Indirect Tax Report

This report delves into the intricacies of indirect taxation, specifically focusing on Value Added Tax (VAT). It covers VAT registration requirements, calculations of input and output VAT for different classifications, penalties for non-compliance, and the impact of VAT on an organization's cash flow and financial forecasts. The report also examines the implications of changes in VAT legislation on recording systems and explores various VAT schemes for reporting purposes.

Indirect Tax

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
1. 1 Source of information on VAT.............................................................................................1
1.2 an organisation should interact with the relevant government agency..................................1
1 . 4 Information that must be included on business documentation of VAT registered
businesses.....................................................................................................................................2
1 .5 VAT schemes required for reporting purposes.....................................................................2
1 . 6 Be aware about relevant changes of legislation and codes of practices..............................3
TASK 2 ...........................................................................................................................................4
2 . 1 Extraction of Data from the accounting system...................................................................4
2 . 2 Calculation of input and output for various VAT classifications........................................5
2 . 3 Calculating VAT due to/from the relevant tax authority.....................................................8
2 . 4 Submission of VAT return & associated payment under statutory time limits ..................8
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................8
3.1 Implications and Penalties for an organisation resulting from failure to abide by VAT
regulations....................................................................................................................................8
3.2 Adjustments and Declarations for any errors or omissions identified in previous VAT
periods..........................................................................................................................................9
TASK 4 .........................................................................................................................................10
4 . 1 Impact that the VAT payment may have on an organisation’s cash flow and financial
forecasts.....................................................................................................................................10
4 . 2 Changes in VAT legislation which would have an effect on an organisation’s recording
systems ......................................................................................................................................11
CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................................12
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................13

INTRODUCTION
Similar to direct taxation, indirect taxation is a charge on goods and services produced
and sold within a country for a given accounting period. There are many types of indirect taxes
present globally. One such type of tax is Value Added Tax (VAT). This project report aims to
provide an understanding of VAT regulations, calculations of returns, penalties and their
implications as well as treatment of errors and adjustment made thereof. It also analyses the key
changes in VAT legislation in recent years and their impact on organizations and there cash
flows, financial forecasts as well as recording systems. Input and output for VAT classifications
are also mentioned and the impact of the VAT payment on corporation's cash flow has also
discussed in the report.
TASK 1
1. 1 Source of information on VAT
VAT is known to be the Value Added Tax that is applied on services and goods with
their value added on each production steps initiating from manufacturing to sales. It is a
consumption tax and VAT amount is paid by taxable people which is computed by subtracting
those inputs that are utilise for goods and services production from products cost. Even so, VAT
is not relevant for every cities and few places are exempt from this kind of tax.
Some important data can be available in the sites of federal government. Other
information sources can be acquirable from the portal of HMRC which is accountable for
collecting tax in all over United Kingdom. Whole applicable information about tax or another
problems for tax payable is related by HM revenue and cost also facilitates solution for tax
payer.
1.2 an organisation should interact with the relevant government agency
While registering the value added tax, company has to obey some essential process.
These methods considered forms of registration that is to be fill up by firm with appropriate
information. At the time of registration methods, applicants have to tackle some problems that
are resolved through the agencies of government. There are various kinds of registration form
which are available as per the business types. For clarifying those problems agencies of
government facilitates some assistance to organisation.
1. 3 VAT registration requirements
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It is necessary for those company to apply for the VAT registration which are having tax
turnover approx £85,000 or more than that. It consider every items which are sold by
organisation and there is not any exemption of Value added tax excluding other than given. VAT
registration is done by filling up online and offline form. Mainly business entities like those
firms who prefer online registrations or partnership company. After completing the registration
process, an online account of VAT is opened by authorities of tax in name of taxable individual.
Firm also can register by the agents for facilitating required information such as returns of VAT.
After this company obtain its VAT number from HMRC.
Also organisation can register themselves by filling the offline registration form like form
VAT1A which is facilitated for distance sellers, for importers form VAT1B I as well as VAT1C
when firm want to sell its assets. After completing the registration of VAT company get their
certificates of VAT under 30 working days. This is sent on its online accounts of VAT or
through post in case of offline registration.
1 . 4 Information that must be included on business documentation of VAT registered businesses
This is important rule within all company is to manage records of business in excel or
word format. So, firms complete this responsibility properly as recorded data of transactions can
available to follow with registration as well as documentation of VAT system requirement. The
business that is registered through VAT are required to consider following accounts and data for
due compliance:
 Company required to keep the records because of HMRC Requirements like annual
accounts, invoices, credit or debit notes, VAT accounts, bank statements and so on.
