Networking Basics LAN Architecture Report 2022

Networking Basics
LAN Architecture
8/26/2019

Table of Contents
Introduction......................................................................................................................................2
OSI Model.......................................................................................................................................3
Comparison of OSI and TCP/IP......................................................................................................6
Protocols for each layer of OSI model............................................................................................7
Comparative analysis of Media Types............................................................................................9
Summary........................................................................................................................................10
Conclusion.....................................................................................................................................11
References......................................................................................................................................12
1

Introduction
The LAN is a combination of multiple devices that are connected internally with the help of
some medium and this medium can be a wired or a wireless connection. In the wired connection,
network cables are used to connect different LAN devices with NIC or Network Interface Card.
In this report, a new LAN architecture will be designed in order to renovate the School of
Electronic and Electrical Engineering. There has been a partial renovation done and now there is
a requirement of wireless connectivity in every floor. This report will also discuss the OSI
architecture for the new connectivity and the comparison with TCP/IP will also be done. The
working of the protocols will be discussed along with a comparative analysis for the
connectivity.
2

OSI Model
Interoperability
Open System Interconnection or OSI model is a conceptual model that is used to define and
providing the standards of the functioning of the computing as well as telecommunication
systems. The main objective of the OSI is achieving the Interoperability by the usage of the
standards by using various communication methods.
History
OSI model was introduced in late 1970’s and it was developed by ISO or International
Organisations for Standardization. Majority of communication or network devices could not
communicate and work together as there was no set of protocols nor any common standards.
That is why ISO decided to define different networking standards by which the equipments of
networking and telecommunication from various vendors can work together and will be more
compatible with each other.
Functionality of OSI
There are seven networking layers in the model of OSI and they are also interdependent. Every
layer present in that model is given service by its below layer and this below layer will serve its
above layer. A proper visualization is given below:
 7th Layer (Application Layer)
This is the seventh layer of OSI and it is familiar with the name of application layer. This
layer supports the various processes for the use of end-users or different application that
will be used by School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering [1]. Some of the tasks
like user authentication, privacy, services and data syntax happen in this layer.
 6th Layer (Presentation layer)
This layer is also known as Syntax layer that usually converts the data in a readable form
that the application layer can understand. Proper formatting along with data encryption
are done and sent to the entire network.
 5th Layer (Session Layer)
3

This layer is responsible for the initiation and termination of the connection of various
applications. Session layer helps to establish a communication to the remote systems with
a flow of data. Telnet, SQL, SNMP are used as protocols in this layer.
 4th Layer (Transport Layer)
In this layer, the data transfer process is carried out via packets and these will have to be
error free and with a proper sequence. This layer will include SPX, TCP and different
firewalls.
 3rd Layer (Network Layer)
The process of the communication is determined by this layer and this happens in the
same network or in other network as well. This is carried out by packet forwarding as
well as routing. For example, AppleTalk DDP, IPX are used.
 2nd Layer (Data Link layer)
This layer does the coding as well as decoding the different data packets. In other words,
it ensures the communication between the physical layers along with the network layer.
There are two parts; those are MAC layer and LLC layer [2]. The working of this layer
includes ATM, Frame relay, PPP, IEEE 802.5 etc.
 1st Layer (Physical Layer)
Physical layer is the lowest layer that is present in the OSI model. The responsibility of
Physical layer is to ensure the various physical assets such as hardware, patch panels and
other assets.
4

Figure 1: OSI layered architecture
(Source: Created by learner)
5

Comparison of OSI and TCP/IP
Figure 2: Diagrammatic Comparison
Figure 3: Layer by layer comparison of OSI and TCP/IP
6

Key comparison between OSI model and TCP/IP of a network
 TCP/IP is the client server model and in this case, when a client requests any service, the
service is delivered by the server. However, the OSI model is a conceptual framework.
 TCP/IP is associated with a standard protocol that is used by majority of networks that
also includes the Internet. But OSI is a kind of reference model by which the system
architecture is understood and this could not be possible with a specific protocol.
 The OSI model is a seven layer model whereas TCP/IP is based on four layers [3].
 Vertical approach is followed by the TCP/IP but the OSI model follows horizontal
approach.
 OSI model is not tangible whereas TCP/IP is a tangible model.
 Top to bottom approach is being followed by TCP/IP but the OSI generally go for
bottom-up approach.
Protocols for each layer of OSI model
The protocols of OSI model works together in a hierarchical form and it starts with physical
layer and ends in application layer. The total number of layers is seven within this model. Data
are received by every layer from its upper layer. Data will contain a header and then it gets
forwarded to the next layer as per the convenience. Each of the headers will include information
like protocol used, destination addresses, sequences, and other communicative data.
The OSI protocols that are used in each of the seven layers of OSI Model are discussed below:
 Physical layer (First layer)
The responsibility of this layer is to deal with different hardware devices of the new
architecture like cabling or network equipments. Majority of protocols are used in this
layer such as Bluetooth, DSL, PON, IEEE 802.11 and many others. However, in this new
wireless architecture that will be available in all the floors will use IEEE 802.11 protocol
for the transmission of data [4]. Data link layer (second layer)
The data in this layer is received from the first layer or physical layer and it gets
compiled into a frame with a transformation. The common protocols that are used in this
layer are ARP, HDLC, PPP, IEEE 802.3, ATM and many more. As this LAN architecture
7

