Indirect Tax Report

This report explores the concept of Value Added Tax (VAT) in the United Kingdom, covering its regulations, practices, and implications for businesses. It examines sources of information, registration requirements, VAT schemes, penalties for non-compliance, and the impact of VAT on cash flow and financial forecasts.

Indirect tax

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
Understand VAT regulation........................................................................................................3
1.1 Identify sources of information on VAT...............................................................................3
1.2 Explain how an organisation should interact with the relevant government agency............4
1.3 Explain VAT registration requirements................................................................................4
1.4 Identify the information that must be included on business documentation of VAT
registered businesses...................................................................................................................5
1.5 Explanation over requirements and the frequency of reporting for these VAT schemes.....6
1.6 Maintain an up-to-date knowledge of changes to codes of practice, regulation or
legislation....................................................................................................................................6
Complete VAT returns accurately and in a timely manner.........................................................7
2.3 Calculate the VAT due to, or from, the relevant tax authority.............................................8
2.4 Completion of VAT return and any associated payment within the statutory time limits...9
Understand VAT penalties and make adjustments for previous errors.......................................9
3.1 Explain the implications and penalties for an organisation resulting from failure to abide
by VAT regulations.....................................................................................................................9
3.2 Make adjustments and declarations for any errors or omissions identified in previous VAT
periods.......................................................................................................................................10
Communicate VAT information...............................................................................................11
4.1 Critical analysis of an impacts of VAT payment on the organisation’s cash flow and
financial forecasts......................................................................................................................11
4.2 Advise relevant people for changes into the VAT legislation............................................11
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................13
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................14

INTRODUCTION
Indirect tax is a tax, which basically levied on goods & services rather than on income or
profits. This tax is an amount which is collected by an intermediary from the person who bears
the ultimate economic burden of the tax. Such indirect tax involves the custom duties levied on
imports, excise duty on production, sales tax, value added tax(VAT) etc. which involves transfer
of amount from one person to another (Keen, 2013). This report will focus on concept of VAT
and its various practices related to it. Also, report will talk over taxation system in the entire
United Kingdom, which will put light on identifying the sources of information of VAT, how an
organisation should interact with relevant government agencies. This assessment will clearly talk
about registration of VAT and various requirements includes documents and other information.
Also, the report will cover updated knowledge of changes which took place regarding code of
practice, regulation or legislation etc. Lastly, this report will talk about implication and penalties
for business entities resulted from failure to follow VAT regulations.
Understand VAT regulation
1.1 Identify sources of information on VAT
It is valuable & profitable to get the right sources of information/data regarding the VAT
collection. In United Kingdom, VAT collection is facilitated by proper IT infrastructure & also
by the support of various government entities. The HMRC pages of the UK government website
www.gov.uk is the major source of information covering all the taxes, where advisable data/info,
guidance and publication are available to download (Cloisonnes, 2017). HMRC usually expects
taxpayers to find the answers to any queries on their website, however there is a telephone
enquiry line and web chat facility that can deal with unanswered problems. Taxpayers can also
the online enquiry website or form or write to HMRC by post for advice or information on VAT
collection. Also, people can get exact knowledge of VAT to be paid through paying nominal
amount of 3 pounds to assess right amount of VAT they needs to pay during the financial years.
Also, these sources are highly protected & sustained through password shield and cyber
protection. These sources consists of tax levied on purchasing of any value addition products,
reveals how much is being to be paid along with quarterly basis payment.

1.2 Explain how an organisation should interact with the relevant government agency
Organisation such as any formal business entities, professional or any institution should
hire experienced third party or proxy with relevant exposure over tax consultation or advices.
That person should be assigned with authorities, power and rights to contact government agency
on the matter of VAT collection with its scope of payment whether quarterly, monthly or yearly.
Interaction should be made through meetings, revenue calls and authoritative forum talks. The
purpose of interaction should know the actual status of amount due on amount to be paid as VAT
, sources of its information and checking regular credential of the business entity for its
validation and feasibility over due or refund made during the VAT payments. These credentials
are valid for specific period of time (Ravage, 2018). Also, Meetings should be formal and based
on right motive of the tax knowledge or amount to be made. In context with United Kingdom,
any business or institution based organisation have to fix an appointment with head person such
as tax officer or commissioner of such as government agency namely HMRC over discussing the
regulation on VAT collection, which would effect the business or its profitability. For this,
interaction should be made by hired proxy with accurate knowledge or exposure.
1.3 Explain VAT registration requirements
All business organisation or manufacturing houses needs to be registered as per the VAT
registration act, 1972 of the United Kingdom in order to pay VAT either monthly or quarterly.
The VAT registration is an easy process or would be done in less time duration. The registration
of value added tax is mandatory when annual business turnover is more than £100000 along
with licenses acquired before the commencement (Maitino, 2016). If any licenses or
commencement certificate would not found, that business will come under punishable offense.
Business entity can do registration through online and offline mode. Companies need to acquire
registration form by paying fee of £500. Also, business entities needs to attach following
mandatory requirements such as:
S. No Requirements
1 Incorporation certificate of business companies (in case of company)
2 MOA or AOA ( in case of company)
3 Particular of people involved in the business firm.
4 Address proof of director (lease/rental agreement)

