Analysis of Societal Attitudes and Gender Roles

The assignment provided is an in-depth examination of societal attitudes and gender roles. It includes various sources such as academic papers, articles, and online resources that discuss topics like the changing perceptions of gender roles, working mothers, and men's consulting habits. The analysis also touches on medieval masculinity, women's preferences, and the migration process among British Pakistanis. The document is suitable for publication on Desklib, providing students with valuable past papers and solved assignments.

CRITICAL APPRAISAL

TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
AIM..................................................................................................................................................1
OBJECTIVES..................................................................................................................................1
RATIONALES................................................................................................................................1
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY....................................................................................................2
Research design...........................................................................................................................2
Data collection.............................................................................................................................3
Construction of secondary research design.................................................................................4
Sample.........................................................................................................................................4
Procedure.....................................................................................................................................5
Plan for data analysis...................................................................................................................5
Literature review..............................................................................................................................8
Different perspectives of Men.....................................................................................................9
How gender was perceived in early years.................................................................................12
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS (700).................................................................14
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................16

INTRODUCTION
Gender was one of the important factor early years in the society. Before a child take
birth their parents and relatives often knowing whether it is male or female. Traditionally people
wanted that boy take birth in their family so that individual can rule their family. Earlier
population were not that much educated thus their behaviour for male and female was very
different (Sharpe, 2016). This gender gap influence other people and they started thinking
conservative. In the early years parents were giving education to their male child and they
ignored educational site of female kid. That has made society male dominated where male
persons was able to rule and even women were forced to agree decision. They were not able to
take any decision for their own self (Meskill, 2017). Facts and figures show that in the early
years in every field there were maximum phallic person working such as in hospitals men
doctors were working, in educational line there were only men teachers etc (Falkstedt and et.al,
2014). They rule the society and influence others as well. If they do not like any policy or
procedure then other female persons and children have to agree their decision, even they also
said that decision of men is always right (Rotz, 2016).
In the early years young children was getting more benefits if they are male. On other
hand girl child was not getting that much facilities in that time duration. If they are male member
of the family then their parents and other family members give them more love and give them
freedom to complete their studied (Sharpe, 2016). That was the main benefit for them. On other
hand girl children have to get engaged in household work because they were not getting that
much priorities to complete their education and get benefit too. In the early years people were
thinking that young male children is able to protect the family and individual is the earning
members of the family. That is why they were getting more benefits so that in future they can
take care of their families (Meskill, 2017). On other hand it was the thinking of older people that
girls have to go to their groom family after marriage so they were not getting that much
advantage as male younger children were getting. Gender difference is the major problem in
most of the countries. There are many places where people are giving more priorities to male as
compare to female. In early years only men were allowed to do jobs and communicate in society.
Ladies were not getting permission to work in such environment. That is why most of the
families do not allow their female children to go outside of the family to work. But there were
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many male persons those who were working in the market and give their full support to girls so
that they can also grow well (Sambataro and et.al, 2015).
In the present study influences of men working in the early years will be explored. It will
explain men as role model in the previous time duration. It will identify different perspectives of
men and how it influences other (Jackson and et.al, 2016). Furthermore, study will develop
understanding related to how gender was perceived at that time duration.
AIM
“To determine the benefits for young children of having male members of staff in early year’s
settings”.
OBJECTIVES
 To explain men as role model in the early years.
 To identify benefits for young children of having male members of staff in early year’s
settings
 To understand impact of having male members of staff in early year's setting on young
children.
RATIONALES
In the early years gender difference was the major problem and was influencing the other
society members to great extent. Due to men dominated society female children were not able to
understand their own importance and male young children were getting more benefits (Marcus,
2015). The main reason of conducting this investigation is to understand the extent to which men
working was influencing the others in early years. Feminine gender were not getting job in any
field because people were thinking that girls are unable to perform and boys can work beyond
their capacity. That is why in the early yeas there were many regions where literacy ratio of men
was much higher as compare to female population. Such type of thinking was influencing others
as well and coming generation was suffering from the illiteracy and many capable children were
unable to make their career (Orange, Atwood and Stolorow, 2015). Education is the major
concern that influence the mind of the people. In the early year female were not getting
opportunity to complete their studies. Whereas young male children were forced to complete
their education because they were considered as earning member of the family. Thus they were
getting benefit of completing higher education. That is why they had to follow instruction of
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men person of their family. The main reason of conducting this investigation is to analysis the
situation of girls in the ancient time duration (Gabaccia, 2013).
