Executive Summary Report 2022

Executive Summary
The report has extensively covered battery characteristics under electrochemistry, the battery systems such as electrodes types, open-circuit
voltage, electrolyte, and electrochemistry in batteries during charging and discharging. Finally concluding with a summary on Tesla Model 3
explaining the possibility of charging at home with a battery and the cost that can be incurred if that is practiced.
Comparison between Tesla Model 3 (50 kWh) and Hyundai Ioniq Electric (38kWh)
Tesla Model 3(50kWh)
The Tesla Model 3(50kWh) is a luxury vehicle with numerous advanced features. The Model 3 car sells for about $36000 because it is long-
range and has an impressive performance.

Style
The Tesla Model 3 is about the size of a BMW 3 series. It is a smart and well-proportioned car. The car keeps a fastback profile of it is owner
while replacing the lift gate using a conventional trunk cover. The lack of traditional grills used in other cars gives it a clean front facing
depiction. The tesla car also has unusual lush exterior handles. Its overage outlook and design represent the current modern trends being
absorbed, and therefore, it can appropriately attract considerable attention. (Crosbie, Jack (August 2, 2017).
Inside Tesla Model 3, they are curved glasses that extend from the windshield to the trunk. The glasses in tesla add up to the general sense of
space that makes the small electric vehicle look bigger than it is in the real sense. In the car, the most complex of its features is the console
configuration and the dashboard, which takes the minimalism of the vehicle to a different level compared to other cars. The electric vehicle does

not contain any climate control knobs or in that case instrument clusters like other vehicles. All the instrument gauges and controls of the car are
located in the sizeable horizontal touchscreen. The model 3 car also has panels that wider than regular gaps. (Schmidt, Bridie (July 4, 2019).
Performance
The Model 3 Tesla car is one of the fastest cars in the world. The vehicle accelerates about 60mph per five seconds with the most current
standard of it taking about another half-second to achieve the speed. The car generally has a fantastic rate than other supercars it possess and
accelerates at 60 mph in 3.2 seconds with a top speed of about 162 miles per hour. ( Crosbie, Jack (August 2, 2017).
The Tesla Model 3 car weighs about 300 pounds, which is more than the BMW 330. The stiffness and low center of gravity it possess give a
better performance in terms of handling. Since it is a small car compared to other versions of it, the model is considered as the most graceful cat

that can be found on the roads. Model 3 tesla does not have one-pedal driving experience; therefore, an individual is always advised to hit the
brake to make a stop when necessary. The unique performance features of the car include a $5000 self-driving characteristics which require only
a single tap on the gear selector and another that activates the best lane-keeping system in the world. ( "Tesla, Mercedes, and Škoda Score a
Touchdown in Euro NCAP's Latest Safety Tests,2019)
.
Efficiency/Range
They are usually four choices available in Model 3 Tesla, and they are outlined below.
 325-mile Long Range Rear-Wheel Drive
 240-mile Standard Range Plus

 310-mile Long Range Dual-Motor and Dual-Motor Performance
 220-mile Standard
The most standard version of model 3 always uses a 50kWh battery. At 325 miles, model 3 tesla provides more speed than all electric vehicles
available in the world. The model beats out the Nissan leaf, Chevy bolt, and BMW i3 on its efficiency because it has an efficiency rate of almost
130 miles per gallon.

Charging
The cars 16.5kW always add an approximate of 50 miles for every hour the charger is plugged in which beats the average 25 miles that most
electric vehicles require from a standard charger. The fastest charging chargers have the ability to bringing the battery of a model 3 tesla to
approximately 80 percent within 40 minutes. Tesla as a brand does not offer to charge services for free and hence to charge your car at home
may be about one-third of the total cost in a tesla charging station. The most important of electric vehicles is that they charge fast when empty.
( Schmidt, Bridie (July 4, 2019).