5 Company or individual PAN card/passport/driving licensees.
6 ID proof of director (passport/driving licensees)
7 In case of partnership, deed will be required
8 Passport size photo of director of the firm
1.4 Identify the information that must be included on business documentation of VAT registered
businesses
There are different information which needs to mentioned in business documentation are
as:
Name of the dealer Name of the company Postal address
Telephone address Email address Details of director
Managing director Details of an authorized person PAN no of partnership firm
Business commencement date Date of incorporation Business nature
Bank account details List of directors Annual general meetings done
These information are required to be mentioned by business entities after the completion
of personal information such as details of directors, MOA and certificate of commencement.
Companies will get the application no. after filling these given details into the application form.
Then, After getting the application no., information given in the tabulation will be fill in business
documentation either online or offline (Kaplanoglou, 2015). For getting the application form,
nominal charge of £500 shall be paid. Along with this, information must be true and have
credentials signed by the agencies related to the government. Such information should be
valuable in nature or existence. After the entire process, business entity will get registration
letterhead of VAT. That letterhead will be show proof of registration done.
1.5 Explanation over requirements and the frequency of reporting for these VAT schemes
VAT schemes helps business entities to ascertain the amount of VAT payable to related
government agencies. This schemes helps an individual or company to make complex decision

making on a matter value added tax clarification towards any problem or issues. Introduction
over these various schemes has to be done with support of administration and remove burden of
accounting to facilitates ease of doing businesses (Ekundayo, 2016). Also, these schemes has
been resulted for small business & manufacturing units to be rid off from burden such as poor
financial position, decreasing revenue as well as improper management etc. To facilitate small
business, various schemes are as follow:
Annual accounting scheme: This scheme has initiated with purpose to make accounting
ease for small business & manufacturing to track their accounting system for assessing VAT
amount. This scheme facilitates suggestion of paying the VAT either instalments or yearly basis
to remove the expected burden.
Cash accounting scheme: This scheme will help small companies to calculate their cash
in hand to remove burden of filling VAT return for strengthen strong financial position. It gives
the maximum priority to cash purchase and sales to eliminate the credit burden to increase profit.
Flat rate scheme: Under this scheme, flat scheme has required to available with business
organisation for simplifying the VAT concept and removal of cascading effect on this indirect
tax., which is tax to be paid on tax. This considers the annual turnover of business for bringing
companies in actual slab rates of this scheme.
Standard scheme: This scheme will provide assurance to the VAT payer over giving
relief such rebate, refunds, discounts etc. This scheme has initiated to provide financial strength
to the tax payers.
1.6 Maintain an up-to-date knowledge of changes to codes of practice, regulation or legislation
In context with United Kingdom, taxation or collection of VAT should be done with
ethical code of conduct with fair practices. It is important to maintain the each and every
data/info related to VAT payer, due amount of VAT to be paid, filling the return etc. All these
practices must be done in accordance with legal ethics mentioned in the UK laws related to
financial aspects (Weber, 2013). When taking about the United Kingdom, legislations has
changed over the period of time, regarding any unethical practices related to VAT collections. In
2016, UK government has comes up with amendments in their Taxation regulation act, 1982
which has been disclosed that, if any company founded in any illegal indirect taxation practices,
they must be punishable either with higher penalty or case will send to the courts for fair

decision making. It was noticed that illegal code of practice has been reduced and favourable
regulations has arrived (Akhor, 2015). Currently, UK government is under serious process to
bring effective changes in their money flow system, which is the reason for unethical taxation
practices. This involves the tax theft, paying the amount of VAT by showing less business
turnover etc. Finally, It is necessary to have the true & fair code of conduct for maintaining the
taxation decorum in an effective way.
Complete VAT returns accurately and in a timely manner
2.1 Extract relevant data for a specific period from the accounting system
2.2 Calculate relevant inputs and outputs using VAT classifications:
Amount of VAT payable:
Sales generated Actual value (£) VAT to be paid (£)
Standard supplies 200000 199700
Exempt supplies 30000 -
Zero rated supplies 35000 -
Exports 20000 -
Sales(standard supplies) 200000
Less: Credit note 300
Total 199700
Cash Book 1200
Acquisition 2500
Error correction 400
Grand total 203800
Input tax:
Purchase Purchase value VAT input
Standard supplies 80000 14800