will use wireless networking, the data link layer of the OSI will use the IEEE 802.2
standards. Network Layer (Third layer)
The network layer is the crucial layer present within OSI model that performs the
transferring of data along with its processing in the various nodes. The devices that are
used in this layer are different routers and switches. The various protocols that are
follows includes IPv4, IPv6, IPX and many more. In this network architecture, IPv4
protocol will be used in order to set up the wireless network up to fifth floor. Transport layer (Fourth layer)
It has two different modes of communication, those are connectionless and connection
oriented and these are used for transmitting data. In this network architecture of LAN
connection, TCP will be used [5] . Session Layer (Fifth layer)
This layer is responsible for developing a session for the nodes of source and destination.
The session gets terminated after the completion of the transmission of data. NetBIOS
protocol will used in this new network architecture within this layer. Presentation layer (Sixth layer)
All types of encryption and decryption and its functionalities are defined within
presentation layer. The data converted into readable format for the application layer and
SSL protocol will be used in the network architecture in all the floors. Application layer (Seventh layer)
This layer is responsible for the interacting with various user applications. File transfer
and QOS are the main services of application layer. The protocols that will be used in this
layer for this net network architecture is HTTP. HTTP will be used for sending the
requests to the main server [6].
8

Comparative analysis of Media Types
Different types of communication media those are suitable for establishing the new network:
There is a requirement of wired connection along with a wireless connectivity for the new
network. Cable media will do the job for the connecting all the PCs and Workstations together.
Twisted pair cable will be used and it has two types UTP and STP [7]. The twisted cables are a
combination of pairs of copper cables with various rates of frequency band. The frequency
bandwidths that will be used in this network are discussed below:
Type Bandwidth Supported technologies
5 100 MHz (100 Base- Tx) 100 Mbps
Ethernet
5e 100 Mhz (100 Base- Tx) and (1000 Base-
T)
For completing the connections, the cable connector that will be used is Registered Jack 45 or
commonly called RJ 45. Moreover, different Switches and Wireless routers will be placed at
every floor and they will be connected to a common HUB.
Comparative analysis of the media types
Category Max length Speed Cost
UTP 100 metre Maximum 1000
mbps
Minimum 10 mbps
Least expensive
STP 100 metre Maximum 100
mbps
Minimum 10 mbps
More expensive
Coaxial Thicknet – 500
metre
Thinnet – 185
metre
Maximum 100
mbps
Minimum 10 mbps
More expensive
than UTP
OFC Up to 10km Min – 100 Mbps Quite Expensive
9

Max- 100 Gbps [8]
Summary
In this report, the discussion of the OSI model and its protocols for the network architecture of
School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering has been developed. Diagrammatic
representation of the OSI layers and TCP/IP has been also shown in this report. Overall protocols
that will be used by the OSI have been discussed in this report. Suitable Medias are also
suggested for the new network along with its comparison.
10

Conclusion
This report has the discussion of the different layers of OSI model and its functionality. The
comparison has been done between the OSI model and the TCP/IP along with the layer by layer
mapping. The protocols that will be used in those layers are also discussed in this report.
Moreover, various network Medias are suggested for the renovation for the School of Electronic
and Electrical Engineering.
11

References
[1] Ardalan, Sasan H., and David E. Van Den Bout. "Remote access to electronic meters
using a TCP/IP protocol suite." U.S. Patent 6,396,839, issued May 28, 2002.
[2] Colin, Jean-Yves, Hervé Mathieu, and Moustafa Nakechbandi. "A proposal for an open
logistics interconnection reference model for a Physical Internet." In 2016 3rd
International Conference on Logistics Operations Management (GOL), pp. 1-6. IEEE,
2016.
[3] Miller, Vincent. "New media, networking and phatic culture." Convergence 14, no. 4
(2008): 387-400.
[4] Salman, Tara, and Raj Jain. "Networking protocols and standards for internet of
things." Internet of Things and Data Analytics Handbook (2015) 7 (2015).
[5] Smith, F. Donelson, Félix Hernández Campos, Kevin Jeffay, and David Ott. "What
TCP/IP protocol headers can tell us about the web." In ACM SIGMETRICS Performance
Evaluation Review, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 245-256. ACM, 2001.
[6] Sova, Oleg Y., Valery A. Romanyuk, Anton V. Romanyuk, Oleksandr I. Lysenko, and
Inga V. Uryadnikova. "Hierarchical model of decision acceptance in intelligent manet
control system." Science & Military, Armed Forces Academy of General Milan Rastislav
Stefanik, Liptovskiy Mikulas 1 (2016): 14-20.
[7] Stevens, W. Richard. TCP/IP illustrated vol. I: the protocols. Pearson Education India,
1994.
[8] Wang, Quan, and Jin Jiang. "Comparative examination on architecture and protocol of
industrial wireless sensor network standards." IEEE Communications Surveys &
Tutorials 18, no. 3 (2016): 2197-2219.
12