Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Studies

This assignment presents a compilation of research papers and studies related to the effectiveness of influenza vaccines. The documents cover various aspects of vaccine efficacy, including live attenuated and inactivated vaccines in children and adults, as well as high-dose vaccines for elderly adults. Other topics explored include the impact of vaccination during pregnancy, the free vaccination policy in Beijing, China, and the use of topical imiquimod before intradermal trivalent influenza vaccine. The studies also examine the pooled effectiveness estimates for Australia from 2012 to 2014 and discuss the survey of distribution of seasonal influenza vaccine doses worldwide. This compilation provides valuable insights into the development and implementation of effective influenza vaccines.

Influenza Vaccine

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
MAIN BODY...................................................................................................................................3
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................4
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................5

INTRODUCTION
Influenza is generally known as flu, which is infectious disease and caused by influenza
virus. Influenza vaccine protects an individual from getting flu which can be viral for respiratory
system and it can create serious complications (Diaz Granados and et. al, 2014). This assignment
will focus on PICO model.
MAIN BODY
The pico question is “What is the level of risk of developing pneumonia during flu
season among people who use influenza vaccine as compared to individuals who do not
receive vaccine of influenza”?
Patient 65 years old
Interventions Use of the influenza vaccine
Comparison Who do not receive influenza vaccine
Outcomes Risk of getting pneumonia
Influenza is respiratory illness which is caused by influenza virus. This flu is highly
contagious which can spread by sneezes and coughs of infected person (Black and et. al., 2015).
According to given scenario, the patient having age of 65 years or above did not taken influenza
vaccine then there are major chances to get suffered from pneumonia during seasonal time
(Groom And et. al., 2016). The individuals who prefer to gain influenza vaccine on time then
they can develop strong immunity for flu as well as pneumonia in order to avoid the same for
remaining healthy (Kissling and Valenciano, 2016).
Prevention for this virus is very essential to avoid health risks. Commonly influenza
spread during seasonal period and which can be prevented by taking vaccination every year
(Belongia and et. al., 2016). However, the flu antiviral drugs can also be used because it can
prevent flu and some preventive measures like avoiding close contact with people who are
already infected with influenza virus (Flannery and et. al., 2015). Meanwhile, the sick
individuals is required to stay at home as sickness of flu can be increased and there are chances

to get attack by influenza virus (Lv and et. al., 2016). Moreover, covering mouth and nose is
essential while coughing and sneezing because it helps to prevent risk of flu as well as
pneumonia (Pierse and et. al., 2016). Additionally, maintaining hygiene is very important such
as washing hands and good health habits as they can reduce risk of getting influenza infection
(Wilkinson and et. al., 2017).
In this case, people who are not vaccinated with influenza vaccine has major risk of get
infected by flu, pneumonia and other respiratory illness as compared to those individuals who
have taken vaccine against the same (Domnich and et. al., 2017). It consist the fact that an
Influenza vaccination plays an important role for decreasing overall mortality rate which has
been cause due to influenza infection in both young as well as older people (Hung and et. al.,
2016). However, Influenza vaccine helps in producing antibodies against which helps people to
avoid the problem of flu and pneumonia (Skowronski and et. al., 2014). People who did not get
influenza vaccine are more likely to develop flu which can caused pneumonia later (Sullivan and
et. al., 2016). Human body is required antibodies which can provide immunity against any
particular disease for maintain proper health condition (Palache and et. al., 2017). It has been
analysed that mortality rate will be more in case of those individuals who are not vaccinated with
Influenza vaccine (Kumar and et., 2016).
People who are old and they are not getting vaccinated every year then they are at high
risks of major flu complications such as respiratory disease and pneumonia (Sano and et. al.,
2017). It will responsible for creating several complexities for health and there are chances that
person may die (Andrews and et. al., 2015).
CONCLUSION
The above assignment has been concluded that an influenza infection is a kind of flu
which can cause risk of pneumonia and other respiratory diseases (Caspard and et. al., 2016).
Pico model explained above contains patient's problem, interventions, comparison between
vaccinated & unvaccinated individuals and the outcomes due to not getting vaccination person
can develop pneumonia (Erbelding and et. al., 2018).

