:
CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.
Rājāmukamatu, J., 2016. Islamic Architecture in Tamil Nadu. 2nd ed. Perth: Director of
Museums, Government Museum,.
Ross, T., 2016. A Survival Guide For Health Research Methods. 2nd ed. Chicago: McGraw-Hill
Education .
Smith, M. F., 2014. Research Methods in Islam. 4th ed. Chicago: SAGE,.
Yeomans, R., 2010. The Story of Islamic Architecture. 2nd ed. Paris: NYU Press.
Petersen, A., 2014. Dictionary of Islamic Architecture. 5th ed. London: Routledge.
Point, C. T. C. a. W., 2017. Radical Islamic Ideology in Southeast Asia. 3rd ed. Chicago:
CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.
Rājāmukamatu, J., 2016. Islamic Architecture in Tamil Nadu. 2nd ed. Perth: Director of
Museums, Government Museum,.
Ross, T., 2016. A Survival Guide For Health Research Methods. 2nd ed. Chicago: McGraw-Hill
Education .
Smith, M. F., 2014. Research Methods in Islam. 4th ed. Chicago: SAGE,.
Yeomans, R., 2010. The Story of Islamic Architecture. 2nd ed. Paris: NYU Press.
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