Nursing within the Australian Health Care System

This document provides an overview of nursing within the Australian Health Care System. It covers the history of the system, funding sources, primary health care, targeted population groups, and more. The document also discusses the vision for the government's 'Health Care Homes' and provides information on secondary and tertiary health care. Additionally, it lists Australian health promotion campaigns, illness prevention programs, and provides details on the funding of the public and private sectors. The document concludes with information on Medicare and its purpose, coverage, and safety nets.

Running head: AUSTRALIAN HEALTH SYSTEM
1
Nursing within the Australian Health Care System
Student’s Name
Institution Affiliation

AUSTRALIAN HEALTH CARE SYSTEM 2
1. Briefly outline the history of the Australian Health Care System in including (3)
forms of Australian government funding sources.
Australia’s health care is delivered as a mixed system mainly involving private insurance
providers and universal public healthcare. The most considerable part of health care is given
publicly through public hospitals and primary health care such as general practitioner. The
private sector is allied with health care such as dental and physiotherapy and private hospitals.
A main policy underlying Australia’s health care system is universal means to most
health care notwithstanding one’s ability to pay. Revenue for the health care system is mainly
through taxation. Health services are funded by the government through three main forms:
Federal initiatives, state programs and non-government organizations. Federal initiatives include
the Medicare Australia and the pharmaceutical benefits schemes (McManus, Birkett, Dudley &
Stevens, 2001). The Medicare Australia is responsible for providing Medicare, which offers
financial assistance in health services. It is fundamentally concerned with the financing of state-
run hospitals and payment of doctors and nursing staff. The Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme
provides patients with subsidized medication. Registration for this benefit scheme is voluntary
and patients, especially low-income earners, are issued with cards managed by the federal
government. State programs include Public hospitals and health care initiatives. Each state in
Australia is responsible for the running of public hospitals. States issue projects that from time to
time are set up to target certain problems such as indigenous youth health programs or breast
cancer screening programs(Caughey, Vitry, Gilbert &Roughead, 2008).Non-government
organizations such as the Australian Red Cross blood service collect blood donations and give
them to Australian health providers. Patients covered by the Medicare Benefit schedule can

AUSTRALIAN HEALTH CARE SYSTEM 3
claim services such as medical imaging and other health services from private corporations. The
National Health and Medical Research council funds medical research and competitive health. In
addition to giving advice to the government, the council also publishes information and
guidelines in relation to health care and health ethics.
2. Define Primary Health care, identify the types of services that can be delivered and
the relevance to your work role
Primary Health Care refers to providence of accessible health care services to all families
and individuals in a community and is a health equity-producing social policy. Methods and
technology of providing these medical health care services should be socially acceptable and
scientifically sound (Keleher, 2001). Areas that play a role in health such as environment,
lifestyle and access to health services are includes in the Primary health care. Since attainment of
better health services is the main goal of primary health care, elements to achieve this goal such
as reducing exclusion in health, health integration to all sectors, increasing stakeholder
participation and setting service delivery reforms are put in place. Primary health care services
are provided to individuals through general practitioners. The general practitioners are co-located
with pathologists and other specialists to provide the bulk of medical care to the public.
Individuals in a community are free to choose which general practitioner to consult and their
wishes can be restricted only by availability of a physician. Allied health professionals who offer
primary health care include physiotherapists, dieticians, dentists and pharmacists.
Other professionals who provide primary health care are nurses. Nurses give a
significant amount of primary care in public community health centres, general practitioner
clinics and other venues. Services rendered by nurses to the public include immunizations,
reproductive health checks, health checks and health counselling, The roles and functions of

AUSTRALIAN HEALTH CARE SYSTEM 4
nurses are expanding and they can therefore undertake more primary care practices such as
prescribe a limited range of drugs and other medical tests. Nurses have evolved to work more
independently. Nursing services in homes are primary health care services that nurses can
provide in public sector mother and baby health clinics. Nurses can also operate in community
health centres that operate as multiservice centres for a range of health and social services.
3. List the Primary Health Care targeted population groups & include specific health
& lifestyle conditions.
The primary health care services are targeted to specific population groups such as
maternity and child health, older persons, youth health, people living in remote and remote areas,
refugees, or people from low social-economic backgrounds (Exworthy, 2008). Each of this
population groups are targeted with primary health care services according to their specific
health and lifestyle conditions such as oral health, sexual health, diabetes, obesity, cancer, mental
health, cardiovascular diseases and drug and alcohol services.
Service delivery to rural and remote areas in Australia suffers from poor health and
encounter significant hindrances in accessing health care services due to difficulties in retaining
health professionals in the rural communities. Most of the rural population may encounter
specific health conditions that require medical attentions. Regional health service programs are
put in place by each state to ensure primary health care services are made available to the
individuals in the rural and remote areas. Maternity and child health care are fundamental to the
population growth. Children are provided with immunization services by the government to
ensure proper growth and prevent diseases.

