Health Promotion Studies and Applications

This assignment provides an in-depth examination of health promotion studies and applications. It includes a list of references from various sources, including journals, books, and online resources. The assignments cover topics such as salutogenesis, health promotion outcomes, and the development of health promotion evaluation capacity. It also explores the use of theories like the Transtheoretical Model and the Social Model of Health in health promotion programs. The assignment is suitable for students who want to gain a deeper understanding of health promotion practices and strategies.

HEALTH PROMOTION

Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
1. Explaining Dahlgren and Whitehead’s 1992 “Determinants of Health Model”.....................1
2. Source of government on inequalities of health......................................................................2
3. Discussing possible reason for barriers in accessing healthcare by Tudor Harts concept of
“Inverse Care Law”.....................................................................................................................3
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................3
1. Defining and explaining two different models of health promotion used in contemporary
practice.........................................................................................................................................3
2. Two government health strategies for health education at regional level and analyses link
between them and one of model of health promotion.................................................................5
3. (a) Explaining role of health professional in health promotion...............................................6
(b) Discussing importance of routines in maintaining good health.............................................7
4 (a) Defining concept of 3 health belief in UK contemporary society.......................................7
(b) Relationship between Trans-theoretical model of health behaviour and health belief theory
with reference to example of health activity................................................................................8
(c) Discussing how different political belief influencing strategies for health promotion
strategies......................................................................................................................................9
5. (Group poster)........................................................................................................................10
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................10
REFERNCES.................................................................................................................................11

INTRODUCTION
All the people who are associated with health and social care need to know what and how
their patients would health will be affecting them. There are expected influences on health and
what are the reasons for varied success of health promotion campaigns and strategies at both
regional and national level. Health promotion would be referred to that process through the help
of which individuals are to develop awareness regarding their health and wellbeing. Many of
social and governmental organisations would be offering information regarding taking corrective
actions so that they could improve health of society and that of individual. So the current report
on health promotion is covering model of Determinants of health model and then government
sources which is reporting inequalities in health. Role of health professionals in health promotion
and importance of routines in maintaining good health is also to be included within this report.
TASK 1
1. Explaining Dahlgren and Whitehead’s 1992 “Determinants of Health Model”.
Determinants of health would be including all factors that are linked and associated with
health of individual that are influencing it like that of social, economic and physical environment
and person’s behaviour and characteristic. These are all included in Dahlgren and Whiteheads
1992 Determinants of Health model under which they have shown in their model according to
layers of influence on health (Edelman, Mandle and Kudzma, 2017). There are many health
inequalities within society in which all socioeconomic level would be connected with health of
individual person. Many of increasing health awareness issues is to be determined by social
factors like that of economic and environmental which is risking health of people.
Figure 1: Determinants of Health Model
[Source: Social Model of Health – Dahlgren & Whitehead, 2018]
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All these factors and determinants are been laid down in Rainbow Model of Dahlgren and
Whiteheads in year 1992 which is mapping relationship of individual person and their
environment and health issues as well. Under their model all individuals are been placed at
centre indicating individual-centric and then showing relationship between centre and all its
surrounding factors in this layer. In the first layer of model which covered personal behaviour
like that of mode of living that is either promoting or damaging health of person. Like if any
person in their daily routine is including intake of cigarette then it would generally be affecting
that individual’s health and others as well (Lindström, 2018). The coming layer is all social
factors which is influencing health like that of working conditions or house situations as well.
2. Source of government on inequalities of health.
Inequalities in health would be including factors which are not allowing person to have
adequate access to health and social care facilities due to that their health is not able to get
improved. There are many reports of government of UK which they are publishing from time to
time including factors and outcomes of inequality of health. Some of them are been discussed
under:
The Black Report 1980-
This report was published in year 1980 by Department of Health and Social Security of
UK government there was a committee headed by Sir Douglas Black who was expert in issues of
health inequality (Selvey and et.al, 2018). The report would be including to covering that overall
health is been improved from the time when government has introduced Welfare state but still
there are many inequalities of health. Major reason behind this inequality would be due to
instability within economic conditions of people so main finding was according to death rates. It
was analysed that death rate of men within social class 5th was thrice more than that of social
class 1st and gap between these are keep on increasing.
The Acheson Report 1988-
This report was introduced in year 1988 with the heading committee of Donald Acheson
which was given name of Independent Inquiry into Inequality in health report. Like the above
Black reports of 1980 this one also majorly focused on reason behind health inequality would be
that of gap between social classes. During time of 1970-1990 when morality trend was having
downward slope then also 1st class in society regarded to as upper social class was experiencing
rapid decline in morality death (Nolen and et,al, 2017). Under this report there were in total of 39
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policy which were suggesting within areas like that of taxation, agricultural and upgrading of
health discrepancy.