One of the major issue was in the early year was that female was not getting permission
of doing their job. This issue has been resolved when men working started supporting the
feminine gender then them start getting opportunities (Rönkä and et.al, 2017). Through this
investigation development of female and influence of men working will be examine in the study.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research methodology can be defined as instrument through which scholar can conduct
the study in effective manner (Wang and et.al, 2013). It is the technique that helps researcher in
developing understanding about the topic by collecting necessary information about it. So that
individual can analysis the situation and can draw valid conclusion. Several tools and techniques
are involved in this method that supports investigator in carrying out the investigation in right
direction and getting optimistic results (Farré and Vella, 2013). This chapter can support
researcher in identifying the research problem and collecting relevant information so that these
issues can be overcome. Influence of men working in the early year is the vast topic, for that it is
essential to gather relevant information so that actual problems of ancient time duration can be
analysed (Quataert, 2015). For conducting the research in effective manner scholar has to go
with appropriate techniques so that it can find valid the results (Corak, 2013). Selection of
appropriate tool and technique is very important in the research project, without it individual will
not be able analysis details effectively. For exploring the influence of men working in early years
it is essential to use secondary data and analyses it effectively. For that scholar used the same
method and has conducted the investigation in appropriate manner (Tayama, Li and Munakata,
2016).
Research design
It can be described as plan of conducting the study and way of answering the research
questions. It is the outline of investigation through which researcher get to know the way of data
collection, use of instruments etc. This tool supports scholar in collecting information and
analysing them in order to get results (Lundgren and et.al, 2013). Descriptive, exploratory and
experimental research design are three main types of this instrument. In the exploratory design
researcher has to explore the questions in order to reach to the conclusion. Furthermore,
experimental design is used in such studies where scholar is required to make changes frequently
3

in order to get right results (Nicolson, 2015). Descriptive research design is another type of
technique in which theoretical analysis is being done. It is used in such places where theory
based researches are conducted by the investigator (Owen-Pugh,and Baines, 2014).
In the present study on influence of men working in early year, scholar has taken support
of descriptive research design. It is the best suitable for the current investigation because
individual can describe phenomenon more effectively (Calixto and Anaya, 2014). One of the
main advantage of using this method is that it analysis the non-quantified topic and issues more
effectively. There is high possibility of observing the problems completely and it is unchanged
(Wajcman, 2013). Though, there is major disadvantage that descriptive design cannot measure
statistically problems. There are chances of getting bias results because of absence of some
authentic statistical tests. But as this study is qualitative thus descriptive research design is the
best suitable and through which individual become able to get optimistic results about influence
of men working in early years (Baldwin and Johnson, 2016).
Data collection
Data collection is one of the essential part of research methodology, it assists in
developing better understanding about topic by collecting relevant information about the same. It
is essential that information that has been gathered are realistic and factual (Bericat, 2016). In the
presence of faulty detail researcher will fail to answer research problems and individual will not
be able to get optimistic results (Owen-Pugh,and Baines, 2014). Primary and secondary are two
main methods of data collection. Selection of appropriate tool depends upon type of investigation
or nature of study. Primary data collection includes interview, survey, questionnaire etc. Whereas
in the secondary source individual takes support if already available information such as books,
journals, internet articles etc. in order to get relevant detail about subject matter. Both these are
appropriate tools and support in gathering in-depth information about subject matter (Farré and
Vella, 2013). Primary sources are generally used in such places where individual can gather all
detail, related to topic by asking few questions or involving few persons in the investigation. But
influence of men working is the vast topic and in early years what was perception of society
member and how they were reacting to gender, for identifying that factor individual had to use
secondary sources so that relevant information about early years can be gathered by the scholar
(Justman and Méndez, 2016).
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Present study is qualitative and topic is influence of men working in early years (Jackson
and et.al, 2016). This is vast topic and for that individual have taken support of secondary data.
Secondary research is more suitable for the current topic because thorough which scholar can get
high quality data. Researcher can critically analysis the previous literatures in order to draw valid
conclusion. Secondary research is helpful in saving time and money. Apart from this, with the
help of this tool individual can clarify research questions and can get optimistic results (Sharpe,
2016).
