Asthma: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment and Complications

Asthma attacks
Aetiology
Triggering factor causes inflammation of airways
This leads to activation of T lymphocytes and mast cell
Activated, this further leads to bronchial hyper
responsiveness [2]
Pathogenesis
Genetic or environment factor stimulation of B cells to
produce IgE activation of helper t cells allergens
crosslink IgEs on mast cells release of histamines and
other inflammatory mediators
Vasodilation, increased mucus secretion, and soft muscle
contraction airway obstruction
Acute severe asthma [3]
Clinical features
 Breath issues
 Unable to speak the
full sentence in a
single breath
 Respiratory rate is
less than25 BPM [3]
Diagnosis
 Chest X-rays
 Arterial blood gas (ABG)
analysis
 Peak expiratory flow or
PEF [4]
Course of disease
With treatment: the gas
exchange is controlled,
symptoms will be resolved
Without treatment: the
asthma symptoms may
become worsen, may leads
top death [4]
Complications
 Tachycardia and
hypokalaemia
 lack of sleep, nausea,
skin changes
 headache, sinus pain, and
cough p[4]
Disease prognosis
Deaths caused by acute
severe asthma was
increased by forty per cent
between 1993 to 1995
Complication like congestive
heart failure may be caused
due to delayed treatment
[6]
Primary prevention
Oxygen administration
Use of Corticosteroids
Immediately ventilation support [2]
Treatment
Secondary prevention
Medicine (e.g.
Nebulised Salbutamol)
Rehabilitation
Advice the patient
related to exercise
Eating healthy diet
Patient education [5]
Medical
Mechanical ventilation)
Nursing acute phase
Assessment of vital signs
Avoid allergens
Maintaining healthy
environment
Recording any
complication [2]
Results in
Causes
Previous asthma attack
Illegal drug use
Exercise
Allergens [1]
Acute severe Asthma
A c u t e s e v e r e a s t h m a i s
c o n s i d e r e d a s t h e a s t h m a t i c
a t t a c k t h a t h a s n o t b e e n
i m p r o v e d b y u s i n g p r e v i o u s
t r e a t m e n t m e t h o d s [ 1 ]
Risk factors
Diagnosed
by
Leads to
immediate needs
for
Influences
Prevent
occurrence
of