BEMS for VAV Systems Assignment

Running head: BEMS FOR VAV SYSTEMS 1
Bems For Vav Systems
Name
Institution Affiliation

BEMS FOR VAV SYSTEMS 2
Table of Contents
Introduction to VAV systems…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………3
Technical analysis of VAV systems ………………………………………………………………………………………………………..4
Advantages of BEM systems ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..6
Disadvantages of BEM systems ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………7
Discussion………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….13
Comparison of energy saving in VAV and CAV ………………………………………………………………………………….18
Comparison of carbon emission in VAV and CAV………………………………………………………………………………18
Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..19

BEMS FOR VAV SYSTEMS 3
INTRODUCTION OF BEMS FOR VAV SYSTEM
Research shows that buildings in Hong Kong consume around 53% of the total energy
consumed in the country annually. Energy is a very scarce and expensive resource that should be
used economically. Building energy management systems have been developed to ensure
efficient energy consumption as well as improve on the comfort in the buildings. These systems,
also branded as building automation systems (BAS), are mostly computerized control systems
fitted in buildings to monitor and control the electrical and mechanical equipment in the building
such as fire systems, heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems (HVAC), safety systems
and lighting systems. Building ( Papanton, Kolokotsa, & Kalaitzakis (2015),page 69). Energy
management systems can also be described as a control system for a set of buildings or single
building that use disseminated microprocessors and computers to monitor, communicate as well
as store data. VAV refers to variable air volume. It is a type of HVAC system that varies the
airflow at a fixed temperature. This working mechanism differs from that of constant air volume
(CAV) where airflow is supplied at a variable temperature. The VAV systems distribute air at a
constant temperature and varying the amount of air supplied to every single space controls the
temperatures of the building. These systems are useful in large buildings that necessitate cooling
since they provide air at a constant temperature. The VAV system comprises of various
components such as the exhaust ductwork, air handling unit and the supply ductwork unit.

BEMS FOR VAV SYSTEMS 4
TECHNICAL CONTENT.
BEMS basically means building energy management which entails a variety of design options
involved in construction management of both residential and commercial buildings. This is a
method of managing and controlling of energy required for buildings.
VAV means variable air volume. This is a system of heating, ventilating and air conditioning
system (HVAC). A comparison to constant air volume systems (CAV), the VAV system
operates by varying the airflow at a set constant temperature whereas the CAV system operates
by supplying a constant airflow with varying temperatures (Martin 2013,page 43). The VAV
system directly relates to the BEMS due to the operation and efficiency input it brings in the
building industry. For an efficient building energy management system to be achieved a parallel
VAV system which corresponds to the system being should be installed.
Simple VAV systems have the components being a single supply duct that when in cooling mode
it functionally distributes air supply at a constant temperature of about 12.50 C (Hong S, 2006,
page 103). Managing the building energy requires air temperature to be maintained at a constant
value and the airflow rate thereby controlled to commensurate then rising and falling heat energy
in the surrounding thermal region being supplied with heat energy.
Simple VAV systems have much efficiency and a maximized output per unit as compared to the
CAV systems more precisely on then temperature control. the CAV system operates by rotation
of a fan and a compressor at full capacity to enable the temperature drop by set limit and the
automatically the compressor turns off. The overall operation of the CAV system is practically
inefficient due to the challenge which comes to maintaining the temperature at the set point.

BEMS FOR VAV SYSTEMS 5
Building energy management is a key aspect which considers majorly the quantitative and
qualitative energy management in buildings. Simple VAV systems have an advantage of
conserving energy thereby increased energy savings. The fans control system is composed of
electronic variable speed-drives thus reducing the amount of energy consumed and this has a
general impact on the total cooling energy required for a specified building.
VAV system has a substantially increased dehumidification due to reduced airflow thus air is
cooled for a longer period of time and more air moisture condenses on the coils of the system.
When the room temperature is maintained perfectly the dehumidification and ample and
comfortable space conditions is attained (Baggini, 2012,page 50).
Fig 1.Showing a typical air handling unit. (Muennig, P. 2007)
Green building design.
Most buildings account for an approximate of 40% of the total energy utilized and this results in
the overall carbon emissions in the atmosphere worldwide. It is evident that commercial
buildings contribute the largest proportion of this emission.