Marmot Report 2010-
This report which came in year 2010 includes not focusing on evidence of health issues
relating to social factors like the others but this was focusing on helping charities. This was
under Professor Sir Michael Marmot of University of London.
3. Discussing possible reason for barriers in accessing healthcare by Tudor Harts concept of
“Inverse Care Law”
Barriers in accessing healthcare within society would be including all factors that are not
allowing person to have access to amenities and facilities within health and social care sector
(Stigsdotter and et.al, 2017). So main or most common factor which is not allowing person to
have greater access to their health care facilities would be that of lack of resources like that of
funds or knowledge. If person is not having good communication skills or facilities then also
they are to lack access to social and health care. So this concept of barriers and their possible
reasons in access to healthcare would be included in Inverse Care law which is propounded by
Julian Tudor Hart in year 1974.
This Inverse Care Law is including that there is inverse relationship between number of
population and amount of good medical and social care within particular area and now is been
widely accepted in all around world. Under this law Tudor included that if this health care is
treated like that of a commodity for example that of Champagne then it is like rich people is
getting more and poor is getting less of it (The Inverse Care Law, 2018). This law is more argued
with having its key issue like that of health inequality which is also included by Frank Dobson.
He included that this type of disparity is most dangerous of all in which person who is poor
would be knowing that he is about to die due to not having good care of. So lack of resources
mostly that of money or access to fund is the most common among all which is also dangerous
for those who are not getting adequate money to fund their health problems.
TASK 2
1. Defining and explaining two different models of health promotion used in contemporary
practice.
These models would be helping the practitioners in health and social care sector in
promoting all health related problems and issues could be included and barriers need to be
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resolved. The models and theories would be supporting all kinds of practice within health care
promotion and prevention of all diseases to identify, develop and implement all behaviour of
health. There are range of factors which is considered in order to guide health promotion and
prevention of diseases like that of population and specified health issue which is to be addressed.
Ecological model-
This model would be including all such factors like that of health problems into and
around level and their interaction or interdependence as well (Berkley-Patton and et.al, 2018).
Interaction of all people with their range of problems or environment within which they are
living including physical and sociocultural. There are various levels which is having influence of
health behaviour like that of:
Figure 2: Ecological model
[Source: The Transtheoretical Model, 2018]
 Intrapersonal factor- these are those which include belief and knowledge of person and
then its behaviour.
 Interpersonal- factors like that of communication with other person and providing social
support.
 Institutional and organisational- which includes factors like rules, policies and
regulations that are barriers in promoting health.
 Community- like that of social norms which are to be included within groups and
organisations.
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 Public policy- involves federal and local policies with is regulating health and prevention
of disease.
The Health Belief model-
Figure 3: The Health Belief model
[Source: The Transtheoretical Model, 2018]
One of the major model guiding health care and prevention of diseases this helps in
predicting individual changes in health behaviours of individuals. There are many types of belief
which are to be included within this model like that of belief, predictions and factors impacting
health related behaviours of person. There are many threats of individuals which are been
perceived by them like that of sickness, consequence, positive benefit of action and that of self-
efficacy.
2. Two government health strategies for health education at regional level and analyses link
between them and one of model of health promotion.
Government is having very important role to play at time of promoting health education
whether at local, regional or national level as they are the one who could bring out major changes
with their strategies having authority or power to do so (Lake and Rhynders, 2018). They need to
plan, implement and control all health related issues whether mental or physical so that health
education would be given to them are regional level as well. Strategic planning would be
including directions set in accordance with objectives representing commitment of government
in assuring good health for all residents.
Washington county public health strategic plan-
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This plan is having two versions for the year 2017-2023 aimed at making commitment
for government so that they could assure health to all people. This plan would be made or
formulated to achieve improvement in crucial areas of public health. The plan is focusing on two
major areas of health care promotion which are continuous quality improvement and that of
providing provisions of service and activity in meeting community needs (Clark and et.al, 2017).
Strategy plan is helping in increasing cross program initiative so that all partners of community
are too worked more effectively.
Public health England Strategic plan-
Under this planning which is aiming at 4 years to achieve key action plans in coming
years setting on how could organisation could protect and improve health of public and reduced
in disparity of health. This is done with help of local government and NHS with having priority
on heath and care systems of people.
3. (a) Explaining role of health professional in health promotion.