Passenger/Cargo Room
Model 3 tesla is a five-seat vehicle making it the most spacious among electric cars; this is possible because the cars lack an engine. Its rear
trunk is quite roomy, and they increase when the car’s rear seats are folded in a downward manner. In Tesla, they are no use of keys to enter the
vehicle, and owners use credit card shaped devices or a paired phone in the event of wanting to open the door to start it up. ( Grant, Alex
(November 7, 2017). The electric vehicle comprises of two control buttons located on the steering; two column-mounted stalks used to turn
signals, electronic door release buttons, and power window switches different from standard cars that possess buttons. ( Schmidt, Bridie (July 4,
2019).
Safety
In the years 2018, the National Highway Traffic Safety administration gave tesla a five-star rating on each category it was grouped. The electric
vehicle has a wide range of safety features that include lane-keeping commands, active cruise controls, and automatic brake controls. ( Grant,
Alex (November 7, 2017).
Hyundai Ioniq Electric (38kWh
The Hyundai Ioniq Electric battery has a range of 183 miles with a powerful motor of about 134 horsepower. The vehicle poses a 7.2Kw charger
that’s is better than the initial version that used 6.6kW. Charging the car using a 100kW charger will take approximately 50 minutes to ensure
that it is full.

The Hyundai electric vehicle is rated at 150MPGe in the city and about 122MPGe while on the highway. The car is available and can be
purchased in California. The blue link app in the Hyundai Ioniq electric vehicle will allow drivers to monitor battery levels remotely with
accessing them physically, and the drivers will be able to control the Ac of the car. ( Schmidt, Bridie (July 4, 2019).
.Hyundai Ioniq possess smart sense that whose function is to ensure safety and also be driver assistant. With the Hyundai, Ioniq owners will be
able to get about five years free of Hyundai line services whose function is satellite navigation on weather, traffic, parking and charging stations.
The ionic electric vehicle poses one pedal that gives the drivers the ability to avoid using the food brake available in the cars. The cars are
affordable and better priced for customers.
Electrochemistry.
This is a branch of physical chemistry that involves studying the relationship between electricity and an identified chemical change in which
electricity is considered as the overall outcome of the chemical change. The movement of electrons called electricity is generated by the move
from one type of element through oxidation-reduction. A redox reaction is one that Include a difference within the oxidation situation of the
elements. Fox example
2HF→ H2+¿ F2 ¿
It can be written, as shown below:
Oxidation reaction
2 e−¿+H 2+ ¿2 H +¿ ¿ ¿¿
Reduction reaction

2 F−¿ → F2+ ¿2 e−¿ ¿ ¿ ¿
Overall reaction
2 H+¿+2 F−¿→ H2+¿ F 2¿ ¿
¿
Oxidation is a process that involves the misplacement of electrons, while the reduction process requires the addition of new electrons, which is
shown in the above element equation. The element being reduced in a chemical reaction is called the oxidizing agent, while the element that is
always being added to is called the reducing agent. From the above reactions H2is the reducing agent while F2 is the oxidizing agent. ( Grant,
Alex (November 7, 2017).
Batteries consist of electrochemical cells that can store chemical energy which can be converted later into electrical energy.
In this report, lithium batteries were recommended on the following basis.
Both the cathode and anode allow the lithium ions to move freely through a process called extraction. As the atoms move freely through the
Anode and cathode, the batteries involved are known as swing batteries. The positive ions in the lithium move from the anode to the cathode
during discharging through an electrolyte while the electrons move freely through the external circuit towards the same direction. When charging
the reserve occurs, the negative ions move to the anode with higher energy. The following chemical reactions summarise the whole process.( .
( Grant, Alex (November 7, 2017).
Cathode reaction with the lithium doped cobalt oxide substrate.
CoO2+Li+¿¿+e−¿ ⇌¿ LiCo O2

