Immunisation and Health Beliefs: A Study on Educational Interventions

Assessment 1 (2000 words)
Instructions:
 Please read the background information below. When you have read the background
information, you can proceed to the questions on the Assessment Template. These
questions relate to the background information.
 You will need to apply the knowledge that you have gained from Topics 1-4 to complete
these questions.
 The marks allocated to each question are stated next to the question.
 The word count is stated next to each question. Note that when the word count says
‘equivalent’ it means that you do not need to have that exact number of words to
answer the question – just provide as much detail as required to answer the question.
 You are advised to frequently refer to the Assessment Feedback Sheet to guide you on
what characteristics of a reponse constitute an F2, F1, P2, P1, C, D, and HD grade.
 As with all academic work, if you refer to the work of others to support your responses,
you must reference this information using the UniSA Harvard Reference System. You do
not need to reference the articles listed in the Tables in Question 5 but if any other
sources are used, these should be referenced.
Background: Immunisation – Health beliefs
*Nursing students: You are working as a registered nurse in a GP Practice and one of your
roles is to promote immunisation for children (this may be the MMR or other recommended
immunisations). You have had a few parents refuse vaccinations for their children and this
concerns you as you believe that this may leave the child and communities vulnerable to
outbreaks of serious diseases.
*Midwifery students: You are working as a midwife in an antenatal clinic. One of your roles
is to promote vaccination against pertussis(whooping cough) for pregnant women. You have
had a few pregnant women decline vaccination. This concerns you as you know that if the
pregnant woman is immune to pertussis that passive immunity is passed to her unborn baby
to protect them against pertussis when they are newborn until thery are able to be
immunised themselves
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You do not think that parents/pregnant women would deliberately expose their
children/baby/themselves to the risk of serious disease unless they were guided by a belief
that immunisation was not safe. You are vaguely aware via media reports that there is an
anti-vaccine movement, and you want a quick overview of what it is all about. As most of us
would do, you consult Google, and you find the following information. Read the information
video below:
The History of Vaccines: History of the anti-vaccination movement
The College of Physicians of Philadelphia (2017)
<https://www.historyofvaccines.org/content/articles/history-anti-
vaccination-movements>
You could now choose one (or all) of the following actions:
 Conclude that parents/pregnant women are entitled to make decisions about their
child’s/baby’s/own healthcare, even if it is against public health policy.
 You could question your own belief system – after all, you are basing your practice
on government guidelines and you trust that the government will make decisions
about health care that are evidence-based, informed by experts in the field, and in
the best interests of Australians. You haven’t checked the literature for evidence of
immunisation safety yourself.
 You could investigate whether there is any evidence of harm caused by
immunisation, and to identify information that may influence parent’s/pregnant
woman’s beliefs or fears about immunisation.
Naturally, you are a great nurse/midwife with an inquiring mind. You want to be certain that
there is good evidence that demonstrates that immunisations are safe for children and
pregnant women. You want to understand what information has led parents/pregnant
women to be concerned about immunisation. Finally, you want to be able to have an
informed discussion with the parents/pregnant women about their concerns based on
current evidence to enable them make the right decision for their children/babies and
themselves.
*Please do not include this page of background information when you submit the
assessment template to learnonline.
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Assessment 1 Template
*Equivalent means that your responses may not equate exactly to the number of words that
you have written. As the format for this assessment is a template an approximate word
count is given that reflects the work required to complete the template. Suggested word
counts may be given in the template to guide you in how much detail is required in your
response. The template word count is not included in your word count. The template itself
(without the background) equates to approximately 900 words. You will note an elevated
similarity percentage when this is submitted via TurnItIn because of the template. Your
lecturers/tutors are aware of this.
Questions 1-4 (25 marks – 500 word equivalent)
Question 1a. From the background information provided above relating to immunisation, develop a
researchable question. Type the question below:
Are Educational intervention are effective for parents in reducing false beliefs and increasing
childhood immunisation?
Question 1b: Identify the elements of (words relating to) PICO (or PIO, if appropriate) in the research
question that you have formulated:
P parents
I Early Educational interventions
C No interventions
O Reduction of false beliefs and
increasing childhood immunisation
Question 2a. What type of research methodology do you think should be used to answer the
research question that you have formulated?
☐Quantitative
☒Qualitative
☒Mixed methods
Question 2b. Justify why this methodology was chosen to answer the question (Approx 75 words -
reference/s used to support your response should be written below your answer and are not included
in the word count).
Quantitative method such as randomised controlled trial along on the focus group is effective
to identify the answer of question. The prime reason behind it is that the it assists researchers
to gain the factual as well as emotional data of the parents where new treatment or
interventions can be compared between two groups such as intervention group and controlled
group (Bryman, 2017). The quantitative method also shows reduced level of biases for
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obtaining the accurate information.
Question 3a. List 3 places/sources of information that can be used to obtain reliable evidence to
answer the research question that you have formulated:
1. Schollin Ask, L., Hjern, A., Lindstrand, A., Olen, O., Sjögren, E., Blennow, M.,and Örtqvist, Å. 2017.
Receiving early information and trusting Swedish child health centre nurses increased parents’
willingness to vaccinate against rotavirus infections. Acta Paediatrica, 106(8), 1309-1316.
2. Taddio, A., Shah, V., Bucci, L., MacDonald, N. E., Wong, H., and Stephens, D. 2018. Effectiveness
of a hospital-based postnatal parent education intervention about pain management during infant
vaccination: a randomized controlled trial. CMAJ, 190(42), E1245-E1252.
3. Willis, E., Sabnis, S., Hamilton, C., Xiong, F., Coleman, K., Dellinger, M. and Nugent, M. 2016.
Improving immunization rates through community-based participatory research: Community health
improvement for Milwaukee’s children program. Progress in community health partnerships: research,
education, and action, 10(1), 19.
Question 3b. Using one of the resources listed above,provide the details of a specific
resource/publication that is an example of best available evidence to assist you in answering your
research question. Complete the table below:
Provide the full reference/title for the
resource/publication
Taddio, A., Shah, V., Bucci, L., MacDonald, N. E.,
Wong, H.,and Stephens, D. 2018. Effectiveness of a
hospital-based postnatal parent education intervention
about pain management during infant vaccination: a
randomized controlled trial. CMAJ, 190(42), E1245-
E1252.
Provide the URL https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30348739
Question 3c. Explain why the information source chosen is an example of best available evidence for
answering the research question that you have formulated. Refer to the Levels of Evidence and
Hierarchy of Evidence tables in Topic 2 (Approx 75 words - reference/s used to support your response
should be written below your answer and are not included in the word count).
This paper is chosen as the best piece of evidence because it is a peer reviewed journal where
researchers conducted randomise controlled trial to evaluate the effect of the educational
interventions in the parents with the control group who never received education. The result of
the research suggested that hospital-based postnatal education is effective since many parents
are able to manage the pain which further reduce their false beliefs regarding the immunisation
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