BEMS FOR VAV SYSTEMS 6
To minimize this effect in the atmosphere, buildings have been modernly designed efficiently at
the planning stage whereas the existing buildings can be rejuvenated to improve the energy
consumption and costs incurred. For a greater approach to the energy management to achieve
better energy efficiency in the building there are numerous factors to be taken into consideration
(Moss, 2006. 52).
a. Energy recovery: this aims at the reuse of byproducts that originates from a predecessor
system processes as the input energy source at another system.
b. Energy substitution: the substitution of energy source aims at the utilization of a better
and much more efficient alternative that is likely to pollute the environment by a small
margin and optimize on the energy output.
c. Energy conservation; this is putting more efforts to reduce energy wastage and energy on
consumption, elimination of waste materials from energy production and subjecting
energy to more crucial utilization options.
Advantages of building energy management systems are the following:
 Substantial energy efficiency to maximum level
 Environmentally friendly and improves the environmental conditions.
 Emergency practices of fire and the general security is greatly enhanced.
 Higher standards of building technology.
 Advanced management of the buildings.
Disadvantages of building energy management systems are the following.
 Requires operational checkups for its operation life
 Operation and maintenance costs are literally higher.

BEMS FOR VAV SYSTEMS 7
 Increased initial costs for design and installation of the systems.
 Green building design is the activity of designing buildings to increase efficiency in
energy consumption, water and other material resources and minimizing their effects on
human general health and the whole environment of the building
This building design has a number of advantages as follows.
i) Maximum and efficient utilization of water, energy and other resources
ii) Safety standards, optimum protection and comfort of the occupant’s health and
productivity
iii) Minimization of waste materials and environmental pollution.
iv) Ample indoor air quality
Construction of a green building involves the proper management of resources and materials to
come up with a building which environmentally harmonized and friendly. The construction
materials have to be utilized in such a manner that the maintenance costs of the building are quite
low. Green building design meets the criteria under which energy management system is the set
goal for the construction project (Kibert, 2012,page 67).
The materials used in the construction aims at the energy conservation and improvement of the
health of the occupants of the building. Energy management in buildings is an intensive program
that originates by initiating control measures of possible pollutants that get their way through
into soil and water channels.
Basically, fossil fuels are still dominant sources of energy in most households and machinery.
Green building design focuses on the other substantial and robust sources of energy by relying
on other alternative sources such as solar systems thereby eliminating high levels of carbon

BEMS FOR VAV SYSTEMS 8
emission into the environment (Burke, 2013,page 20). Reuse and recycling of byproducts of
waste from one source minimize the quantity of disposal in the environment. the techniques used
to achieve a green building design are below
a) Prefabrication of construction materials in controlled environment conditions ensures
there is an improved quality of buildings thereby less waste is subjected to the process.
This entails the precise cutting of construction materials to avoid enormous wastage.
b) Proper management of construction waste with an aim to minimize the generation of
waste at the construction site. Recycling and reusing are the main operations being
performed to ensure the minimization of wastage materials is achieved. Most of the
construction practices are carried out in the presence of hauliers which use pickers to
categorically separate the waste materials and then recycle them.
c) The lean manufacturing process to reduce energy wastage. This a phenomenon in which
the construction engineers thinks broadly to find out the means of wasteful activities and
then eliminating them completely from the practices being done.
d) Proper selection of building materials especially those that are manufactured locally or
recycled. Other alternatives can be renewable products especially the ones from trees and
others.
e) The management of site environment is a subject to ensuring the energy wastage and
materials wastage is greatly minimized for the optimum and efficient operation of the
building.
Space and work efficiency

BEMS FOR VAV SYSTEMS 9
In consideration of the spacing and working efficiency, building energy management system has
the aim to effectively and efficiently utilize building resources in construction (Buxton,
2015,page18). This focuses on the reduction of energy wastage and consumption as well as the
waste materials (Watson, 2005,page 200).
Space efficiency in buildings is dependent on the following factors.
a) The number of room occupants, users both potential and actual in the building.
b) The quantity of space available which is estimated on the basis of floor area.
c) The quantity of the air under which space is utilized.
Space efficiency in a building is achieved when it provides:
a) The minimum possible amount of space for learning and research work to be carried out
effectively by each staff or occupant.
b) Maximum space utilization practice at the maximum amount of time.
c) The minimum amount of space that enables accommodation of required functions with
net minimal wastage of space.
Building energy management is space effective operation since the components of this system
are less robust and thus occupies quite less space in the building. This greatly improves the
condition since the space utilized altogether is less compared to the output of the energy
management system (Lerum, 2015,page 24).
To manage energy in buildings effectively, some design options are taken into considerations as
follows.