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Social determinants strongly influence the health of individuals & communities. Outline
the factors of influence to be considered when planning & delivering Primary Health Care
services
The health of individuals and communities are greatly determined by social determinants
which affect the accessibility and sustainability of public health services. The planning and
delivering of public health care services should therefore consider factors such as transport,
education, infrastructure, housing, and employment of those living in a community. The primary
health care service should build relationships with the sectors that provide these factors when
there is a need to communicate certain issues affecting a community.
4. What is the vision for the governments “Health Care Homes”?
Health care homes are general practices that ensure better coordinated and a more pliable
care for Australians with fatal and complex health conditions. The vision for the government is
to ensure any citizen who suffers from a chronic disease gets access to health care homes. These
chronic diseases include diabetes, arthritis or heart conditions.
Define Secondary Health Care & identify the types of services offered.
Secondary health care services are health services provided by medical physicians and
other health practitioners who do not have first contact with patients. Services offered in
secondary health care include child birth, medical imaging and intensive care. Secondary health
care providers include clinical psychologists, physiotherapists, occupational therapists or dental
specialists. Physical therapists, speech therapists, dieticians and respiratory therapists are some of
the allied health professionals who generally work in secondary care.
7. Define Tertiary Health Care & identify the types of services available

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Tertiary health care is exclusive consultative health care for patients that are referred by
either primary or secondary health care practitioners. Most of these patients are inpatient.
Tertiary health care facilities, such as tertiary referred hospitals, mostly have personalities and
equipment for advanced treatments and medical investigations. Some examples of tertiary health
care services are severe burns treatment, neurosurgery, plastic surgery, and neonatology services
at advanced levels, cancer management and other surgical interventions that are of a complex
medical level.
8. Name three (3) Australian Health Promotion Campaigns & provide a brief
evaluation of one (1) of the named campaigns.
1 Improving quality of health care
2 Health for all
3 Cost-effectiveness improve on health care
Evaluation (100 words)
Improving cost-effectiveness: Schemes have been set up to increase the effectiveness and
efficiency of health care services and medication throughout Australia. Healthcare services
include drug distribution to the community (Bambra & Scott-Samuel, 2005). A scheme that
ensures the flow of drugs to the citizens is the pharmaceuticals benefit scheme. Blended
payments to drugs are implemented in the scheme to reduce the fee of drugs. Pharmacists are
encouraged to offer diverse classes of drugs. These alternative drugs include the generic
substitution. The increased campaign promotions in advancements in pharmaceutical drugs in
Australia have and will help in more affordability and effectiveness of the drugs to citizens.
9. List four (4) Illness Prevention Programs available in the community.
1. Heart foundation program

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2. Kidney health program
3. Cancer prevention programs
4. Nutrition programs
10. Identify who funds the Public Sector.
The government funds the public sector through funds from general taxation and mandatory
tax-based health insurance. Empowered under the constitution to collect income taxes, the
commonwealth collects total revenue from public sources. The states in Australia are
responsible for the bulk of revenue outlays (Smith & Williams, 2008). Funding of the
government to the public sector is mainly through the Medicare Australia scheme, which
provides universal access to hospital treatment and subsidizes outpatient medical treatment.
The Medicare scheme is funded by taxpayers from different states in Australia. The
taxpayers pay a two percentage tax levy on their incomes which should be above a threshold
amount.
11. Identify who funds the Private Sector.
The private sector is funded by a number of private health insurance organizations.
The private health insurance organizations fund their health care services by an extra 1% levy
charge on incomes of high income earners taxpayers. The private health sector in Australia
runs on community rating where premiums do not scale mainly because of an individual’s
previous medical history, age or current state of health. Funds can only benefit a covered
patient within a period of up to 12months for any medical condition. If the signs and
symptoms of the insured person do not show after six months then the insurance is
terminated.
12. In 2015, how many nurses & midwives were registered in Australia