Anode reaction with the graphite.
LiC6 ⇌ C6+Li+¿¿+e−¿¿
A full reaction whereby the left to right discharging and vice versa
LiC6+Co O2 ⇌C6+ LiCo O2
Overall reaction. Overcharging saturates lithium cobalt oxide, therefore, leading to the production of lithium oxide shown in the following
chemical irreversible reactions.
Li+¿¿+ei+ LiCoO2 ⟶ L i2O + CoO
Overcharging by up to 5.2 volts, can lead to the synthesis of cobalt (IV) oxide, as evidenced by the extraction method.
LiCo O2 ⟶ Li+¿+¿¿ CoO2 +e−¿¿
In Lithium-ion battery the ions are transported from the electrode or anode by an oxidizing the transitional metal, Cobalt (Co), in L i1−x CoO2
from C O3+¿ ¿to C O4 +¿¿ during the charging process and reducing from CO4 +¿¿ to CO3+¿ ¿ during discharging.
Electrolytes.
This is a substance that contains both negative and positive ions when electrically passed through a solution such as water.
1. Strong electrolyte: completely dissociates into ions in solution, highly conducting. e.g., Strong acids, bases and soluble ionic salts (NaCl)
2. Weak electrolyte: partially dissociate into ions in solution, weakly
Conducting. E.g., weak acids and bases acetic acid (HC2H3O2)
3. Non-electrolytes: molecule does not dissociate or ionize in solution. Non-conducting.e.g. methanol (CH3OH)

Liquid electrolytes.
Most lithium-ion batteries consist of salts such as LIB F4, LIB F6 Insolvents such as diethyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, and ethylene
carbonate. Liquid electrolytes always act as pathways to allow movement of ions from the Anode to the Cathode during discharge. The rate of
conduction for a liquid electrolyte at average temperature is 20 degrees Celsius which also at times increases by 30 to 40% at 40 degrees and
also sometimes decreases slightly at 0 degrees Celsius.
Combination of ethylene carbonate and dimethyl carbonate results in high conduction and also the formation of a solid electrolyte. The solvents
used can decompose quickly on the negatively charged electron during the charging process. When the required solutions are used as the
electrolytes, the solvent decomposes on the first charging, and they form layers that are called solid electrolyte interphase which is electrically
insulated to provide ionic conductivity. The electrolyte interphase produced reduces the decomposition levels on the electrolyte during and after
the second charge. An example that can relate to the above is ethylene carbonate decomposes at a very high voltage of 0.7, which leads to the
formation of a stable and dense interface. (Lambert, Fred (September 20, 2018)
Solid electrolytes.
Most researches in the recent present have adopted the use of solid as an electrolyte material. Solid ceramic electrolytes mainly are lithium metal
oxides that allow lithium-ion movement through the solid more easily because of natural lithium. Ceramic electrolytes can be grouped down into
two: glassy and ceramic itself. The solid electrolyte always contains components with crystal structures that contain mostly ion movement
channels. The commonly known and used ceramic electrolytes are perovskites and super ion conductors. The other type of ceramic glassy
electrolytes is always amorphous atomic structures that are usually made of the same elements to the ceramic solid electrolytes, although they
typically have high conductivity levels than the ceramic solid electrolyte. (Lambert, Fred September 20, 2018)
Ceramic and glassy electrolytes conductivity level of ions can be accelerated by using sulfur instead of oxygen. Sulfur has a larger radius that
gives it the ability to be polarised hence allowing for higher conductivity of the lithium metal.

Charging.
Lithium-ion batteries always offer the best performance and to maintain that they must be charged appropriately and in the correct manner
required. Charging of the battery if it’s not done appropriately, it might slow down the performance of the battery or even lead to the destruction
of the cell. Proper charging leads to the best performance and the longest life to be obtained from this batteries, therefore; as a result, lithium-ion
battery charging is done with the conjunction of a battery management system that enables the discharge and charge levels. Charging lithium-ion
batteries is always very unique and different from charging the Nickel-metal hydride battery or Nickel-cadmium battery diagram. Lithium-ion
batteries charging is always voltage-sensitive and more different from charging the regular lead-acid batteries. The differences always come in
that lithium-ion batteries do contain high voltage per cell; therefore, they require more voltage tolerance to be able to detect full charge of the
batteries, and once full they always do not allow to be float charged. Lithium-ion batteries do not tolerate the events of being overcharged;
therefore, it’s still important to be able to detect the occasion of the cells is fully charged. Many consumers used lithium-ion batteries always
charge to a voltage of 4.2 volts per cell, and this has enabled a tolerance of about ± 50 mV per cell. Charging lithium-ion batteries beyond this
causes high stress to the cell, and this results in oxidation and therefore reduces service capacity, safety, and life. ( Grant, Alex (November 7,
2017).
A summary table of lithium batteries
Mistry
Lithiu
m
Cobalt
Oxide
Lithium
Mangan
ese
Oxide
Lithium Nickel
Manganese
Oxide
Lithiu
m Iron
Phosph
ate
Lithium
Nickel
Cobalt Alumi
num Oxide
Lithium
Titanate
Oxide
Short
form
Li-
cobalt
Li-
mangane
NMC Li-
phosph
Li-aluminum Li-titanate