Health care professional could be those who are working in health and social care
organisations providing quality and access to promote health and prevent diseases. They have to
play very important role to be played at the time when they are promoting health care and
prevention of disease as well. As health professionals need to deliver health care services to all
suffering individuals, families and communities as well which is based on their major healthcare
approaches. Health promotion would be including educating and helping individuals to know
about their issues related to health and to promote awareness among them all (Rosas and Knight,
2018). There are many professionals working in health care sector and all of them are having
variety of role to be played in promoting health awareness.
Doctors- they would be having more wider knowledge in field of health and social care so their
role is greater than that of any other. They help in determining the problem which individual is
having allowing them to help family member in analysing need and want of patients as well.
Nurses- they are much closer to patients than any other person in within health and social care
sector as they are providing much crucial support to them. With intention of servicing them,
physical care, medication and providing advice to family and patients as well.
Social workers- they spread greater and higher amount of education in field of health and social
care which could be called to as promoting health awareness among people. Social workers
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would be adjusting changes in experience of patients with supporting family members so that
they could be having knowledge of illness as well.
(b) Discussing importance of routines in maintaining good health.
In today's life culture, the body is constantly being worn out and liable to thrown out of
balance. Routine provides a sense of structure and familiarity. Structure is a perfect way of
organising the daily life so that it makes sense. To maintain the health some activities which
should be conducted in daily routine are as according:-
1. Increase efficiency – a routine is something that does over and over again, specially
making it a habit. Once it will become a habit no need to think about it.
2. Builds momentum – for build up a perfect momentum, routine activity must have done
every day, even if it is just a little.
3. Routine helps to become good at things – developing a routine will also help to become
faster and more adept at what to do each and every day (Clark and et.al, 2017). For
example if anyone constantly practises martial arts, he/she will become a better martial
artist.
4. Saves work on the back end – routinely doing something will help save tons of hassles
and work later on when it piles up.
5. Decrease stress level - a better routine will also help to reduce stress level. It leads to
improve mental health and more time relax and less anxiety.
6. Better work performance – think about it that the benefit of healthy routine is help to
increase efficiency and increase better work performance.
4 (a) Defining concept of 3 health belief in UK contemporary society
Health beliefs could be categorised as behavioural change in health due to predicting and
explaining changes in health related behaviours as regard to service which they intake. This
model was first developed in year 1950 in USA public health service and was developed in
response to free Tuberculosis. After this model is been used in various long and short term health
behaviours like that of sexual risk behaviour and transmission of HIV or AIDS (Gough and et.al,
2018). Like the perceived belief in regard to use of condoms with UK which is contemporary
one would be like that of:
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1. If the person is tended to use condoms while having sexual intercourse then he/she would
be feeling that they could avoid negative health conditions like that of HIV or AIDS.
2. He/she is having positive expectation that by taking this they could avoid all negative
impact.
3. He/she is to successfully taking recommendation of health action with use of condoms
they are comfortable.
These are 3 belief in terms of using condoms at time of sexual intercourse under this
Health Belief Model it could be includes terms of 4 constructing threats and benefits. There is
majorly three areas which is to be identified prevention of health behaviour, sick roles behaviour
and clinic use.
(b) Relationship between Trans-theoretical model of health behaviour and health belief theory
with reference to example of health activity.
Trans-theoretical model of health behaviour would be including changes in behaviour of
human health at time of six stages like that of pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation,
action, maintenance and termination.
Figure 4: Trans-theoretical model
[Source: The Transtheoretical Model, 2018]
Thus this model would be using to change all stages of behaviour in order to integrate
powerful principle and process of modification from all counselling theories. There are many
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types of changes which are seen within these stages and each of them is intended to reduce
resistance, progress and preventing relapse (Nichols and et.al, 2018). This theory is much more
linked with health belief theory in accordance with any human activity related to health only like
for example smoking.
Pre-contemplation stage- at this stage of any activities person is not ready to take any kind of
action as they are not been informed about ill effect of intake of smoking in regular life. This
includes Health belief model that if resistant and unmotivated to take up any kind of measure in
coming 6 months.
Contemplation- this stage comes when after getting informed person would be ready or intended
to take changes in coming next 6 months. As person becomes aware of what risk is been
involved with smoking cigarette is and how would they be benefitted by change in behaviour.
This may be characterised as where they are not actually ready for traditional and expecting to do
immediately.
Preparation- at this stage person would be very active to take actions in future which are in
coming 1 month. They would be choosing to start taking some strong actions in way of quitting
smoking like consulting any counsellor who would be helping them or taking self-change
approach as well. In way of health belief model they would recruiting themselves with action
oriented programs.
