Autonomous Vehicles | Report

Running head: AUTONOMOUS VEHICLES
AUTONOMOUS VEHICLES
Name of the Student
Name of the Organization
Author Note:

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Table of Contents
Introduction:...............................................................................................................................2
Identified trolley problem in autonomous vehicles:...................................................................2
Identified benefits and risks of using the trolley problem in designing software:.....................3
Alternative ways of considering the ethical issues relating to the design and use of
autonomous vehicles:.................................................................................................................4
Importance of ethical issues around autonomous vehicles:.......................................................5
Self-Reflection-..........................................................................................................................6
Future of Autonomous Vehicles-...............................................................................................7
Conclusion:................................................................................................................................9

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Introduction:
The aim of this report is to elaborate the aspect of autonomous vehicles. In order to
support the above discussion this paper will also consist a detail elaboration on how
significant problems such as the trolley problems influence the services of autonomous
vehicles. Along with this, it will also elaborate the aspect of identified risk as well as the
benefits in the scope of the trolley concern. Followed by the above discussion it will also
consist a brief discussion on the ethical issues and how the adoption of effective autonomous
vehicle influences the services of the transport industry.
With the purpose to address all the above mentioned aspect a detail elaboration on the
trolley problem present in autonomous vehicle is provided below:-
Identified trolley problem in autonomous vehicles:
Problems related to trolley problem are faced while designing the software in
controlling autonomous vehicles. A potentially disastrous collision cannot be avoided in
some situations, however by which decisions made by software of the car like what or who
crash into, the specifications of the fatal outcome can be affected. For example, the occupants
of the car’s safety less or more be valued by the software, than the victims outside. MIT
Media Lab created a platform known as Moral Machine for allowing public in expressing
their opinions about what decisions can be made by the autonomous vehicles in conditions
which use the paradigm of trolley problem (Goodall 2014). Data analysis collected by Moral
Machine displayed massive differences of relative preferences within different countries.
Virtual reality can be used by other approaches for accessing behaviour of human within
experimental settings. However, the argument is there that the investigation of cases of
trolley problem is not required for addressing the problem related to ethics of cars without
drivers as the cases of trolley problem has a significant practical restriction. A top-down plan

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is required for fitting current approaches for addressing emergencies with respect to artificial
intelligence. A question also rises of whether ethical standards are should be dictated by the
law which must be used by all autonomous cars, or whether ethical values of the care be
determined by the drivers or owners of separate autonomous vehicles like owner or family of
owner’s favouring safety than safety of rest (Nyholm and Smids 2016). Although automated
vehicles would not be used by many people which might sacrifice in dilemma of life-or-
death. Trolley problem is an experiment of special thought between many which features
difference between consequential and deontological ethical systems.
Identified benefits and risks of using the trolley problem in designing
software:
Using trolley problem will make totally autonomous traffic surrounding by reducing
pollution and congestion. However, the road will be shared by autonomous vehicles as well
as vehicles driven by human. The community’s best-off members often gets accrued by the
advantages of latest technologies. It is expected that a similar pattern will be followed by the
autonomous vehicles, as more costly cars are manufactured by the companies who are most
aggressively following autonomous features for driving. The scenery of communities is
promised to be reshaped by autonomous vehicles.
Autonomous vehicles will be affiliated incrementally. Autonomous cars will be
adopted by people. It is a frequentative process where an essential role is played by society,
car manufacturers and lawmakers to find the right behavioural regulations for autonomous
cars. There exists a set of risks faced while using trolley problem (Hevelke and Nida-Rümelin
2015). Algorithms analyse the sensor data. Recognition is based on impartial network by
using data recorded from original vehicles or replicated environments environment for
training the car’s behaviour. When training of impartial networks is done by analysis of

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pedestrian photos, the photos taken were by the clothes type wear by people or behaviour of
people. If the photos represent one region, people not part of that region are less likely
detected correctly. Interconnected or connected systems which report the obstacle’s position
to the vehicle are introduced (Gogoll and Müller 2017). Active transponders are used in
backpacks for sending position data to cloud that distributes data to the cars nearby. If all the
existing phones change to active transponders connected to autonomous cars, position data is
considered as input to make decisions for autonomous cars. However, problem arises when
people do not have a mobile or empty battery. Up-to-date information is being provided by
external services for autonomous vehicles like position, map data and traffic information
(Menze and Geiger 2015). A change in car’s behaviour can redirect the car through regions
having more shops than other areas. In smart city, the vehicle can be redirected for traffic
system which try in optimizing the flow of traffic within the city.
Alternative ways of considering the ethical issues relating to the design and
use of autonomous vehicles:
There are some of the ethical problems which have been deepened whenever anyone
have attended to all the various conflicts of the specific interest which particularly surface
within a number of various situations which are mundane like all the crosswalks as well as
the joints (Lin 2016). Like for an example, there is a great need for a certain kind of design of
the self-driven cars for particularly balancing the safety of the other involving pedestrians or
rather some cyclists with all the various interests of the passengers of the car. There are even
some other various ethical questions as well which have been coming up and all the several
engineers will be requiring to prepare several trade-offs in between all the various impacts of
the environment and the mobility.