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In 2015, over 360,000 nurses and midwives were registered in Australia (Roche,
Duffield, Homer, Buchan & Dimitrelis, 2015)
13. How many were registered as enrolled nurses?
Of the 360,008 registered nurses and midwives, the number of enrolled nurses was
51,070 out of 256,034 registered nurses (Roche, Duffield, Homer, Buchan & Dimitrelis, 2015).
14. The Medicare System
Write a brief history of Medicare.
Medicare system plan was first introduced in 1975 as Medibank by the Whitlam
Government and was later re-introduced by Hawke labour government as Medicare universal
health care in 1984. The Medicare system is operated by the department of human services in
Australia (Australia, 2010). The system is the primary funder of health care in Australia and
therefore it funds primary health care for citizens in Australia and permanent residents.
. A great change was however noted across Australia since offices of the universal health
care system increased by a large number. The number of staff employed by the system also
increased largely including the offices that became widespread through all states in Australia..
The Medicare levy surcharge was introduced to encourage individuals with higher incomes to
maintain health insurance and use the private hospital system. Individuals under the Medicare
system can choose to have free medical, nursing and free accommodation in state-funded
hospitals. Treatment is hence free under the Medicare system in public hospitals as a public
patient by physicians and specialists employed by the hospitals.
What is the purpose of Medicare?
The purpose of Medicare is to cover the medical bills for citizens of Australia.
What percentage of tax do you pay to provide for Medicare’s Health Insurance?

AUSTRALIAN HEALTH CARE SYSTEM 9
A 2% levy is paid to provide for Medicare’s health insurance (Australia, 2010).
What does Medicare cover?
Medicare in Australia covers screening for chronic diseases such as cancer, vaccinations,
access to medical equipment and some drugs and prescriptions.
What are reciprocal agreements and whom do they cover?
Reciprocal agreements are health care terms that two countries come up with to take care
of the medical treatment costs of its citizens who are travelling on tourist or working visa and
require immediate medical attention in public health system.
Outline the Medicare Safety Nets
The Medicare safety nets are two namely: the original Medicare safety net and the
extended Medicare safety net. Both safety nets are set up to provide additional relief to
individuals who incur higher than the normal medical costs.
The original Medicare safety net, the schedule fee of 85% is increased to 100% for out of
hospital services to singles and families once a threshold gap is reached annually (Australia,
2010). Gap costs indicate the difference between the actual fee paid and the standard Medicare
rebate. The extended Medicare safety net fee cap applies to the out of pocket costs that determine
whether the threshold has been reached.
15. A new drug has been approved for treatment of breast cancer but it has not been
placed on the pharmaceutical benefits scheme. Which government division would a lobby
group approach to have it added?
In emergence of a cancer treatment drug that needs to be added to the list of
pharmaceutical benefits scheme, one should approach the pharmaceutical benefits advisory
committee (Duckett, 2004). The committee makes recommendations regarding the drugs which

AUSTRALIAN HEALTH CARE SYSTEM 10
should be made available on the schedule of the benefit scheme to the ministry of health. The
committee will consider factors in considering the drug for listing. Such factors include the
condition in which the drug has been demonstrated to work effectively and safely, the cost
involved in purchasing the drug by the public and if the drug has been approved by the
therapeutic goods administration.
The Australian Medical Association is seeking to increase its medical rebate. Which
government department would this body access for hearing?
The medical rebate involves medical levy and the Australian Medical Association would
approach the Australian taxation department.
The elderly and the young are particularly susceptible to flu during the winter. Which
government department would be connected with the dispersal of information concerning
immunisation programs?
The National Health and Medical Research Council is the department that recommends
standard immunizations to protect the elderly and the young.
16. Answer the following questions:
a) Who is the current Federal Treasurer?
Josh Frydenberg
b) Who is the current Victorian Minister of Health and Aging?
Luke Donnellan
c) Who is the current Victorian Minister for Health?
Jenny Mikakos
d) Who is the current Victorian Minister for Mental Health?
Martin Foley