Construction of secondary research design
Influences of men working is the vast topic, there are many men those who are working
in different field. Their working influence the society and affect population in early years. For
the gathering the information about the topic individual has taken support of secondary research.
Scholar has gathered information about the topic through books, journals and internet articles
(Orange, Atwood and Stolorow, 2015). These are appropriate sources that give relevant and in-
depth detail about subject matter. By this way individual can develop better understanding about
the topic and can carry out the investigation in effective manner. Scholar has searched for
previous literature that has been conducted on the same subject influence of men working in
nearly years. Some detail have been gathered from official sites and through which individual
has developed better understanding about the subject matter (Farré and Vella, 2013).
These all are authentic information thus, it is the best suitable because by critically
analysing these detail researcher can address research problems and can draw valid conclusion.
Though, there is limitation that it is not specific to the current topic and individual has no control
over the data quality. (Wajcman, 2013) But still through this way individual can get optimistic
results and can define influences of men working in early years.
Sample
Sampling can be defined as one of the great approach that supports scholar in gathering
relevant sample through which individual can collect right information for the investigating
topic. Selection of inappropriate sampling technique can destroy the meaning of overall study. In
the present study individual has taken support of snowballing sampling technique. It is more
suitable in the qualitative type of investigations (Sharpe, 2016). It is systematic and purposive
method which is used in such places where it is difficult to locate target respondents.
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Researcher has conducted deep research for selecting the appropriate literature so that
individual can carry out the specific study and can attain objective of investigation (Farré and
Vella, 2013). Researcher has taken support of that articles those which are published in the
Europe region. In this literature's scholar has tries to identify the research problems and influence
of men working in early year. Individual has looked upon the extent to which men working has
influenced the society in the early year (Rönkä and et.al, 2017). This research suits to the current
study to great extent because by this way individual become able to address the research
problems and getting solutions of these. Scholar has not looked at the particular view point
because all the previous authors has conducted their studies from different perspectives.
Investigator has critically analysed their literature and has find out the optimistic results
(Wajcman, 2013).
Procedure
An effective research completely depends upon the strength of information that has been
collected by the scholar for specific topic. Researcher has set aims and objectives and has
searched about the literatures (Lundgren and et.al, 2013). Selection of appropriate tools and
techniques have been done by scholar for developing better understanding about the subject
matter. Individual has used secondary sources such as books, journals, previous literature
available on internet on influence of men working in early years (Jefferson, Bloor and Spilsbury,
2015). In the critical review scholar has searched articles on the men as role model, men offering
different perspectives and changing how gender is perceived. All these themes are defining
influence of men in early leaving. Investigator has analysed existing research (Owen-Pugh,and
Baines, 2014). By this way individual has got to know about influence of men working in early
years. Investigator has used factors that influenced men working, gender differences, men
perspectives etc. Researcher has collected the information ethically and individual has not
gathered information from unauthorized site. Individual has searched all the aspects related to
men working and its influence on society (Wik and Tøssebro, J2014).
Plan for data analysis
Activities 1th
Week
2nd
Week
3rd
Week
4th
Week
5th
Week
6th
Week
7th
Week
8th
Week
9th
Week
10th
Week
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Determining
research topic
Read previous
literatures on
the same
subject
Selection of
appropriate
research
methodology
Completing
proposal
Preparation of
themes for
data collection
Recording of
data
Secondary
data analysis
Discussion
and conclusion
Edit as per the
feedback of
client and
submission of
final report
Information that has been gathered by the researcher are being used for preparing this
research project. These details will be used only for the present study, researcher will not use this
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information for commercial purpose. All data that has been collected by the scholar will help in
developing better understanding about the subject matter. Individual have evaluated the details
through thematic analysis techniques. Individual has made themes in respect to influence of men
working in early year (Sharpe, 2016). There are three themes men as role model, men offering
different perspectives and changing how gender is perceived. On the bases of all these theme's
researcher has evaluated the details and got the optimistic results in respect to influence of men
working in early years. It was the secondary research analysis method thus, scholar has made
themes of each factors, gender differences in society, influence of men, role model etc.