Action- under this people is able to make specified changes over their lifestyle during the past 6
months and action which they have taken is also observed by others. Like in case of smoking
there is reduced in number of cigarettes per day bases or taking low nicotine cigarettes.
Maintenance- this is when they have maintained their reduced or not taking up of cigarettes for
over 6 months and increasing amount of confidence within them. In a study which was based on
self-efficacy in 1990 it was analysed that after 12 months of not taking smoking 43% of
individual is taken up regular smoking and after 5 years of this only 7% of them started (The
Transtheoretical Model, 2018).
(c) Discussing how different political belief influencing strategies for health promotion
strategies.
Promotion of health related activities would all be that influenced by political power and
belief as they are the one who use to fund various health promotion plans and it would also be
suggesting shift in power. This concept of health promotion is been used from coming few years
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and adopted by international association of WHO which defines it as procedure of helping
people to increase control over improved health (Nichols and et.al, 2018). under the theory of
health which is more or less related to concept of polities in number of ways including:
 As there some community or social group which is having more of resources in sence of
health care than that of others having it which is regarded to as neo liberal economic
system.
 All the social determinants of health is changeable only if there is intervention of political
power within this health and social care so it is depended on action of political parties
only.
 The standard of living for health and welll being which is as per all citizens who are
living in country and political struggle.
So these would be included within context of political power all health and well being of
humans who are been living within area of political influence.
5. (Group poster)
CONCLUSION
Towards the end of this health promotion assessment it was concluded that there are
many reports form time to time like that of Black Report in 1980 which is showing results of
health promotional activities of government.
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REFERNCES
Books and Journals:
Berkley-Patton, J, and et.al, 2018. Identifying health conditions, priorities, and relevant
multilevel health promotion intervention strategies in African American churches: A faith
community health needs assessment. Evaluation and program planning. 67(C). pp.19-28.
Clark, B, and et.al, 2017. Changes in sitting time after a real-world workplace health promotion
program. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. 20, p.e4.
Clark, B, and et.al, 2017. Changes in sitting time after a real-world workplace health promotion
program. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. 20. p.e4.
Edelman, C.L., Mandle, C.L. and Kudzma, E.C., 2017. Health Promotion Throughout the Life
Span-E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences.
Gough, A, and et.al, 2018. The Fountain of Health: effective health promotion knowledge
transfer in individual primary care and group community-based formats. International
Psychogeriatrics, pp.1-8.
Lake, D.M. and Rhynders, P., 2018. Preliminary evaluation of an adolescent positive health
measurement scale: a salutogenic health promotion approach. Global health promotion,
p.1757975918757703.
Lindström, B., 2018. What does the world look like with health promotion outcomes through
salutogenesis.
Nichols, N, and et.al, 2018. Skills, systems and supports: An Aboriginal Community Controlled
Health Service (Apunipima) approach to building health promotion evaluation capacity of
staff. Health Promotion Journal of Australia.
Nolen, S.L, and et,al, 2017. Theory Based Development and Beta Testing of a Smartphone
Prototype App Developed as an Oral Health Promotion Tool to Influence Ealry Choldhood
Caries. Journal of Dental Hygiene. 91(5).
Rosas, S. and Knight, E., 2018. Evaluating a complex health promotion intervention: case
application of three systems methods. Critical Public Health, pp.1-16.
Selvey, L.A, and et.al, 2018. Challenges facing Asian sex workers in Western Australia:
implications for health promotion and support services. Frontiers in Public Health. 6. p.171.
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Stigsdotter, U.K, and et.al, 2017. Forest design for mental health promotion—Using perceived
sensory dimensions to elicit restorative responses. Landscape and Urban Planning. 160.
pp.1-15.
Online:
Models of health promotion. 2018. [Online]. Accessed through: <http://health.tki.org.nz/Key-
collections/Curriculum-in-action/Making-Meaning/Socio-ecological-perspective/Defining-
health-promotion/Models-of-health-promotion>.
Social Model of Health – Dahlgren & Whitehead. 2018. [Online]. Accessed through:
<http://www.nwci.ie/download/pdf/determinants_health_diagram.pdf>.
The Inverse Care Law. 2018. [Online]. Accessed through: <http://isecn.org/2012/11/04/the-
inverse-care-law-by-julian-tudor-hart/>.
The Transtheoretical Model. 2018. [Online]. Accessed through:
<https://www.prochange.com/transtheoretical-model-of-behavior-change>.
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