AUSTRALIAN HEALTH CARE SYSTEM 11
e) What is the role of the State Health Department?
The department of health is charged with making sure the Australia’s health system runs
smoothly, including supporting of hospital services, universal and affordable access to medical
services, and also helping citizens to stay healthy through disease prevention activities, regular
physical exercise and health promotion (Clavier & de Leeuw, 2013). The health department
deals with matters such as implementation of hospital networks and national health, funding
hospitals for continuity of health care, health services including quarantine, the national drug
strategy and primary health care among others. The head of the state health department reports to
the ministers of health, regional services, aged care and indigenous health.
16. Better Care Victoria has been established to deliver & sustain the highest quality of
care for Victorian patients through the identification, scaling & embedding of innovation
across the Victorian health system. Identify five (5) initial focus areas for innovation
projects.
One stop early detection and treatment centres of diseases
Mental ill peoples’ hospital
Improvement of patient outcomes
Reducing waiting time for patients
Increase of productivity of health systems
17. Identify key factors that determine health & the factors that may affect an
Individual’s health status.

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Individual health status may be affected by several factors. Some of these key factors
include social factors, individual behaviour, health services offered, policy-making and biology
or genetic factors.
The behaviour of an individual plays a role in health results. Interventions done by
hospitals focus substance abuse, physical activity and diet interventions on an individual.
Specific populations are affected by some biological and genetic factors (Embrett& Randall,
2014). For example, due to physical and cognitive effects of aging older adults are prone to be
poor in health biologically than adolescents. Genetic determinants of health are passed in
bloodlines for example sickle cell disease. Most biological and genetic social determinants on the
health include age sex and inherited conditions of an individual. Access to quality health services
can impact the health of an individual. Lack of access to health services can be caused by lack of
availability of healthcare facilities, high cost of health services, limited language or lack of
insurance cover (Burns, Douglas & Hu, 2019). These causes that lead to lack of access to health
services could lead to hospitalization that could have been initially prevented, health needs not
being attended to or not getting preventive services. Physical conditions of the environment in
which people work, play, learn and live can be referred to as social determinants. These
determinants may include the social supports and interactions, availability of resources to meet
daily needs, quality schools, mass media exposure, and the socioeconomic conditions such as
poverty. Policies at authority levels affect individual and population health. Some policies such
as increasing taxes on tobacco sales and products can reduce the intake of tobacco by people and
therefore improve the population health. Other policies such as mandatory safety belts set by the
Federal government to regulate motor vehicles and highways have greatly reduced the number of
accidents causing deaths and injuries.

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18. Where can you find information in regards to the plans for Aboriginal & Torres
Strait islander Health Care?
Australian humans right commission.
19. List some of the common health issues facing the Aboriginal & Torres Strait
Islander population.
The Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander populations are also referred to as indigenous
Australians. These people are reported to have poor health conditions (Wensing, 2007). Some of
the common health issues facing the indigenous people include circulatory system health issues,
communicable diseases, diabetes, renal failure, cot cold, mental health, neoplasms, optometry or
ophthalmology and respiratory complications.
Several factors in these areas have led to the inequality in life expectancy such as
insufficient education, substance abuse, poor access to health services in remote communities,
substance abuse, cultural pressures for urbanised indigenous Australians which prevent access to
health and poor communication between indigenous Australians and health workers. The
national Aboriginal and Torres Strait islander health survey found that significant number of
indigenous people, especially adults, engaged in risky or high-risk alcohol consumptions per day.
These adults were also more likely to be daily tobacco smokers (Briggs, Lindorff & Ivers, 2003).
Aboriginal persons experience high poverty and unemployment rates compared to national
average. The lack of employment has led to the people to lack the money to afford medical
expenses (George, Harris & Mitchell, 2001). Lack of education has also resulted in poor
communication between the locals and health workers during treatment. The high likelihood of
the Aboriginal persons has also resulted into poverty and poor living conditions that make them
prone to fall ill.

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20. Outline the common factors contributing to health in the Aboriginal & Torres Strait
Islander population.
A health factor contributing to health in the Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander
population is the environmental health factor. Environment health involves mainly chemical,
biological and social factors that affect a community within their surroundings. The government,
non-government agencies, communities and individuals need to establish healthy communities.
The physical factors that impact health and wellbeing of the islander communities include dust
control, animal and insect control, personal hygiene, sewage and rubbish disposal, access to
healthy food and water treatment and supply. Some of the health problems associated with the
environment include; cancer, skin infections, respiratory diseases, renal and cardiovascular
diseases (Trewin& Madden, 2005).. Ensuring healthy environmental standards prevents health
problems and also reduces treatment costs.
The health of the Aboriginal Australians is affected by the housing and community
factor. Proper housing shields people from various health problems. Most of the Islanders have
been moved from their homelands and they generally have lower income available for housing.
For proper housing, the number of people living in one house needs to be adequate. For
islanders, ten or more people can live in the same house. Congestion in these over-shared houses
can lead to fast spread of communicable diseases such as flu and skin diseases. Houses on wet
areas for these people need to be regularly checked and maintained. The indigenous communities
need to have physical practices such as washing clothes and beddings, reducing overcrowding,
disposing waste water safely. Having enough good quality water for the community is required
for good health continuum. Water can be contaminated from scrap and metal junk, food waste,
oil, petrol and grease and animal or human sewage. The health risks of consuming contaminated