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Literature review
Man as role model
As per the point of view of Lundgren and et.al, (2013), in ancient time, men were
considered as role model for working in any organisation and making decisions regarding family.
As per the view of Laird, (2017) In earlier years or in old age society was dominated by male and
entire decisions they take at their own level. This male dominated society did not allow to girls to
work and show their capabilities. That is why young children were taking benefit of this think
because they were getting more attention from the family members as compare to female
children. Young male children was treated as earning member of the family thus, they were
getting all extra ordinary freedom and they were allow to do what ever they wanted to do. But on
other hand female children were not having that advantage. They were born to do household
work only. Those male that have strong power and influence were treated as role model and
leader. Mentioned sort of people were treated as head of any group. Interesting fact is that in past
time period such kind of roles were not given to women (McKay and Rowlingson, 2016). This
reflects that significant importance was not given to women in past time period and they were
not treated as role model. According to Gottfried and Gottfried, (2013) for managing home and
business, only their importance were remains to priorities. Male person handled business and
girls had to do household works. Male were getting more priorities to show their ability, even in
such environment young boys thought that they are powerful persons and ladies are weaker than
them (Bott and Spillius, 2014). In addition to this, it was considered that elder man of the family
was decision maker who handles all situations and orders to other members. Moreover,
following on traditions and systems to live in society were also dependent on men of the family.
Dietz, (2016) has argued that behaviour in cast and following on their rules were also in
preference of men. Cast system was burning point at that time, people respect to high class
families and humiliate the people those who belong to lower cast (Ruini and et.al, 2015).
Therefore, it is considered that ancient time was full of men role model and most preferable
decision maker for family and businesses.
On the contrary to this, author argues that Sharpe, (2016), in modern era, there are similar
rules have made for both men and women. They both have equal responsibilities to manage work
at home and in business. In the recent time period all men and women of the family understand
their responsibilities and contribute equally to run their life smoothly. As per the view of
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Sonfield and et.al, (2013) now-a-day female have rights to take their own decisions. They can do
whatever they want to do, no-one can restrict them. It is just because support from their husband
or man person in the family.
As per the view of Farré and Vella, (2013) in the ancient time period men were playing
role of dominant person They were taking part in politics and public events whereas female were
not allowed to get engaged in these occasions. They were encouraged to work in home and never
go to such type of places (Werbner, 2015). Men were role model for the ladies and they obey
their decisions. If male person says to them not to do jobs or participant any games then they step
back. It was shown in the Olympic games of that year that there were majority of male people.
Wajcman, (2013) has argued that men were considered as most important part of their families.
Women always wanted that male personality stay around them to protect them and to guide
them. As per the view of Benedix and et.al, (2014) in the early years only men was working in
the market and they were having good knowledge of market condition. Girls were not having
confidence, sometimes men promoted them to go outside but due to lack of confidence they did
not go outside of their home. That is why female was under confident and were not having
courage to live alone. That is why they were thinking that men are their role model and they gave
huge respect to them.
According to Falkstedt and et.al, (2014) social status in the early years of men was
determined by the economic position of male person. At that time they fought for saving their
families and living the smooth life. That is why society was having perception that male persons
can keep them, protected and can secure them from any danger. That is they were their role
model in the ancient time duration. On contrary to Tayama, Li and Munakata, (2016) has stated
that now-a-days people understand importance of female working as well. They are giving their
full support to female so that they can make their career and can make their name in the world.
Now girls are giving huge competition to the male personalities and even most of the places girls
are far ahead then men.
As per the view of Owen-Pugh,and Baines, (2014) in the ancient time men was role
model for their family but they were protecting their children and pistillate persons. They were
devoted for their home that is why they were seen as role model in the society. At that time it
was assumed that they support to female and encourage them so that they can perform their
duties well. On other hand Marcus, (2015) has stated that in the modern ear female do not need
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much support and guidance from their husband. Not-s-a-day they are much more educated and
have ability to perform their duties well. It helps them in living their life as per their own
convenient. They are working and even employers are hiring such ladies those who are capable
to perform better Falkstedt and et.al, (2014) has argued hat in the early years employers were
thinking that female are not able to perform better in the workplace and they are suitable for
household work only. Even it was the thinking of them hat they can not satay in the offices for
such a long time duration. That is why at that time female candidates were not getting
employment opportunities to that extent.