se ate
Abbrevia
tion
LiCoO2 LiMn2O4 LiNiMnCoO2 (
NMC)
LiFePO
4
LiNiCoAlO2 (
NCA)
Li2TiO3 (com
mon)
(LCO) (LMO) (LFP) (LTO)
Nominal
voltage 3.60V 3.70V
(3.80V) 3.60V (3.70V) 3.20,
3.30V 3.60V 2.40V
Full
charge 4.20V 4.20V 4.20V (or
higher) 3.65V 4.20V 2.85V
Full
discharge 3.00V 3.00V 3.00V 2.50V 3.00V 1.80V
Minimal
voltage 2.50V 2.50V 2.50V 2.00V 2.50V 1.50V (est.)
Specific
Energy
150–
200Wh
/kg
100–
150Wh/
kg
150–220Wh/kg
90–
120Wh/
kg
200-260Wh/kg 70–80Wh/kg
Charge
rate
0.7–1C
(3h)
0.7–1C
(3h) 0.7–1C (3h) 1C (3h) 1C 1C (5C max)
Discharg
e rate 1C (1h) 1C, 10C
possible 1–2C
1C
(25C
pule)
1C 10C possible
Cycle 500– 300–700 1000–2000 1000– 500 3,000–7,000

life
(ideal) 1000 2000
Thermal
runaway
150°C
(higher
when
empty)
250°C
(higher
when
empty)
210°C(higher
when empty)
270°C
(safe at
full
charge)
150°C (higher
when empty)
One of the
safest
Li-ion
batteries
Maintena
nce
Keep cool; store partially charged; prevent full charge cycles, use moderate charge
and discharge currents
Packagin
g
(typical)
18650,
prismat
ic and
pouch
cell
prismatic
18650,
prismatic and
pouch cell
26650,
prismat
ic
18650 prismatic
History 1991
(Sony) 1996 2008 1996 1999 2008
Applicati
ons
Mobile
phones,
tablets,
laptops
,
camera
Power
tools,
medical
devices,
powertrai
ns
E-bikes,
medical
devices, EVs,
industrial
Station
ary
with
high
currents
and
Medical,
industrial,
UPS, EV,
solar street
lighting
EV (Tesla)

s enduran
ce
Commen
ts
High
energy,
limited
power.
Market
share
has
stabiliz
ed.
High
power,
less
capacity;
safer than
Li-
cobalt;
often
mixed
with
NMC to
improve
performa
nce.
High capacity
and high power.
Market share is
increasing. Also
NCM, CMN,
MNC, MCN
Flat
dischar
ge
voltage,
high
power
low
capacit
y, very
safe;
elevate
d self-
dischar
ge.
Highest
capacity with
moderate
power. Similar
to Li-cobalt.
Long life, fast
charge, wide
temperature
range, and
safe. Low
capacity,
expensive
Charging lithium-ion batteries can always be split into two main stages:
 Constant current charge: During the first stage of charging a lithium-ion battery, the current flow is still controlled, and for consumer-
based lithium-ion batteries ever a charge rate of 0.8C is recommended. During this stage of charging the voltage passed through the lithium-
ion cell increases for a constant current charge, and always it takes about an hour for this stage to be successful.