AUSTRALIAN HEALTH CARE SYSTEM 15
water are very high and may lead to health problems such as cholera, typhoid or bilharzia. Water
can however be made safe by boiling before intake, adding chlorine, protecting water sources or
treating water by settling, filtration or coagulation(Ferguson, Altman, Moodie & Brimblecombe,
2018).
21. Identify three (3) services that are available for people who need advocacy services.
Please include the service they provide and list the website for each.
Advocacy support for people with disability www.actionadvocacy.org.au
Ability Advocacy https://abilityadvocacy.org.au/
Central Coast Disability Network https://ccdn.com.au/
22. Write a brief history of the Nursing Profession.
The total number of employed nurses has been stable since the mid-1980s. The health
profession skill of nursing has shifted to better trained and registered nurses. Of the 100%
employed nurses in the 1990s, 79% were registered nurses while the rest were enrolled nurses.
Before the introduction of university education, nursing education was given to students in
hospital nursing schools for a period of three years. The students would later proceed to a six-
week preliminary training school where the earliest acceptance entry age was 17 years. Leaders
in Australia however put long time efforts to transfer nursing education to the university sector
from the hospital learning setting (Pearson, Baker, Walsh, & Fitzgerald, 2001). The move was
however rejected by the medical hierarchy who viewed emergence of highly trained professional
nurses as a threat to delivery of high standard health care in a monopoly structure. In 2000, the
first nurse practitioner in Australia was authorised. The registration of a nurse now requires a
bachelor in nursing. Vocational training through postgraduate diplomas is for specialist areas.
Master level courses and professional doctorates are also available. Australia has post-basic

AUSTRALIAN HEALTH CARE SYSTEM 16
courses that are usually minor or major depending with the time duration. These courses include
maternal and child welfare, psychiatric, midwifery, intensive care, coronary care amid other
courses. The courses are now provided as postgraduate diplomas or postgraduate certificates by
the university. They still depend with the length and complexity of each course.
23. What is a Nurse?
A nurse is a health professional who is trained to take care of the sick.
24. Define Reflective Practice
Reflective practice involves the ability to look at one’s actions to enable learning and
improve the quality of performance at work (Husebø, O'Regan & Nestel, 2015).
25. Outline the two fundamental forms of reflection in practice.
1 Curiosity
2 Looking closer
26. Why is reflective practice important in nursing?
Reflective practice has helped nurses to develop their professional skills because they
take time to reflect on their day to day experiences and therefore provide enhanced nursing care
and therefore have a better understanding of their actions.
27. List some of the tips when writing professional journals
1. Having a good strategic plan
2. Analyzing other written journals in the same professional target
3. Having an outlined detailed points in sections for the journal
4. Get feedbacks from the earliest stage of writing the journal to the very end
5. Well done research from reliable sources.
28. Outline the Gibbs Reflective Cycle

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 Description of what happened
 Feelings
 Evaluation
 Analysis
 Conclusion
 Action plan.
29. Think about the last time that you exceeded you own expectations. Using Gibbs
Reflective Cycle as a guide, write a reflection of this experience
Description: I came to know of a random paper which was to be done in six hours at school.
Everyone except me in class was aware of the paper. I therefore had to study all topics within the
six hours
Feelings: I felt anxious and confused. Not knowing which topic to start studying. I however
studied the topics. The exam finally came and I did it knowing I would achieve a low percentage.
I was nervous during the whole paper. I was taken back but happy when I received my results
and I had done well.
Evaluation: From my situation, lack of knowledge of the paper made it really hard to study due
to the limited time.
Analysis: Checking my student portal for updates is important since exam schedules are updated.
Conclusion: In my situation, I should have been more relaxed and read through the topics in
point form.