As per the view of Lundgren and et.al, (2013) in the ancient time duration men was the
hero for their families. Women said to their children about responsibilities of men so that when
they get young they understand their duties. But at that time duration no one was their who said
that girls have right to work outside of their home as well. They are not born to work in the home
all the time. As per the view of Mowlabocus, (2016) female have rights to get education and
even they need to show their capabilities. But somehow some men persons have given their
support to ladies and proved that ladies can also perform better and can support the male
personalities. Their support has created the unique personality in the mind of women because
they got chance to work in the offices and fulfil their dreams.
Benefits for young children of having male members of staff in early year’s settings
As per the view of Olivetti, Patacchini and Zenou, (2016) gender was the major subject in
the early years. Thinking process of both male and female were far differed from each others. In
the early time duration young men children were getting more benefits as compare to female.
They were having power to lead their family, they can go outside easily. But when it comes to
female children they these girls were not allowed to go outside alone. It was the main benefit for
young male children in that time period. Genders' expectancy notes the effect of gender on a
peoples' opportunity and duties towards the society and forming interrelations. Well to do effect
on the policies has consequences on planning and ultimate aim of international and national
organizations by the impact of gender and respond to influences of the process of developing
societies. Gender has become like an inseparable part of economy, social lives, routines and
personal lives of people and communities. This aids in gender discrimination, stature and to
assigning the separate duties written off by people towards men and women. . It was It can be
observed in the past time period that there was common thinking among male that women can
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only do a work of handling homes and they cannot do outside works and cannot earn
employment. This was common thinking among males and due to this reason women condition
was pathetic all around the world. There were many males that commonly assume that women
are there assets and they at own discretion can use them in any manner. Such kind of attitude
make condition of women bad and it can be seen in current century also in the nations like
Afghanistan where during regime of Taliban women were treated badly. It can be said that in
today era also women are not treated like human in many nations of the world.
Lundgren and et.al, (2013) has argued that young male children were having benefit of
completing their higher studies and go out of town for further studies as well. Whereas female
children were not allowed to complete their education and even they could not outside for their
educational purpose. It was the thinking of families in early time duration that female children
are born to do house hold work so their parents treat them accordingly. That was the major
benefit the young male children were taking in the early duration.
As per views of Lundgren and et.al., (2013) Gender, has roots in the biological forking,
reaches much ahead in the physiological specifics of the two genders for the duties both are
supposed to complete. Gender differences are social constructs, inculcated on the basis of a
specific society's particular perceptions of the physical differences and the assumed tastes,
tendencies and capabilities of men and women. Gender interdependency is aptly described as a
specific process in what the various backgrounds from society’s concrete on the function and
responsibility for either gender. These societies also establish access of material resources,
namely land, monetary reserves and more ephemeral resources per se power. According to
Werbner, (2015) impact on day to day life is huge and includes the division of labour,
responsibility of family. Men were having perspective to lead women, they wanted to take
decision for their girls of the families. That is why at that time duration male candidates were
doing jobs or business and female had to do household work. Households in all societies
discriminate most household activities and duties by will full effect. Ladies are linked closely to
production and reproduction activities and most of the chores they do, that is contributing to
world will still stay unsalaried. Men do little for domestic drudgery; communities are inclined to
assume that they have salaried work outside the house. As per the view of Fairclough, (2014)
Gender difference has directly impacted women's scope to achieve credit, land and economic
power-sharing, with the kind of economic flow they need to be living a better life for themselves
12

and also for their children/minor. Limited access to inputs, especially in agricultural field,
heavily limits women potential to productivity.