 Saturation charge: This is achieved after the voltage has reached 4.2 volts for the Lithium-ion batteries. During this point, the battery
starts a second stage of charging that is always known as saturation charge. The voltage that is constant at 4.2 volts is always maintained, and
the current falls steadily. At the end of the cycle of charging the current drops to around 10% of the overall charge. This stage always has two
hours depending upon the cell and manufacturer.
During charging efficiency of around 95 to 99% can be achieved hence reflecting relatively low-temperature rise.
In Lithium-ion batteries, it’s always required to ensure that the batteries are always charged in the appropriate manner whereby the proper
charger and equipment are used. Lithium-ion battery charges involve various ways to prevent danger and damage to the cells. In most cases,
these mechanisms are usually provided within the battery pack, which can be used using the normal or a simpler charger. ( Grant, Alex
(November 7, 2017).
.
Mechanisms required by a lithium-ion battery for discharge and charge include:
 Charge current: The maximum charge current for lithium-ion batteries is usually 0.8C, but sometimes low values are used regularly to
set and give some margin. Faster charging sometimes it’s possible in cells under lithium.
 Charge temperature: Lithium-ion batteries should not be charged when temperatures are lower than 0 degrees Celsius or when they are
higher than 45 degrees Celsius; therefore during charging the temperature changes should be monitored frequently.
 Charge current: To prevent explosions or damage caused as a result of short circuits, discharge current protection should be used on the
lithium-ion batteries.
 Over-voltage: Charge over-voltage protection is required to prevent a voltage that is too high being applied across the battery terminals.

 Over-charge protection: This is used to protect and stop the lithium-ion battery charging process when the voltage rises to 4.30 volts
during a single charge
 Reverse polarity protection: Lithium-ion battery needs this type of protection to make sure than the battery is not in any chance charged
in the wrong direction as that would result into explosions or severe damage of the cells.
 Li-Ion over-discharge: The protection is required to prevent the lithium-ion battery voltage from falling to below 2.3 volts depending on
the manufacturer of the battery.
 Over-temperature: High temperatures surpassing 100 degrees Celsius can read to irreversible damages; therefore, use of over-
temperature protection can be used to prevent the battery from operating if the temperature rises higher than the average degrees.
It’s always advisable that when using lithium battery use the manufacturer’s charger because many different protection elements may be put in
the charger and battery to suit the design of the battery
In the process of discharge of the lithium-ion battery, lithium ions carry current from the negative electrode towards the positive electrode using
a non-aqueous electrolyte.
The lithium-ion battery has a positive and negative electrode, as discussed using the tables below.
Negative electrode.
The negative electrode was initially made from pure graphite and carbon materials. Nowadays, silicon like substances are used frequently
because they are available and can also conduct electricity and enable lithium ions to keep electrical charge. The most crucial basis why graphite
is used it is because it possesses very low voltage and usually has outstanding performance in conductivity. Numerous substances have been

invented though most of them do have very low voltages that lead to low densities.In electrodes, low voltage is always a critical need because it
always leads to high densities. ( Schmidt, Bridie (July 4, 2019).
Positive Cathode.
During the process of discharging the positive cathode gains electrons, causing the lithium ions to form themselves around the cathode. When
charging takes place, the free movement of electrons is reversed, therefore making the cathode to regains its potential. The positive terminal
remains at a constant potential during the process of discharging the cell. The positive terminals have always been taken as the primary factor
that relates to the superior power of lithium-ion batteries. Lithium metal oxides are always used as the cathode in lithium-ion batteries. These
lithium oxides are mostly used to make the positive terminals, but lately, their use has decreased because of the need to conserve the
environment; therefore, various other cathodes have been invented to be used (Schmidt, Bridie (July 4, 2019).

Technolog
y Company Target application Date Benefit
NMC
BATTERY
Imara
Corporation, Nissan
Motor Microvast Inc
To be used in electric
vehicles such as Hyundai
ioniq power tools and grid
energy storage
2008
They do have good
specific energy and
power density
NCA Panasonic and
Samsung
They can be used in electric
vehicles 1999 The can be used for
a very long time.