 Special VAT records: Usually there are two kinds of records that are to be maintained by
company. First one is about accounts of VAT and invoices of VAT is second. The
account of VAT consider regular records of business and invoices of VAT is for
suppliers. In this invoice is consider as a terminology. This only includes information that
is appropriate for the rules of VAT.
1 .5 VAT schemes required for reporting purposes
 Cash accounting scheme: generally the amount of differences among purchase invoices
and sales invoices is a net value that is paid to HM revenue and cost as the returns of
VAT. So, within this scheme VAT should be payable at selling time and reclaimed when
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payment is done to suppliers by sellers. In order to be an suitable tax payer under the
scheme of VAT, turnover of VAT taxable should not more than £1.35 million.
 Annual accounting scheme: this is the scheme that facilitates facilities to company in
order to pay their tax annually. According to this schemes, taxable individuals can file
their returns of VAT only one time within whole year rather than quarterly.
 Flat rate scheme: it is mainly formed for records explanation like transactions of purchase
as well as sales. This permit company to utilise flat rates or fixed percentage rate on the
turnover of firm in order to compute VAT due. The fixed rate percentage scheme based
on business types and size. Difference among paid amount and charged amount is kept
with company as its income. VAT reclaimed is not for purchases and exclude definite
capital assets that is more than £2,000 so that it can be consider as eligible tax payable
under this scheme. Also VAT taxable turnover should not be more than £150,000.
Standard scheme:
under this method company pays the returns of VAT quarterly during accounting period. In case
if any amount is remaining then that is also paid quarterly. When any firm have sales amount
which exceeds cost of product then differentiation of that amount is to be payable to HMRC.
1 . 6 Be aware about relevant changes of legislation and codes of practices
All company required to know about the best practices codes as well as legislation for
effectual work. Some are explained below:
 Firm should has appropriate knowledge regarding how statistics can be made.
 Reducing their information or records.
 Data protection through computer software.
 Awareness about information of governing body.
There are few essential legislation that is utilise by these information. At the time when
organisation is not sure regarding how legal things affects the company than it has to consult to
some legal people.
 Copyright and intellectual property
 Personal information
 Responsibility
 Re-utilisation and sharing of information.
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TASK 2
2 . 1 Extraction of Data from the accounting system
1. Data for calculation of relevant Input and Output for Standard Supplies (year 2012-13):
Zoe is in the process of completing the VAT return for the quarter which is ended 31 March
2013. There are information available which is :
Totalling of sales invoices £128,000 were issued in respect of standard rated sales.
Standard rated expenditures are the amount of £24,800.
On 20 February 2013 Gwen purchased a machinery which is the cost of £24,150. This
figure is inclusive of VAT. Until unless there is any information is given all above figures are
exclusive of VAT.
2.Data for calculation of Relevant Input and Output for Exempt Supplies:
Cathy will commence trading in the near future. She operates a small aeroplane, and is
considering three alternative types of business. These are (1) training, in which case all sales will
be standard rated for VAT, (2) transport, in which case all sales will be zero-rated for VAT, and
(3) an air ambulance service, in which case all sales will be exempt from VAT (Dustmann and
Frattini, 2014).
1. Data for calculation of Relevant Input and Output for Zero-Rated Supplies:
Albert commenced trading on 1 January 2012. His sales have been as follows:
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4. Data for calculation of Relevant Input and Output for Exports: Since VAT is not
applicable for exported goods and services (Schenk, Thuronyi and Cui, 2015). It can be treated
as a Zero-Rated Item for calculation of VAT returns for any registered business.
2 . 2 Calculation of input and output for various VAT classifications
According to the regulations of VAT Act 1994, 20 % is the normal rate for for VAT
which is applicable at on value of supply of goods and services. Therefore 3 general rates which
is based upon the nature of goods and service (Capéau and Phillips, 2014.
 Zero VAT Rate at 0%
 Reduced VAT Rate at 5%
 Standard VAT Rate at 20%
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VAT Payable for Zero-Rated Supplies= 4400 x 0% = £0
Therefore, no VAT will be payable for Zero-rated Supplies.
1. Calculation of Relevant Input and Output for Exempt Supplies:
Since Exempt Supplies such as an air ambulance service are not eligible for any tax levy under
VAT. Cathy will not be required or permitted to register for VAT as she will not be making
taxable supplies. Similarly, Output VAT will not be due and no input VAT will be eligible for
reclaims from HMRC as per regulations.