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Followed by the above discussion it has been also noticed that there are several other
ethical concerns which consists harmful impact on the human safety and protection. One of
the most significant ethical concern is, in case of any emergency like the crosswalk, sudden
turn, passengers’ emergency and many more. Since, it is discussed previously that the
autonomous cars do not have the capability to entertain the human emotions. Hence, it can be
stated that while dealing with the operations of the Autonomous Vehicles the identified
ethical concerns must be addressed with proper designing and features.
Importance of ethical issues around autonomous vehicles:
Job market will be influenced by autonomous markets such as truck drivers, taxi
drivers. The recognition of cars would change and cars can be seen as service which can be
used in transportation. This creates ethical issues. People can lose job for the transition of
autonomous vehicles (Gerdes and Thornton 2015). The frequency of accident will decrease
quickly, so the importance of car insurance will decrease. The insurance company will be
affected by this with respect of business and jobs. Human concerns should be considered in
autonomous car’s decision making. Giving human back in repeating decision making impose
the system’s autonomy. Giving a choice for interference to passengers with autonomous car’s
decisions makes the passenger in-charge. In maximum situations, autonomous cars can avoid
in driving to certain area. The industry of automation has a huge competitive market. After
taking away driving’s prime and secondary tasks, which is assistance, safety features and
driving controls, leaves only comfort functions and entertainment in passenger’s control
(Fleetwood 2017). The interior is important and elements cannot be restrained less in user’s
focus. It is seen that people are less attracted in buying a car which will sacrifice passengers
for saving more humans.

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Self-Reflection-
As per my opinion, autonomous vehicles will actually be ubiquitous. From the year
2020, people will be becoming a totally permanent driver of the backseat, as said by The
Guardian in the year 2015. All the several totally autonomous vehicles will be entirely
driving from a specific point A to that point B and will be greatly encountering the total wide
range of several scenarios upon road without the requirement for any kind of communication
from that of the driver (Dignum 2017). It is really very much clear from certain kinds of
estimates that various cars which are driverless will be definitely making all the roads much
safer but the removal of the humans from the behind of the specific steering wheel is really a
much tougher nut for cracking easily. All the various cars which are autonomous must be
greatly navigating both the unpredictable as well as all the several varied environments and I
positively think that most essential thing which I think regarding all the cars is particularly
what actually it takes up for all different kinds of things to be fully self-driving (Leben 2017).
This is actually where the specific kind of knowledge of the term autonomy actually obtains
us into a huge trouble as autonomy will be only applying with a kind of system which has
been given. There are some other segments of the particular industry of transportation as well
involving several planes as well as trains which have already greatly implemented autonomy
to a much greater success levels rather than that of the cars (Wynn et al. 2014). Cars
operating upon the roads are greatly complex and are very much lesser predictable rather than
all the railways where several trains possess a number of several exclusive tracks which are
greatly off limits for all the several cars as well animals (Duffy and Hopkins 2013). A car
which has been self-driven must be searching for its specific way upon all the several
crowded streets, properly act to all the signs on the road and even deal with some other kind
of traffic at all the several joints and then also drive in a number of several conditions which
have been varying where there are several unclear markings (Bagloee et al. 2016). One of the