Technolog
y Company Target application Date Benefit
Lithium
Manganese
Oxide
LG Chem,
NEC, Samsung,
Hitachi, Nissan/AESC,
EnerDel
They can be used in Hybrid
electric vehicle, cell phone
and laptops.
1996
Lithium Iron
Phosphate ("
LFP",
LiFePO4)
University of
Texas/Hydro-Québec,
Lithium Inc., Valence
Technology, A123Syst
ems/MIT
Segway Personal
Transporter, power tools,
aviation products,
automotive hybrid
systems, PHEV conversions
1996
Moderate density (2
A·h outputs 70
amperes)

Technolog
y Company Target application Date Benefit
Electrodes potential.
The standard electrode potentials, Eθ, relates to electrodes where all the species making up the electrode are in their standard states i.e.
Such electrodes are coupled with a standard hydrogen electrode, and the EMF measured –giving the standard electrode potential If the EMF is
positive, then the electrode will have a positive polarity and electrons will be consumed if the EMF is negative, then the electrode will have
negative polarity and atoms will be produced.
Open Circuit Voltage in Lithium-ion Batteries.

Open circuit voltage is an essential feature among the lithium batteries. It is usual helps in analysing the efficiency in the electric energy of
electrode materials and also to estimate the state of any batter charge. In that case, an accurate Open circuit voltage has great importance in
lithium-ion battery management. From the above discussions, the capacity of lithium-ion battery under different temperatures has been discussed
extensively therefore in this case discussion will be on the Open circuit voltage and the state of charge are presented using the following tests.
(Schmidt, Bridie (July 4, 2019).
Test bench
The battery contains Arbinn BT2000 Lithium-ion battery, a processor with a micro instrumentation and telemetry system software is used for
prearrange the BT2000 and also a STANWOON chamber to control pollution of the environment. The BT2000 battery system gets it is power
from the gird through a cable, the test battery system can either charge the battery depending on the program used by an extreme of 60 V and
charge current of about 300, the recorded data acquired comprises of voltage, temperature, current, watt-hours and the charge or discharge hours
involved. The registered information is then transmitted to a processor using the transmission control protocol port. Errors resulted from
accuracy in measurement of both the voltage and current sensors contained in the Arbin BT2000 cycle is always less than 0.1%. Test branch
carried, in this case, was directly at the condition of normal temperature of about (25±2◦C) and actual temperature, the atmospheric moisture of
(65±20% of relative humidity), and with atmospheric pressure of about (86~106 kPa). (Schmidt, Bridie (July 4, 2019).
Item Specification Parameter
Battery length W/mm: 39.70 ± 0.30
H/mm: 95.00 ± 0.30
L/mm: 148.40 ± 0.30

Standard Capacity 75.0 Ah
76.5 Ah
Standard Voltage 3.70 V
3.65 V
Higher Charge Cut-Off Voltage 4.25 V
Bottom Discharge Cut-Off Voltage 2.80 V (T > −10 °C)
2.10 V (T ≤ −20°C)
2.50 V (−20 °C ≤ T ≤ −10 °C)

Uninterrupted Discharge Current
Uninterrupted Charging Current
Charge higher Limit Protection Voltage
Charge bottom Limit Protection Voltage
75 A (25 °C)
4.30 V2.5 V (25 °C)
75 A (25 °C)
Pulse test
This is a test method used to conduct a pulse test. This test is always done according to hybrid pulse power test. Pulse test does usually show the
characteristics of a cell voltage at various dissimilar temperatures and state of charge.
The test is done with a standard current-voltage discharging and Charging mechanism as its explained below:
Firstly normal battery cells are used with the consistent current-voltage charging sequence ,most battery cell can be completely put new life into
to 100 percentage state of charge upon the complete level of the CC-CV charge range which puts them stationary for almost an 60 minutes to