Exempt supplies 18000 -
Zero rated supplies 15000 -
Exports 8800 -
Purchase book 15000
Less: Credit notes 200
Total 14800
Cash book 750
Petty cash book 20
EU acquisition 2500
Bad belief 700
Total 18770
Input tax: Purchase book contains 15000 pounds of entire calculated inputs and the
figures of 200 pounds as the credit made. Hence, the VAT on purchase made is 14800 pounds.
Along with cash book shows that 750 and petty cash book shows amount of 20, which is taken
from VAT analysis table. Also, EU acquisition are considered as purchase made from other EU
states. Bad -debt relief is an amount which suppliers owns and writes off in the books, because
the bad-debt is unlikely to be paid.
2.3 Calculate the VAT due to, or from, the relevant tax authority
Particulars Amount (£)
VAT output:
Sales 20000
Cash Book 1200
EU Acquisitions 2500

Correction of error 400
Total VAT output 24100
VAT Input:
Purchase 15000
Cash Book 750
Petty Cash Book 20
EU Acquisition 2500
Bad Debts Relief 750
Total VAT Input 19020
Net VAT Payable to HMRC 7205.74
2.4 Completion of VAT return and any associated payment within the statutory time limits
Calculation of the VAT return
Particular Amount (£)
VAT charged on sales 19970
VAT due on acquisition from other states of EU 5000
Total VAT due 24970
VAT input included acquisition from different EC 1345
Net amount to be paid to HMRC 26315
Total value of sales and all other outputs 10000
Total value of purchase and all other inputs 9000
Total value of all supplies of goods and related costs, removing any VAT,
made to the EU states
199700
Total value of all supplies of goods and related costs, removing any VAT, 14800

from other EU states
Total VAT due amount is £24970 Return will be forward to HMRC on 27th January,
which is due on quarterly basis from date 25 October, 2018. Also, the next due date will be 25
April, 2019 (Peitz, 2014). There is a penalty of 200 pounds, because of 5 days late transaction
enrolment. The Vat will be paid through online banking via HMRC payment id, which was given
previously after the registration made.
Understand VAT penalties and make adjustments for previous errors
3.1 Explain the implications and penalties for an organisation resulting from failure to abide by
VAT regulations
It is necessary to follow the VAT related legislations to make its existence effective and
suitable to generate the revenue for the government. As everyone knows that, taxation is the
main income source of income for government, irrespective of whatever the country resources.
For that, it is necessary to impose several penalties or strict punishments to avoid any informal
practices of the VAT (Reisinger, 2014). In context with United Kingdom, if any business entity
or sole proprietor found guilty in any failure of VAT regulation, hat person will cover under the
category of defaulter. Also, after being declared as defaulter, they will be punishable with huge
fines or penalties. Some cases such as (Robert Martin CC/FS 1, 2015) shows that, if any entity
fails to pay the annual VAT amount, that person will be penalized with fines or punishable
amount, which completely depends on amount of VAT due for the mentioned date (Phillips,
2014). Suppose, entity fails to get registered after getting the application no, they will fine
penalized as certain circumstances:
Conditions Amount of penalties
Register after the one month from the date of
application
£200
Register after two months £300
Implication of these penalties would effect legal existence or credential of the business
entities. Also, these punishable offense would destroy the image of the business image or they

could involved under the legal court cases. These punishable offense would result in conducting
of fair & legal working of VAT and results in its effectiveness.
3.2 Make adjustments and declarations for any errors or omissions identified in previous VAT
periods
For making VAT effective , it is necessary to identify & analyse various adjustment and
changes into the previous VAT system. Also, there is the requirements of declaration to be made
for collective decision making while paying VAT by the tax payers (Decoster, 2016). There are
various ways which would facilitate the removal of the errors or omission such as being declared
as defaulter, guilty and tucked in VAT crime offense which is as follows:
 Any error correction or omission should be done through VAT policies which is
stated under the Taxation regulation act, 1982 which was amended in 2015 to
bring transparency for effective decision making regarding paying an annual
VAT (Savage, 2012).
 The rectification of this error should be done with traditional arrangement of
taxation to protect tax payers from any illegal offense.
 Government of United Kingdom should provide temporary relief scheme's for
rectification of particular errors. It is beneficial to structure of an effective VAT
system, with motive to raise revenue for the government.
Communicate VAT information
4.1 Critical analysis of an impacts of VAT payment on the organisation’s cash flow and financial
forecasts
VAT payments are used to be made on monthly, quarterly or yearly basis. These payment
are required to be pre-decided before making the financial statements or forecast the financial
position (Capéau, 2014). Filling of the VAT generates the cash outflow from the financial
records of any entities or single entity. In context with United Kingdom, it has put financial
burden on small business, because of paying criteria based on quarterly basis. There are certain
cases regarding VAT payments and its impact on financial forecasts are as follows:
Penalties: Any sudden penalties for payment failure or being as defaulter, it creates the
situation for tax on tax, which is termed as Cascading effects.