BEMS FOR VAV SYSTEMS 10
i) New uses are being matched into existing buildings in rejuvenation and refurbishment
projects
ii) Provision of alternative furniture, decors, fittings and quality space that is
multipurpose in terms of utilization.
iii) Creating design features and characteristics that accounts for multiple activities at
different times.
iv) High level of built space utilization at the location of newly constructed buildings and
installation of the systems to create space in existing buildings.
Energy efficient buildings comprise of efficient management of air conditioning system known
as volume air ventilation, heating and lighting to cut down the energy consumed by buildings
and focus on the minimal carbon and other greenhouse gasses emission (Doug Oughton,
2015,page 72).
Benefits that arise from energy efficient and effective buildings include:
i) There are a considerable quality and improved comfort in the building.
ii) The building properties and contents have a greater value.
iii) There is a substantially reduced cost of maintenance.
iv) Minimal usage of electric power for lighting, machinery operation and domestic
purposes.
v) Reducing amount of energy consumed for space heating or cooling.
Comfort
Building energy management is integrated to approach the aspect of comfort in an effective
method through building energy and comfort management system (Hall, 2010,page 18). This

BEMS FOR VAV SYSTEMS 11
system focuses on providing comfort to the occupants of the building at the same time it plays a
significant role in continuous energy management mainly for the indoor occupants (Cottrell,
2010,page30).
Comfort can be expressed mathematically to determine the comfort zone. In this formulation it
can be defined as the thermal comfort, Cr and air quality comfort Ca and these are factors which
contribute to amount of energy consumed by the systems which provide for comfort in the
building. The equation involves the weighing factors that dynamically control comfort.
The equation below summarizes the minimization of activities. the total amount of energy
consumed is derived from the sum of energy that is both consumed by the comfort and
ventilation systems that is precise on heating, ventilation, lighting and air-conditioning
(Caraiscos, 2009,page 18).
Comfort associated constraints such as light and energy constraints are contextualized in the
below equation.

BEMS FOR VAV SYSTEMS 12
Simulation of for the thermal response of a zone or room within a building for standardized
comfort can be approximated by a lumped system with a variable constant known as the time
constant tc and the constant temperature T (t0) = 200 C as shown in the equation below (P. Zhao,
2013,page102).
Cost-effectiveness
Cost-effectiveness of a building is the in-depth analysis of the benefits that arise from the
building commensurate the alternative options for design and a total lower life-cycle cost. The
heating, ventilation, lighting and air-conditioning system have a better priority and much cost
and energy system that when installing in the building then the life cycle costs are quite effective
(Alastair M. Gray, 2011,page 98).
Components that sum up the cost-effectiveness of the building include the initial design work
and the construction expenses, periodic and frequent checkups and maintenance costs and the
waste disposal costs.

BEMS FOR VAV SYSTEMS 13
Most countries for instance in Hong Kong, the government has several policies that are adhered
to for a coherent goal of achieving cost-effective buildings. Generally, the HVAC system is quite
expensive to construct through their impact in a building is greatly appreciated by the occupants
and staff. Some costs can be subsidized by the government.
For substantial management of energy systems requires utilization of costs throughout the life
cycle of the building. It is therefore quite essential to critically evaluate the costs of the project to
cater for a whole life cycle maintenance and repairs (Henry M. Levin, 2001,page 25). The
construction budget should be flexible such that it covers all the expenses for the HVAC systems
for a quite long period of time.
Intensive analysis of design alternatives in relation to the economic status to cover future cost
HVAC being installed in the building, their impact on energy consumption and utilization
(Muennig, 2007,page 31).
Examples of efficiencies and costs of heating technologies.
Fig 2: Showing efficiencies and costs of heating technologies. (Muennig, P. 2007)