According to Falkstedt and et.al, (2014) Discrimination towards to women in
employment is a regular attribute in other than the agricultural sector that has an effect on the
kind of employment, careers and promotion that women can expect. Over the past 2 decades or
so, women have grown the participation in labour market, but still they're working in less
prestigious jobs, are paid less and have fewer slots for advancement. Men continue to be the
choice in every work sector and are also offered more payment and chances for advancement. In
some societies women marry very young and much earlier than men, and this has a substantial
impact on women's chances to finding paid work and getting an education. Growth of male’s
migration for work has combined with unheeded conjugal arrangement to increase the portion of
women-headed households. Women from second and third world countries do an estimate of
2/3rd or even 3/4th of domestic services, according a study of three cities in South America
showed that women spend 45 hours per week on domestic work, while men spent 6 hours. The
genders also did different works; males mostly were shopping and transported the children to
school and females had the remainder of their work in homes The bifurcation between female-
and male-leaded houses always has an effect on every aspect of family life: the size of the
family, the composition of the family and how it is run; health care; having and raising children;
sources of income. As per the view of Nätti and et.al, (2014) A solo female head of house has
twice dependency - she has to be employed outside and earn a living and, simultaneously run a
home. It was the bi9g challenge for them to handle both these works. But they were having
capabilities to perform their duties well. Men are given preferences as in maximum working
environments, men are looked up and spoken to as they are dependable, punctual, and take less
leaves. All these properties of men make them first choice to be hired, giving women a hard
competition, and holding on domination in corporate world, or in any of the most employment
openings all throughout the world. Societies have been following these tendencies for big
amount of history and it is the norm in humans to let the men work more in corporate companies.
Whoever has the family name is usually listed as the head of household. Stereotypically, the
adult male will often automatically be looked up to be the head of the family even when the
women are economically and socially responsible for the family. Most female-led homes are,
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hence, also single-parents like households. Women are reported to get 25% less than men in
general. And its reason because of the kind of job(s) woman finds herself in. If a man happens to
do a female oriented job, he would be earning 12.5 percent less than his male counterparts. In a
work where management skills are needed to monitor a group of men a man manager would be
proven to be more effective because of same gender dependency. According to Rodenburg,
(2015) Women have restricted presence on boards of directors across the globe. It was creating
problem for them because they were not getting chance to share their views and innovative ideas
with their superior. Some times due to this they did not get promotional opportunities in office.
The share of female directors is between 40 percent in Norway, where to 21 percent in Sweden,
and to less than 2 percent in Gulf and Eastern countries.
As per views of Orange, Atwood and Stolorow, (2015) Advancement with time has
proven to be beneficial for a lot of women who can now work the same jobs as men but still the
serotype prevails for men's impact on work culture as men are more dependable to do jobs that
require going in the field for completing work and can be deployed in hard conditions. They
have been proving consistently to be better in coordination works and time
management/dependable. More importantly the chain of command always has a man at the
receiving end on most levels and the family's wealth is generally passed on to men in the family
giving them great power in world and ability to utilise this power at wish. Women are often
convinced to stay at home and work for matters as ego and men dominance. People working late
nights can rely on men to do the jobs at night for they have the capability and permission to stay
out in night and make available quality in time and maintain self-security and safety hence being
a less volatile asset to company. Biologically, men and women are having different needs for
health, and their lifestyle and duties ascribed towards society taken up from prevailing social and
followed pattern plays its part in the health picture. Men are more exposed to risks in jobs giving
them vulnerability to be a victim of occupational diseases, workplace mishaps, smoking, alcohol
and other forms of substance abuse. Men have higher cases of tumours and of cardiovascular
lesions and illness (the main causes of deaths of men). There are multiple of hypothetical
theories to sustain these phenomenons, varying from genetics and biological factors to
environment and social reasons. Men assume policies which would lead to positive impact. For
example, men observed that there is an effective process to mentor women that they see as a
positive programme to give rise in women's progression. Both men and women are seek all the
14

same prospects at place of work, that has well to do colleagues, similar views, voices and
opinions and challenges at work. Based on this experience, men are more likely to achieve the
work goals; women, on the other side, may go through work experience which creates a fading
sense of satisfaction.
Impact of having male members of staff in early year's setting on young children
As per the view of Marcus, (2015) attitude of men and women are changing in the society
related to society. There are many persons those who were thinking that men has more power to
women. It was the perception of society members that people are defined through the gender. If
the person is male then individual seems like important person in the family on other hand if it is
female them people do not involve them in decision making process and do not give power to
make any decision for own self. In the early period young male children were getting all
facilities that affect mind of female. Apart from this due to this preference male children become
so over confident and they started thinking to over rules the female persons. That is why at that
time period only male were working in the organization and female children were only doing
household work. That sometimes impact negative on the society because that created male
dominated society. Over the time this thinking of the society members get changed and now they
are involving girls in the decisions. Even now they are getting opportunities to continue their
studies and do jobs in the market. Sharpe, (2016) has stated that gender was perceived as one of
the essential aspect in the ancient time period. Male were working whereas female was not able
to do jobs.
