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HBPH1 - Influenza Vaccine Research Paper

15 Pages3745 Words81 Views
   

University of New England

   

Medicine (HBPH1)

   

Added on  2020-03-04

About This Document

This paper deals with the literature review of the Influenza vaccine. In response to viral infection, the vaccination developed against it is discussed. A thorough literature review is performed to discuss the discovery of the vaccine and its format. This paper also highlights the side effects of the vaccination. The impact of vaccination on various disease rates has been discussed. Further research in this area and improvement in the vaccine formulation has been comprehensively discussed.

HBPH1 - Influenza Vaccine Research Paper

   

University of New England

   

Medicine (HBPH1)

   Added on 2020-03-04

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Running Head: INFLUENZAInfluenzaName of the StudentName of the University Author Note
HBPH1 - Influenza Vaccine Research Paper_1
1INFLUENZAIntroductionThe paper deals with the literature review of the Influenza vaccine. In response to viralinfection, the vaccination developed against it is discussed. A through literature review isperformed to discuss the discovery of vaccine and its format. The paper also highlights the sideeffects of the vaccination. The impact of the vaccination on various disease rates has beendiscussed. Further research in this area and improvement in the vaccine formulation has beencomprehensively discussed. Influenza- disease detailsInfluenza is an infectious disease also known as flu that effects the respiratory system.Influenza viruses are the RNA virus, of Orthomyxoviridae family, which affects the birds andmammals. This infection is characterised by the symptoms including severe headache, musclepain, coughing, sore throat, chills, fever and fatigue. It is typically transmitted by direct contactwith contaminated surfaces, bird droppings, and nasal secretions and is transmitted by air viavirus containing aerosols, sneezes, and coughing. The mode of transmission is not absolutelyclear. However, airborne aerosols are mostly responsible for infections in majority of cases.There are three types of Influenza viruses that are known to infect humans. It includes influenzaA, B and C. The most common circulating types of influenza viruses are A and B. People withweakened immunity, elderly and young children are prone to this infection. They are thusclassified as high risk population. Death due to influenza occurs in seasonal epidemics and resultin 3-5 million cases according to WHO. Each year 250000–500000 deaths due to influenza arereported globally (Soema et al., 2015).
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2INFLUENZAThere are number of tests available to diagnose influenza. It includes serology, vialculture, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, rapid antigen testing, rapid molecularassays and immunofluoresence assays. The results of these diagnostic tests should be evaluatedin reference to other epidemiological and clinical data accessible by the heath care providers.Even in case of negative results, the infection may still persist. The accurate testing seems to bereverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, for detecting the viral RNA (Vemula et al.,2016). Influenza vaccine Vaccines are the effective way to prevent the seasonal and pandemic flu effects. Publicacceptance to the vaccination has been found to be moderate inspite of its efficacy in reducingthe mortality and morbidity. Vaccination is important to eliminate the serious consequences ofthe viral infection including pneumonia, bronchitis, secondary bacterial infections,cardiovascular infections and acute respiratory distress. These complications may lead to death ifleft untreated and scientific studies have revealed that it remains a global threat to this day(Darvishian et al. 2014). The effectiveness of the viral vaccine depends on the age and health of the patients andvaries from season to season. Its efficacy also depends on the match of the antigens on thevaccine strains with that of the circulating strains. However, the exact method to determine theefficacy of vaccine effectiveness is debateable (Simonsen et al. 2007). Public perceives that theillness caused by the Influenza virus is similar to the illness caused by the respiratory pathogens.Since it appears to be similar disease, the public perceive that vaccination would be ineffectiveconsequently reducing its uptake by the patients. It is necessary to know the relative
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3INFLUENZAcontributions of the influenza and other respiratory infections to “influenza like illness”. Thisdata must be collected in the context of older community-dwelling adults (Van Beek et al.,2017). The burden of infection and preventing it becomes more challenging with the secondarybacterial infections. The immune response to the vaccination decrease with the age due toimmunosenescence (Haq & McElhaney, 2014). A lower antibody response in older people (65years or more) is observed when compared to younger adults. In order to reduce the burden ofdisease, there is need of developing influenza vaccine that will offer enhanced immunogenicityin older patients. One of the effective means to increase the immunogenicity is to target efficientintradermal vaccination route (Holland et al. 2008). This will ensure best outcomes in thevulnerable population. The format of the vaccine According to Soema et al., (2015) the current influenza vaccine are trivalentformulations, which contain inactivated influenza antigens. These vaccines are derived from twoinfluenza A strains and one influenza B strain. Recently,quadrivalent influenza vaccines havejoined this formulations containing an additional strain of influenza B. The first strain is A(H1N1): an A/Michigan/45/2015 (H1N1)pdm09 - like virus. It is the new strain different fromthat developed in 2016. The other A strain (H3N2) is A/Hong Kong/4801/2014 (H3N2) - likevirus. The first B strain is like B/Brisbane/60/2008 virus and the second B strain is likeB/Phuket/3073/2013 virus that is added to make the formulation quadrivalent. The four vaccines are as follows-1.Fluarix®Tetra (GSK)- administered to 3 years old and above
HBPH1 - Influenza Vaccine Research Paper_4

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