BEMS FOR VAV SYSTEMS 14
DISCUSSION
The air handling unit (AHU) is the first part of the VAV system and it plays a major role
in mixing, conditioning, filtering and providing air all over the building. Air is ducted from the
building back to the AHU and it is referred to as return air. Return air is mixed with air supplied
from outside in the mixing box. The volume of air permitted through a given section of ductwork
is controlled by louvers that are referred to as dampers. Codes provide customized minimum
requirements of the building and determine how the dampers will control the amount
unconditioned outside air to be brought into the system ( AbdSullah, & Raghavan, 2017,page 56).
The mixed air from the mixing box is passed through the filters, conditioned and then allowed to
enter into the building.
The heat recovery unit is another part of the AHU that performs the role of transferring
moisture and energy from air leaving the building to the outdoor air inflowing to the building.
Any excess moisture in the air from the heat recovery unit is removed by passing it through the
condenser coil. This condenser coil contains refrigerants therefore any excess moisture in the air
will condense here (Rahim & Kim, 2016, page 60). The condensate then will run into the
condensate drain and leave the unit. The heating is supplied with steam to raise the temperature
of the incoming air to the required level. Once the air has fully been conditioned it is forced into
the supply duct by air fans.
The supply ductwork supplies the conditioned supply air into the respective rooms in the
building. The supply duct branches to a VAV box for every individual space in the building. The
VAV box has is mechanical component with reheat coil and dampers that are motor operated. A
thermometer within the space is connected to the damper and control the amount of air the

BEMS FOR VAV SYSTEMS 15
damper will allow to flow into the room for appropriate cooling (Darure, Yamé & Foster,
2016,page 27). The reheat coil comes handy whenever the air required to cool the space is less
than building’s ventilation requirements. The reheat coil will heat up the air supplied slightly to
avoid overcooling the space. When the temperature has been slightly adjusted and the supply air
from the VAV box is ducted to the diffuser for even distribution throughout the space.
Reusable and unpolluted air is removed from the building and returned back to the AHU
by exhaust ductwork. The amount of air removed from space to AHU by the exhaust duct, also
referred to as the return duct, is controlled by a fan (Daniel& Kalaitzak, 2015,page 45). The polluted
air from the building undergoes the process of heat recovery before it if forced out of the system
by the exhaust fan. This ensures that energy from the building is fully utilized hence improving
the efficiency in energy consumption.
The VAV system like any other control system consists of the sensors, controller,
comparator, amplifier and the actuator. The sensor in this case is a thermometer that detects the
actual temperature. A transducer is usually attached to convert the physical quantity into an
electrical signal that can be understood by the system. The actual value signal is taken to the
comparator where it is compared to the set desired value and an error is determined. The error is
either attenuated or amplified to give the appropriate control action to the actuator. The actuator
is an electromechanical device that regulates the physical quantity. The dampers which
determine the amount of airflow serve as actuators. Advancements in technology has
contributed to remote monitoring in VAV systems (Zebulon & Alex. 2016,page 59). Central data
management schemes are used to collect data from various sites. The center server is connected
to the lighting, security and air conditioning units and other units in the building. The central
server offers a database and other network server utilities.

BEMS FOR VAV SYSTEMS 16
The variable air volume (VAV) is among the most common building energy management
systems in countries with warm temperate climates. Comfort, cost benefits, flexibility, working
space and efficiency are some of the factors that have made VAV to standout from other types of
air conditioning. VAV systems can have a high efficiency considering the fact that all the major
components can shut down or adjust in response to the variation of the load. The below is
diagram shows schematic diagram for VAV and CAV including the AHU;
Fig 3: Showing schematic diagram for VAV and CAV including the AHU. (Kalaitzakis,
K. 2015).
The efficiency of these systems has been a topic of discussion among researchers and
technologists for a long period of time. To start with, the fundamental efficiency of the control

BEMS FOR VAV SYSTEMS 17
routines has raised concerns on the general efficiency of VAV systems. Most buildings in
countries with warm temperate temperatures such as Hong Kong are designed for temperature
ranges of around 330 C but they operate at ranges of 20-250C in major part of the year. This is
critical to efficiency of VAV systems since it implies they operate at a low load than expected.
Efficiently is also highly affected by the commissioning practices within a country. The existing
commissioning practices should not only be practical but also well enforced. The numerous
mechanical compensation mechanisms employed in m many VAV systems make the final design
very robust in terms of comfort. These added compensating mechanisms cause an increase in the
energy consumption of the system therefore reducing the efficiency.
The size of VAV system determines the volume of air to be supplied to the system. The
fan size and power to be used in VAV systems is directly proportional to the size of the system.
Designing VAV systems to operate at low temperatures significantly reduces the fan size and the
fan power requirements. Using large ducts also reduces the power requirements of the fun by
lowering downstream pressure losses. Simplifying the management of the supply air temperature
will reduce reheat hence saving energy and thus improving efficiency. Standard four-way bow
diffusers are prone to stratification hence it is preferable to use high performance diffusers which
normally have high energy consumption. The heat capacity of air also plays a role in determining
the overall energy efficiency of the system. In modern VAV designs the VAV terminals are able
to turn down to approximately 25 % of the supply volume of the terminal unit. Further reduction
may cause poor control since velocity sensing usually turns out to be unreliable (James & Juma,
2017). The efficiency of a VAV is directly proportional to the percentage it can turn down.
Intentionally oversizing the VAV terminals also helps in improving efficiency.