2 . 3 Calculating VAT due to/from the relevant tax authority
Standard suppliers : On the basis of applicable rate which is 20% and VAT is
calculated on the basis of it. There is £16,615 has to be pay by Zoe and return has to be filled on
quarterly basis to HMRC.
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Zero based suppliers : On these types of suppliers there is zero percent rate of VAT is
applicable, VAT does not payable by Albert because it is not liable to pay.
Exempt suppliers : These types of suppliers does not liable to pay VAT because they
are exempted. It involves ambulance, in such case, tax does not paid by Cathy on the basis of its
VAT return of the year (Schenk and Cui, 2015).
2 . 4 Submission of VAT return & associated payment under statutory time limits
VAT returns are based on various schemes and it is changing over the period of time
which are mention below :
TASK 3
3.1 Implications and Penalties for an organisation resulting from failure to abide by VAT
regulations
VAT is governed by the act of Value Added Tax in year 1994 which enroll types of
company, specification of supplies, computation of output and input under determined rates and
legal action or penalties that the appropriate authority of tax which may be taken against
company in defaulter case. HMRC is accountable for payment and collection of taxes which
facilitates a way in which defaulters has to pay the penalties.
A firm making is considered as a initial payment default upto 12 months shall be form in
a warning rather than penalty from the authorities of tax in Section 59 that is known as default
surcharge. In case company have been often defaulters, a direct penalty can be charged on them.
A late payment may impose on same action in both the cases.
 One day late defaulters have to pay £100 penalty that is impose by system.
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 In the case of partnership company, penalty of £100 is imposed on all partner instead of
partnership firm as a entire. Only a partner of representative should appeal under some
given condition instead of individual partners.
 Day to day penalties of £10 per day for 902 days should be imposed in case firm is not
capable to file returns with authorities of tax in 3 months. If six months lapse for return
filing date than an extra 5% of due taxes or £300, which is more that shall be charged that
will amount to other 5% impose or £300 which one is higher.
3.2 Adjustments and Declarations for any errors or omissions identified in previous VAT periods
Errors or omissions identified in previous
Periods of VAT:
Disclosures of omissions, errors or other types of inaccuracies is important. This kinds of
errors should be reported by filling up VAT652 form and submission to be done to team of VAT
correction. It can be categorised below:
2. An error that is made during accounting period upto four previous years.
3. An error find out which is above reporting beginning.
4. Measured mistake or error that made on intention.
The beginning of error reporting for company is limited to £10,000. Other error that
exceeds this threshold should be reported to HM revenue and costs. To compute the threshold, a
errors of net value is calculated by taking a sum-up of additional due tax to HMRC and
subtracting due tax from this particular amount.
Formula:
[Errors of Net Value = Total Additional tax due to HMRC - Tax Due]
Deliberate errors should be recorded individually to HM revenue and cost in writing
alongwith supportive information which will involve details of discovery error dates, reasons for
amounting to effects of errors and how it happen.
An errors which is identified during accounting period upto four years which has been find out
by HM revenue and costs, a definite interest amount should be imposed on tax due or
misdeclaration penalization in order to claim some amounts.
Adjustments for errors or omissions identified in previous
VAT periods:
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According to penalties for errors regime section 4, 2009 of VAT act 1994 adjustment
should be done after calculating errors of net value. The adjusted amount should be involved
under current VAT facilitating in some cases. These are mentioned below:
2. Net value should not be more than £10,000.
3. If net value lies among £10,000 and £50,000 but do not exceed 1% of net outputs that is
given in the VAT return announcement for the period where error is identified,
even so, if errors of net value should not reach the above criteria as deliberate error, an individual
form VAT652 have to be fill up and submitted to HM revenue and costs with details condering:
 Error types
 Calculation summary for computing net value
 Total amount to be adjusted and so on.
In case errors net value has minimum affect on net VAT due on returns whether methods
can be utilise to determine errors. The company have to inform HMRC regarding any type of
deliberate error made on part of firms.