AUSTRALIAN HEALTH CARE SYSTEM 18
Action plan: I set a notification for any updates in my portal to avoid future lack of
communication.
30. Where do you find information on the web regarding duty of care, negligence and
how do they relate to the nurses role? Consider the following – Nurses Code of Practice;
The Crimes Act Section 26; Nurses Code of Ethics
The nursing and midwifery board of Australia is a web page where information on care
and negligence of nurse roles can be found. Professional standards define the behavior of nurses
such as codes of ethic, code of conduct and standards for practice.
31. Discuss the Scope of Practice Framework
The scope of practice is the range of functions, roles and responsibilities which a
registered nurse or midwife is competent, educated and has authority to perform. The goal of the
framework is to give professional guidance and support to nurses and midwives on matters
relating to their clinical practice.
32. Outline the Enrolled Nurse Standards for Practice
An enrolled nurse needs to be under a certain scope of practices. The nurse should
function according to the procedures and law affecting the EN practice.
An enrolled nurse should practice nursing in a way that ensures the dignity, rights and respect of
people are upheld.
An enrolled nurse should accept accountability for own deeds.
33. Briefly describe the role & responsibilities of an enrolled nurse.

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Enrolled nurses help health consumers with daily living activities as well as observing
changes in health consumers and report their observations to registered nurses, help these
consumers with intake of medicine, and take on other nursing care responsibilities according to
their assessed competence (Francis & Humphreys, 1999).
34. Why is teamwork important in nursing & list the essential characteristics of an
effective team
Clinical care is evolving to be more complex and specialized. Teamwork among nurses
helps in learning complicated health services and new methods. Working together as a team
reduces the number of medical errors and therefore increases the safety of patients. Costs are also
minimized due to teamwork.
An effective team is one in which all team members of nurses communicate with each
other as well as combining their observations and decision making responsibilities to optimize
the care of patients. An effective nursing team has its members assigned with clear roles. An
effective team also has shared goals.
35. Outline the purpose of the Accreditation& the National Safety & Quality Health
Service (NSQHS) Standards
The primary goal of the NSQHS standard is to protect the citizens of Australia from harm
and also improve health care quality.
36. List the NSQHS Standards

AUSTRALIAN HEALTH CARE SYSTEM 20
NSQHS standards include; consumer partnering, Clinical governance, Prevention and
control of infection associated with healthcare, Safety of medication and Management of blood.
37. Identify the following Australian Professional Nursing Bodies and outline the role &
function of each.
a) Australian Nursing and Midwifery Accreditation Council (ANMAC):
ANMAC is the authority that accredits nursing and midwifery education independently.
Its role is to determine if programs of study for nurses and midwives looking to work in
Australia meet the required standards.
b) Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA):
AHPRA is responsible for the implementation of the national registration and
accreditation scheme in Australia.
c) Australian College of Nursing (ACN):
ACN is an authorized provider of higher education and also a training organization that is
registered. It specializes in training courses for registered and enrolled nurses.
d) Australian Nursing & Midwifery Federation (ANMF):
ANMF is a large union in Australia that is run by nurses, midwives nursing assistants. It
was formed to advance the professional, industrial and political interests of its members.
e) The National Enrolled Nurse Association of Australia (NENA):

AUSTRALIAN HEALTH CARE SYSTEM 21
NENA is a specialist group of the Australian nursing and midwifery federation. One of
its main objectives is to identify professional needs in order to secure employment in a wide area
of the healthcare system.
38. Provide two examples of collaborative relationships involving an EN with a RN or
another health professional
An enrolled nurse has to communicate with a registered nurse about observation noted
down in a patient.
An enrolled nurse will communicate with a doctor on the progress of a patient as they
take prescribed medications.
39. Explain 2 ways a nurse can promote an understanding of emotional and social
wellbeing within their clients.
1. Effective communication skills: A nurse should be well equipped with communication skills
in order to acquire information from a patient regarding health issues.
2.Cultural sensitivity: Understanding that their clients might have different perceptions in life.
40. Discuss the effectiveness of two (2) health promotional strategies
1. Creation of supportive environment: A clean healthy environment can be introduced in a
community so as to create a trend in cleanliness.
2. Community action: Individuals in a community should be strengthened to be in control of
their health behavior.

AUSTRALIAN HEALTH CARE SYSTEM 22

AUSTRALIAN HEALTH CARE SYSTEM 23
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