2FOUNDATION OF MANAGEMENT AND GOVERNANCE1.0 Analysis using motivation theories1.1 Expectancy theoryThe Vroom’s expectancy theory the actions and behavior of an individual is a result ofhis conscious choice among the available alternatives that aim at maximizing the pleasure of anindividual along with minimizing the pain. According to HemaMalini and Washington (2014),the performance of an individual is based upon the factors such as knowledge, skills, abilitiesand experience. The theory uses expectancy, instrumentality and valence to understand employeemotivation. Expectancy is the belief that an action shall result in improved performance. In thegiven case study, the articled clerks expect proper wages and working hours. However, theimproper wages and working conditions lead to dissatisfaction and affects their performance.Instrumentality is the belief that the improved performance shall lead to a valued outcome. Theclerks lack instrumentality as they believe that an improved performance shall not lead to desiredoutcomes that is proper wages and working conditions. Valance refers to the importance that anindividual attaches to the outcome(Parijat and Bagga 2014).In this case, the clerks lack valenceas they lack the motivation to work harder for a desired outcome.1.2 Other motivational theoriesERG Theory of work motivation:The ERG theory of work motivation is an extension of Herzberg motivation hygienetheory and Maslow’s need hierarchy theory. The ERG theory stands for existence, relatednessand growth. These are the three sets of needs, which are the focal point of ERG theory (Lazaroiu2015). Existence needs are associated with all types of material and psychological desires of anindividual that are both work and not work related. Existence needs include fringe benefits,

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