Asthma Issues: Symptoms, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, Nursing Interventions, and Medications

Running Head: ASTHMA ISSUES
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Asthma Issues
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Table of Contents
Question 1.............................................................................................................................................2
Question 2.............................................................................................................................................5
Question 3.............................................................................................................................................6
References.............................................................................................................................................8

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Question 1
Acute severe asthma
Acute severe asthma is a serious disorder that is characterized by the bronchospasm
which is refractory to an outpatient therapy. It is an emergency condition that usually needs
immediate medical attention (Bayes & Thomson, 2016). It can be caused by infection, severe
stress, cold weather, air pollution, several allergic reactions, exposure to chemicals and
smoking (Sandrock & Norris, 2015).
Symptoms
Sign & symptoms associated with this health disorder includes short & shallow
breaths, wheezing, coughing, difficulty in breathing, heavy sweating, trouble in speaking,
fatigue & weakness, panic or confusion, abdominal pain, back pain, blue-tinted lips or skin,
loss of consciousness, and neck muscle pain (Carr, Berdnikovs, Simon, Bochner &
Rosenwasser2016).
Pathogenesis
As discussed in the case study Mr Jackson had acute severe asthma with severe
dyspnoea, inability to speak a sentence in a single breath, increased blood pressure and
auscultation of the lungs due to wheezing sounds (Castillo, Peters, & Busse, 2017). The
pathogenesis of Mr Jackson’s health condition includes different processes such as Asthma
effects of airways, damage to the epithelial part, mucous excessive secretion, oedema,
bronchospasm and airway remodelling. Airways affected by asthma might be the reason of
Mr Jackson had issues like breathing difficulty, wheezing sound and dyspnoea. As mentioned
in Mr Jackson’s clinical manifestation ha had symptoms like wheezing sound and inability to
speak complete sentence, this is because adequate air should be there in lungs to speak and in

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case of Mr Jackson does not had adequate air in his lungs. This may be caused by airway
obstruction. Asthma-related consequences include affecting trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles
that together form a part of the lower respiratory tract. The disorder causes
bronchoconstriction or the abnormal narrowing of Airway due to the epithelial damage, high
production of mucus, bronchospasm, oedema, and damage to the soft muscles (Lambrecht, &
Hammad, 2015).Damage to the epithelial linings is also contributed to the clinical
mennifestations cuased in case if Mr Jackson. In asthmatic condition the layers of the cells
that make the lining of airways are damaged. The epithelial shedding or discard of this
epithelium can leads to hyper-responsiveness of the airways in different ways such as loss of
barrier ability, loss of enzymes, and exposure of the sensory nerves of the body. The
abnormal changes may also take place in subepithelial layers like laying down the collagens
(Johnston et al., 2016). Hyper-secretion of the mucus leads to various health condition
associated with acute severe asthma as mentioned in cane of Mr Jackson. Asthma may also
cause the mucus-secreting cells to proliferate or divide abnormally and results in expended
mucus gland. The increased secretion of mucus may form viscid mucus that can be occluded
in the airways of the respiratory tract (Shen et al., 2018). Oedema is the health conditional
may cause health problems like wheezing sound. Capillaries of the airways may also leak or
dilated. The consequences of this leakage lead to increased secretion of the airways,
abnormal mucociliary release, and oedema, which may further cause contraction of airways
and hyper-responsiveness. This condition is also become the reason for wheezing sound
occurs when Mr Jackson inhale and exhale (Powell, 2016). Bronchospasm is considered as
the feature of asthma in which the sharp contraction of bronchial soft muscle takes place and
the airways narrowing. This might be the reason of occurrence of wheezing sound in case of
Mr Jackson. Remodelling is another condition of airways that occur in the lower respiratory
tract. This is caused due to the uncontrolled or poorly controlled asthma, alteration in cell and