REFERENCES
Books and Journals
DiazGranados, C. A. and et. al, 2014. Efficacy of high-dose versus standard-dose influenza
vaccine in older adults. New England Journal of Medicine. 371(7). pp.635-645.
Flannery, B. and et. al., 2015. Early estimates of seasonal influenza vaccine effectiveness—
United States, January 2015. MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report, 64(1),
p.10.
Skowronski, D. M. and et. al., 2014. Low 2012–13 influenza vaccine effectiveness associated
with mutation in the egg-adapted H3N2 vaccine strain not antigenic drift in circulating
viruses. PloS one. 9(3). p.e92153.
Belongia, E. A. and et. al., 2016. Variable influenza vaccine effectiveness by subtype: a
systematic review and meta-analysis of test-negative design studies. The Lancet
Infectious Diseases. 16(8). pp.942-951.
Pebody, R. and et. al., 2015. Effectiveness of seasonal influenza vaccine in preventing
laboratory-confirmed influenza in primary care in the United Kingdom: 2014/15 end of
season results. Eurosurveillance. 20(36).
Zimmerman, R. K. and et. al., 2016. 2014–2015 Influenza vaccine effectiveness in the United
States by vaccine type. Clinical Infectious Diseases, p.ciw635.
Caspard, H. and et. al., 2016. Effectiveness of live attenuated influenza vaccine and inactivated
influenza vaccine in children 2–17 years of age in 2013–2014 in the United States.
Vaccine. 34(1). pp.77-82.
Erbelding, E. J. and et. al., 2018. A universal influenza vaccine: the strategic plan for the
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. The Journal of infectious diseases.
218(3). pp.347-354.
Kissling, E. and Valenciano, M., 2016. Early influenza vaccine effectiveness results 2015-16: I-
MOVE multicentre case-control study. Eurosurveillance. 21(6).
Wilkinson, K. and et. al., 2017. Efficacy and safety of high-dose influenza vaccine in elderly
adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Vaccine. 35(21). pp.2775-2780.
Kumar, D. and et., 2016. Randomized controlled trial of adjuvanted versus nonadjuvanted
influenza vaccine in kidney transplant recipients. Transplantation. 100(3). pp.662-669.
Groom, H.C. And et. al., 2016. Influenza vaccination during pregnancy: influenza seasons 2002–
2012, Vaccine Safety Datalink. American journal of preventive medicine. 50(4). pp.480-
488.
Lv, M. and et. al., 2016. The free vaccination policy of influenza in Beijing, China: The vaccine
coverage and its associated factors. Vaccine. 34(18). pp.2135-2140.
Pierse, N. and et. al., 2016. Influenza vaccine effectiveness for hospital and community patients
using control groups with and without non-influenza respiratory viruses detected,
Auckland, New Zealand 2014. Vaccine. 34(4). pp.503-509.

Hung, I. F. N. and et. al., 2016. Topical imiquimod before intradermal trivalent influenza vaccine
for protection against heterologous non-vaccine and antigenically drifted viruses: a
single-centre, double-blind, randomised, controlled phase 2b/3 trial. The Lancet
infectious diseases. 16(2). pp.209-218.
Sullivan, S.G. and et. al., 2016. Pooled influenza vaccine effectiveness estimates for Australia,
2012–2014. Epidemiology & Infection. 144(11). pp.2317-2328.
Palache, A. and et. al., 2017. Survey of distribution of seasonal influenza vaccine doses in 201
countries (2004–2015): The 2003 World Health Assembly resolution on seasonal
influenza vaccination coverage and the 2009 influenza pandemic have had very little
impact on improving influenza control and pandemic preparedness. Vaccine. 35(36).
pp.4681-4686.
Sano, K. and et. al., 2017. The road to a more effective influenza vaccine: Up to date studies and
future prospects. Vaccine. 35(40). pp.5388-5395.