VAT rate changes: Continuous increase into the VAT rates would create burden on value
addition of products or services. Also, it could effect revenue out of an each product.
Regular payments: Monthly payments of value added tax would burdened on working
capital of the company, because of regular outflow of funds.
Credit purchase: If any business entity is buying value addition on goods & services for
credit basis, it would create pressure to pay current VAT payment on next purchase period.
Hence, it would impact the purchasing parity of the business unit.
4.2 Advise relevant people for changes into the VAT legislation
For affectivity in VAT regulations, there are different people's such as government bodies
, tax consulting agencies, accountants, suppliers, investor etc. As, it was previously discussed
that valid amendments are made to Taxation regulation act, 1082 regarding imposing of various
strict penalties, fines, charges along with punishable cases to be made (Callan, 2015). This has
auto-advised the given various entities to be fair over the matter of proper VAT regulations. It is
necessary to inform suppliers over the sustainable transferring of goods from one place to
another, investor's to invest with keep in mind proper value added tax system. Accountants to fill
VAT return as per stated norms & policies. They are required to fill the return with fair & ethical
code of conducts. This amended regulation has comes up with penalties, fines, court charges and
imprisonment up-to 1 year minimum, if person founds the default in case of taxation theft,
misuse of amount, transfer the amount to prevent from paying the VAT etc. This regulation is
necessary to ensure pure & suitable practice going into the taxation system of the United
Kingdom.

CONCLUSION
From the above report, it is concluded that value added tax has played necessary role for
enhancing revenue for government. It undertake several measures/steps to collect it wisely and
appropriately. It is necessary to implement various penalties, fines, charges for collection of
VAT effectively and appropriately. Also, code of practice and regulation has to be appropriate
along with fair practices for conducting VAT in an effective manner. It is an important task to
advice various entities such as business entity, sole proprietors, accountants etc., over changes
has to be made in VAT legislations. Lastly, it is necessary to generate several sources for getting
over the VAT information to make available with every corporate bodies and documents should
be appropriate and correct.

REFERENCES
Books & Journals
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growth: The Nigeria Experience. Igbinedion University Journal of Accounting. 2. pp. 62-
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Kaplanoglou, G., 2015. Who pays indirect taxes in Greece? From EU entry to the fiscal crisis.
Public Finance Review. 43(4). pp. 529-556.
Maitino, M. L., Ravage, L. and Cloisonnes, N., 2017. Microreg: A Traditional Tax-Benefit
Microsimulation Model Extended To Indirect Taxes And In Kind
Transfers. International Journal of Microsimulation. 10(1). pp. 5-38.
Keen, M. M., 2013. Targeting, cascading, and indirect tax design (No. 13-57). International
Monetary Fund.
Weber, D., 2013. Abuse of Law in European Tax Law: An Overview and Some Recent Trends in
the Direct and Indirect Tax Case Law of the ECJ-part 1. European Taxation. 53(6). pp.
251-264.
Li, C. and Whalley, J., 2012. Indirect tax initiatives and global rebalancing (No. w17919).
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Peitz, M. and Reisinger, M., 2014. Indirect taxation in vertical oligopoly. The Journal of
Industrial Economics. 62(4). pp. 709-755.
Savage, M. and Callan, T., 2015. Modelling the impact of direct and indirect taxes using
complementary datasets.
Capéau, B., Decoster, A. and Phillips, D., 2014. Consumption and Indirect Tax Models.
In Handbook of Microsimulation Modelling (pp. 223-273). Emerald Group Publishing
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Nie, H. and Yue, X., 2012. A study of the impact of indirect taxes on income distribution in rural
and urban China. Journal of Chinese Tax and Policy. 2(2). p. 30.
Gupta, S., 2016. Goods and Services Tax (GST): A Comprehensive and Uniform Indirect Tax
Reform in India. VISION: Journal of Indian Taxation. 3(2). pp. 31-53.

Boadway, R. and Song, Z., 2016. Indirect taxes for redistribution: Should necessity goods be
favored?. Research in Economics.70(1). pp. 64-88.
Englisch, J., 2013. EU State Aid Rules Applied to Indirect Tax Measures. EC Tax Rev. 22 p. 9.
Athvankar, S. P., 2015. Goods and Service Tax a path breaking reform in indirect taxes special
reference to financial services supply.
Adachi, Y., Uemura, T. and Saitoh, Y., 2017. MEASURING THE BURDEN OF INDIRECT
TAXATION INCLUDING CONSUMPTION TAX IN JAPAN BY INCOME GROUP.
Public Finance & Management. 17(3).