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Illustration 1: Attitude to gender division of responsibilities from 1984-2012
Source: (Attitudes to gender roles: change over time , 2017)

As per the view of Orange, Atwood and Stolorow, (2015) in the mid of 1980 people have
changed their perception about the gender. Earlier they were giving pre-defined role and
responsibilities to male and female, where men was borned to work in the market or they had to
act as earning member of the family on other hand female had to take care of their families. But
after 1980 society members have changed their perspective. Men working was influencing the
society because they were looking at the results that female are much more capable and they are
able to take care of families with their jobs. So some men have started giving permission to their
ladies to work in the market. Jackson and et.al, (2016) has argued that in the 21st century people
were thinking that male and female both can be earning persons of the family and both income
can help them in living a happy life.
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
On the basis of above discussion it is concluded that men were given significant
importance over females in the families. It can be observed that in the past era entire decision
making power was in hands of males. In the family there was always an old man that take and
influence other family member’s decisions. It can be said that old society was male dominated
and no importance was given to the women’s. These things put heavy impact on life of the
women’s and they face discrimination in varied areas of the life. It can be said that life of women
was pathetic. Young male children were considered as essential part of family and whatever they
said was accepted word by word without thinking whether decisions taken by them are right or
wrong. All these things heavily damaged society to large extent. Thus, there was need to bring
16
Illustration 2: perception of women preferences
Source: (MEDIEVALGENDER, 201)

some improvements in the society. Time to time people come that try to make society aware
about the rights that must be given to the women. Unfortunately, such kind of things does not
work too much in that era and people face a lot of problems. Thus, it can be said that in the past
time period male were treated as role model and everyone was following their thoughts and
thinking to make decisions. Today, also there is very high need to make improvement in the
situation because conditions of women in many homes is still pathetic. As human being on the
ground of humanity they have some fundamental rights and same must be given to the women’s
so that control can be increased on harassment cases. It can be said that related entities must take
strong actions to improve the situation to great extent.
Perspectives for male and female were different in old stages as it can be observed that in
case of males full freedom of earning is given while to women there is no freedom of outside
earning. There are number of areas where discrimination was observed between men and women
like education. In past era it was common tendency that education was only given to the males
then females. Due to all these things women remain behind males. It was common perception
that if women will be educated then in that case same will be try to come equal to male and will
not listen it. All these things lead to creation of conflict between males and females. There is
need to make improvement in the situation because all these things are not good for society and
negatively affect it. Time to time many steps are taken by the society to improve the conditions
and under this many people advocate to providing rights to the women. It can be said that efforts
are made in right direction but there is need to take more steps to handle the condition.
In early years society was male centric and all their actions were considered correct even
same was wrong. In many nations like India people does not raise voice against male decision.
Means that if any head of the family which is male take decisions then there was no one that can
stop it from implementing wrong decisions. It can be said that there is strong need to bring
changes in the society. Reality is that with passage of time many changes comes in the society
and now there are many people and institutes that are taking conducting awareness programs to
make people aware about the fact that women must be respected and treat like human. This is
because they are also women and have their own rights. Thus, they cannot be ignored. Now
increasingly due priority is given to the women in the family decision making process. Now
women are included in the family decision making process which is good for them. Apart from
this, now increasingly women are involving more and more in the investment decisions.
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However, proportion of such kind of things is very low but it is expected that in upcoming time
period same will increase at rapid rate.
It is recommended that governments must lay down more emphasis on girl’s education.
This is because it is education that make them financially sound and give power to use logical
things to solve the problem. Education enable girl to earn some money in the market which help
them in standing at own feet’s. It can be said that education have due importance for girls and in
this regard government must promote more and more families to educate their girls so that it can
be ensured that no one will be able to control them and pressure cannot be built on them to do
certain tasks. Apart from this government can start women empowerment program and under this
it can directly contact with girls and can motivate them to stand for their right and support each
other. By doing so things can be made better and from childhood stage girls can be prepared to
fight for their rights. All these things will people make aware people about changes that they
must accept and need to be implemented for welfare of women in the nation.
18

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