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key technologies which has been helping a lot in propelling the specific technology of the
self-driven car is the actually the deep learning. It is basically a subset of the concept of AI or
artificial intelligence that will be creating several models which will be behavioural which
will be based upon some examples (Bimbraw 2015). The algorithms of deep learning will be
examining several feeds of video from all the several cameras which have been well installed
round the car which has been driven for finding all the various dimensions of the road and
also for detecting various cars as well as obstacles. Several studies have been able to clearly
show that all the several algorithms of the computer visions of all the vehicles which have
been self-driving can be fooled with an ease whenever they will be actually able to notice
various known things in several positions which are awkward. Actually, if I have to be fair, I
will be actually saying that various technologies which have been self-driven have greatly
prevented several accidents within a number of instances but certain kind of cases will be
seldom making a number of headlines (Katrakazas et al. 2015). There can be the
enhancement of both the roads as well as the cars with smarter sensors which will be making
it very much easier for making all the self-driven cars communicating and also making it
capable of handling several conditions of the road (Rüßmann et al. 2015). This is basically an
approach which has been hugely becoming viable as the expenses of the processors will be
decreasing and some technologies like 5G will be making the ubiquitous connectivity totally
possible as well as much more affordable.
Future of Autonomous Vehicles-
The path for smart vehicle grid is now paved by the advancement in embedded
systems, controls and communication. A vehicle is a redoubtable sensor platform which
absorbs information from environment and alternative vehicles which is fed to infrastructure
and drivers in assisting for safe navigation, traffic management and pollution control. It is
simpler for drawing the road network’s analogy which gives rise in mobility. The present

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system of automotive vehicles will be improved. Accidents are reduced by a massive range
by these autonomous cars. Time and fuel are also saved, congestion is reduced and utilisation
of parking is also achieved by these autonomous vehicles. Distributed transport framework’s
idea can be achieved with the help of autonomous vehicles which his capable in making own
decisions related to driving goods and customers to their respective destinations. This is same
with Internet of Things (IoT) depending on the network of vehicles that is capable of storage,
learning capabilities, communications and intelligence. Communication of inter-vehicle will
be able in helping minimizing fuel for finding parking areas and the ability is given to vehicle
cloud for learning the data collected about patterns of driving. Although, the autonomous
vehicles will be greatly displacing all the various jobs which have been existing, it will even
be generating a huge number of gains of the productivity and also the growth in the economy
which otherwise may be not be possible at all. Rather than the fact that humans may get
replaced by various machines, the huge rise of the technology of IoT will be greatly
encouraging all the various staffs to directly rise up their respective skills for the fully new
kinds of roles and needs which will be technical. Investment done timely into a specific kind
of workforce that will be greatly trained digitally will become compulsory for all of those
within the industry of manufacturing (Gerla et al. 2014). This particularly because of the fact
that the particular kind of shift for producing autonomous rather than all the vehicles which
are normal will be greatly needing a much separate kind of labour market with a much
updated sets of skills which will be totally digital. For keeping ahead of the huge competition,
several companies which are automotive must be beginning with the improvement on all of
their data and start utilising all the analytics which will be greatly advanced. This will be
creating a great prediction regarding all the various requirements of the procedures of the
production and also several workforces of the labour in the nearby future for the development
or rather the manufacturing of several vehicles which will be totally driverless. The great

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production of various kinds of autonomous vehicles will be totally driving a huge resurgence
of the automotive industry of the British and also possess with the huge strength for the
creation of a huge number of extra jobs mainly for the purpose of totally keeping up with
both the customer as well as the demand of the trade.
Particularly the press being greatly dominated by all the various failed attempts of the
implementation of several vehicles which will be driverless upon the roads, the opinion of the
public is still greatly divided on what all the various advantages will be brought up by all
various vehicles which have been driverless (Floreano and Wood 2015). However, the great
myth regarding the takeover by the robot and the declining rate of employment must be
properly tackled totally head on by that of the industry as the advancement of in the
technology will be greatly leading to the creation of a job influx which will be greatly
focussed in a digital way across the management of the fleet and the development of the
software involving all of the several apps for all the linked cars. The particular future of the
transport of the automobile is greatly and toughly connected to that of the technology of
communications and the economy which has been sharing for boosting the efficiency as well
as the safety in a kind of way which has been unprecedented. We can be definitely expecting
a number of various huge alternations in the very next 20 years in the way all the roads as
well as the services of transport will be operated with all the fully new avenues for the
creation of value in the particular transport as a specific service and huge updates in the
safety.
Conclusion:
Lastly, it can be concluded that this paper has effectively elaborated the aspect of
autonomous vehicles by explaining the benefits as well as the risk factors. Along with that it
has discussed above the identified ethical issues followed by which it has approached several

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mitigation. Hence, it has been noticed that while analysing the ethical aspect related to the
autonomous vehicle that the most significant ethical concern is the customer safety as well as
in case of any sort of emergency the nominate vehicles are highly inefficient to meet the
desired requirement for passengers safety. Followed by this aspect, it is also noticed that in
this paper a detail elaboration on the beneficial aspect of the application of Autonomous
vehicle is present.

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