ensure steady-state and then the cells are discharged under the same current to ensure a diminished state of charge by 5 percentage of the open-
circuit voltage after an hour plus The points of data collected in the range of 100% to 0% state of charge are always collected under intervals of
5%.In the battery operation process, the sampling time of voltage and current it’s ever 1 second. The battery temperatures always range at 45
degrees Celsius , 25 degrees Celsius , degrees Celsius , and−20◦C.( Musk, Elon [@elonmusk] (July 2, 2017).
The model 3 tesla vehicle delivers an EPA rated all all-electric range of 240 miles and The Long Range versions deliver 310 miles. Tesla Model
3 has a minimalist dashboard with only a center-mounted LCD touchscreen. Tesla stated that the Model 3 carries full self-driving hardware to be
optionally enabled at a future date. ( Musk, Elon [@elonmusk] (July 2, 2017).
Comparing the Cost of a Tesla to Driving a Gasoline Powered Car.
The standard mileage coverage by a brand new American car in 2019 is roughly about 26 miles per litre under the price of one litre being $
3.20.The average mileage of a new American car in 2018 is around 26 miles per gallon. With fuel costs of $3.20 per gallon, the typical new
conventional car costs 12.3 cents per mile. In charging a tesla vehicle, you can get more power by using home charging let’s say a solar since
home charging systems can produce electricity at the cost of 7.8 cents per kilowatt which is much cost-effective than the 13 cents per kilowatts
used explaining above. (Schmidt, Bridie (July 4, 2019).
The long-range Model 3 battery is about 74 kilowatt-hours in total. If you were using it as recommended, which is to charge it up to no more
than 90% of its maximum capacity, you’d have a usable capacity of 25c/kWh. Ok, and so now you know your usable size, now you need to
decide how low you’ll go between charges. Let’s assume, just for the ease of calculation that you’ll let it run down to 10% before recharging,
from 90%; you’ll be needing 59.2 Kw/h - 80% of its 74 kW/h capacity. Let’s say you’re being charged 12c per Kw/h, simply multiply 59.2 by
0.12, and there’s your answer: $7.10 With a full range of 325 miles (latest update, Rear Wheel Drive model), and only using 80% of your
capacity, that equals a range of 260 miles for $7.10 At $3 per gallon for gas, that’s the equivalent of doing 260 miles on 2.37 gallons of gas, or
109.7 miles per gallon equivalent. ( Grant, Alex (November 7, 2017).

When you compare the above charges to a regular vehicle using fuel economy of 8 L/100 km and fuel charges of $ 1.5/L, in this case, you're
charged $1.5 per litre only multiply 8 by 1.5, and you will get $12 that will use in a distance of 100 kilometers. Comparing the costs of Tesla and
a commonly fuelled vehicle charging tesla at home seems cheaper than powering a regular car. (Schmidt, Bridie (July 4, 2019).
Calculations
In charging Tesla, lets says an individual that you make it run down into 10% before charging into 90%
To charge it entirely you will need like 59.2kWh that is about 80% of the total charge the car needs.
Charges are 12 per kWh
To get the answer 59.2 × 0.12=$ 7.10
Regular car.
Economy fuel of about eight litters
Charges $1.5 per litre.
8×1.5=$ 12

Appendix
In conclusion study and development of the lithium battery started in 1912 under G.N. Lewis, which continued until 1970 when the first
invention on the non-rechargeable lithium battery was made available to all people. Lithium, as shown in a table above, is the lightest of all
metals, therefore, causing it to have the most enormous electrochemical potential with the most significant energy density of all metals.
The continuous attempts to invent a rechargeable cell failed due to safety problems because of the constant instability of the lithium metal
occasionally during charging causing researchers to shift to a non-metallic battery using lithium ions. Manufacturers are continually improving
lithium-ion because applications of advanced new ways are introduced sometimes to enable to suit the preferences and changes. Always Store
lithium-ion in cool, dry places. Inventors do recommend storage temperatures of about 15°C (59°F). The battery should occasionally be partially
charged during storage. Lithium-ion is safe, provided cautions are taken into place during charging and discharging. In 1991, the Sony
Corporation advertised and started the use of the first lithium-ion battery. Other manufacturers followed suit. Aging is a concern with most
lithium-ion batteries, and many manufacturers remain silent about this issue. Some capacity deterioration is noticeable after one year, whether
the battery is in use or not. The battery frequently fails after two or three years. ( Schmidt, Bridie (July 4, 2019).
References

Crosbie, Jack (August 2, 2017). "Elon Musk Finally Reveals the Number of Tesla Model 3 Reservations". inverse.com. The US.
Retrieved August 2, 2017.
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