TASK 4
4 . 1 Impact that the VAT payment may have on an organisation’s cash flow and financial
forecasts
An organisation which is involve in the manufacturing process than it is essential to
make payment of VAT because it needs raw material to produce the products. Raw material has
been supplied by the supplier to the company. In the cash flow of business operations it make a
huge impact and it has to be minimize. If a company is paying higher tax than it has to pay more
amount of tax as a VAT. As a result company can face the problem of shortage of cash so it does
not have more money to perform the business activities effectively. For a manager it is essential
to manage the cash flow so that regular operational activities can be perform in effective manner
and its business does not get affected. Rates of VAT is changes as per the decision of
government. If it is high than corporation have to pay more taxes and if it is lower than it have to
pay less taxes (Li, and Whalley, 2012).
For a corporation it is essential to make book of accounts and financial statements and it
export and import the products. If VAT is more than final price of products can be increase. For
an example, due to the changes in the rate of VAT from 18 % to 24 %, in that case if
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organisation is paying tax £18000 instead of £12000. It can directly affect the net profit of
corporation which can influence the performance of business. To pay more taxes is not beneficial
for company because revenue can be reduce.
With the fluctuation in VAT payment, financial forecasting can also be change. For
instance, management of corporation is making plans and strategies for future and if tax rate has
increased by 19 % to 23 % than company have to make required changes in its strategies as per
the new tax rate. So it is important for manager to properly analyse the current rate of tax and on
the basis of it future rate of taxes can be assume as a result its business does not get much
affected (Sehrawat and Dhanda, 2015).
4 . 2 Changes in VAT legislation which would have an effect on an organisation’s recording
systems
VAT legislation can be change as per the government rules and regulations and it is the
source of revenue. It can affect the recording system of corporation such as : making tax digital
or removing offline forms for registration of VAT. So it is essential for an organisation to
maintain the financial business records in digital form and updated. Company can face various
challenges which are describe below :
Changes in record keeping system : By following the digitalisation, organisation
require to make its accounts on spreadsheet or any specified software which is directly linked
with HMRC with the help of Application Programming Interface.
Changes in VAT return submission : Return of VAT can be submitted to HMRC
through Application Programming Interface and data is recorded by software in the digital form.
With the introduction of making tax digital (MTD) manual recording in HMRC has been
stopped.
Timing : The time to submit the VAT of business corporation is from 1st April 2019 in
the majority of companies, specified software trial is recently open for the tax payers (Keen,
2013).
CONCLUSION
As from the above report, it has been concluded that VAT is consider as an expense for
the organisation and it can affect the cash flow in the business. For corporation it is essential to
register so that it can pay VAT to the government. Legislation and practices are changes over the
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period of time so it is important to follow it as a result business operations does not affected and
organisation can take effective decision for the growth. Penalties are introduce by the
government if a firm does not pay VAT. For a manger it is important to manage the enterprise in
so that its regular operations does not get influence and it does not face the problem of shortage
of case. As a result problem of cash out flow can be resolve.
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REFERENCES
Books and Journals:
Keen, M. M., 2013. Targeting, cascading, and indirect tax design (No. 13-57). International
Monetary Fund.
Sehrawat, M. and Dhanda, U., 2015. GST in India: A key tax reform. International Journal of
Research-Granthaalayah. 3(12). p.133.
Li, C. and Whalley, J., 2012. Indirect tax initiatives and global rebalancing (No. w17919).
National Bureau of Economic Research.
Schenk, A., Thuronyi, V. and Cui, W., 2015. Value added tax. Cambridge University Press.
Capéau, B., Decoster, A. and Phillips, D., 2014. Consumption and Indirect Tax Models. In
Handbook of Microsimulation Modelling (pp. 223-273). Emerald Group Publishing
Limited.
Dustmann, C. and Frattini, T., 2014. The fiscal effects of immigration to the UK. The economic
journal. 124(580). pp.F593-F643.
Williams, C. and Martinez, A., 2014. Do small business start-ups test-trade in the informal
economy? Evidence from a UK survey. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and
Small Business. 22(1).
Albayrak, Ö., 2017. Redistributive Effects of Indirect Taxes in Turkey 2003. Ankara Üniversitesi
Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. 2(1).
Littlewood, J., Murphy, R. J. and Wang, L., 2013. Importance of policy support and feedstock
prices on economic feasibility of bioethanol production from wheat straw in the UK.
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 17. pp.291-300.
Worlu, C. N. and Nkoro, E., 2012. Tax revenue and economic development in Nigeria: A
macroeconometric approach. Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies. 1(2).
pp.211-223.
Onaolapo, A. A., Aworemi, R. J. and Ajala, O. A., 2013. Assessment of value added tax and its
effects on revenue generation in Nigeria. International Journal of Business and Social
Science. 4(1). pp.220-225.
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