BEMS FOR VAV SYSTEMS 18
There are several design weakness that come up during the operation of the VAV system
but it is upon the control system to adjust and still provide the user with efficient results putting
comfort perspective into consideration (David, & Breshears, 2015,page 32) A number of
approaches are advocated in dealing with the design weaknesses .Such approaches include
supply fun speed control and temperature control of the supply air.
The initial cost of installation of VAV system is usually very high because its various
components have to be procured. Most of these components are expensive in the market (John,
George&Ramah2013). VAV systems require periodic maintenance for proper functioning and this
brings out the aspect of maintenance cost. However, the running cost is relatively cheap
compared to other air conditioning methods. This is because VAV systems operate at a high
efficiency therefore lore low energy charges are incurred. The cost implications of this system
make it a more popular method since everyone wants to save that extra coin.
VAV systems improve the comfort of people in the building as well as improve the
quality of the indoor air. The comfort aspect has a considerably large impact in the service
industry (Adan & Paul, 2015,page 21). Hotel rooms and conferencing halls put a lot of
considerations to how comfortable their customers will be and therefore they invest heavily in
VAV systems. Although VAV systems have a high reliability, periodic maintenance routine
should be carried out to minimize the chances of breakdown. The diagram below shows control
diagram for VAV and CAV;

BEMS FOR VAV SYSTEMS 19
Fig 4: Showing the control diagram for VAV and CAV. (Kalaitzakis, K. 2015).
The use VAV system has social and environmental impact. It contributes to social
progress by making buildings safer and healthier (Peter, 2015,page 43). The system is connected
to security and fire systems hence can detect errors and give warning before accidents occur. The
fact that the system tries to minimize energy losses from building is a key positive environmental
contribution.
COMPARISON OF ENERGY SAVING IN CAV AND VAV SYSTEMS
The table below shows the comparison of electricity and steam energy saving in
simulated CAV and VAV systems. In most temperate zones the heat from the building occupants
and electricity is sufficient to heat the spaces thence the large decrease in steam energy used. The
small electricity savings are caused by successfully using an economizer cycle.

BEMS FOR VAV SYSTEMS 20
Electricity
(kWh/yr)
Steam
(1000 lb/yr)
DD-CAV 9,297,133 11,277
DD-VAV 8,899,816 2,255
Savings 397,317 9,022
Percent Savings 4.3% 80%
Table 1 Showing simulated energy use and savings from CAV and VAV systems.
COMPARISON OF CARBON EMMISSIONS IN CAV AND VAV SYSTEMS
VAV is the best alternative in terms of carbon emissions compared to CAV. The table below
shows the simulated results for CAV and VAV carbon emission in metric tons per yea
CAV VAV
Cooling Plant 5.9 4.3
Heating Plant 15.9 5.7
Fans 6.1 2.2
Total 27.9 12.2
Table 2: Showing simulated Comparison of carbon emissions in CAV and VAV systems.

BEMS FOR VAV SYSTEMS 21
CONCLUSION
The key purpose of a building energy management system is to ensure efficient energy
consumption of a building as well as considering the comfort perspective. A VAV as an air
conditioning system provides effective and efficient mechanism for cooling the spaces in a
building and maintains a conducive environment .The amount of air flowing into any individual
space is properly controlled by the thermostats installed in these spaces. The VAV system
operates around a given range of cooling loads making it an economical building energy
management system (Zhang and Givens, 2015, page 19). The heat recovery unity plays a critical
role in ensuring there is minimum or completely zero energy loss from the air leaving the
building. This is the basic background principle of operation of VAV systems as building energy
management system.
In conclusion, VAV systems offer a lot of benefits in the modern building and
construction industry. However, it also has various challenges that should be solved. The future
of VAV systems is bright considering the continuous innovations coming up in the computer and
microprocessors.

BEMS FOR VAV SYSTEMS 22
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