Biopsychosocial Assessment 2022
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Running head: NURSING
Biopsychosocial assessment
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author’s Note
Biopsychosocial assessment
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author’s Note
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Table of Contents
Introduction................................................................................................................................2
Biopsychosoical model of assessment.......................................................................................2
Biopsychosocial assessment from the Case Study.....................................................................3
Biological factor.........................................................................................................................3
Psychological factor...................................................................................................................4
Social factor...............................................................................................................................4
Nursing Interventions.................................................................................................................4
Ethicolegal implications.............................................................................................................6
Conclusion..................................................................................................................................8
References-.................................................................................................................................9
NURSING
Table of Contents
Introduction................................................................................................................................2
Biopsychosoical model of assessment.......................................................................................2
Biopsychosocial assessment from the Case Study.....................................................................3
Biological factor.........................................................................................................................3
Psychological factor...................................................................................................................4
Social factor...............................................................................................................................4
Nursing Interventions.................................................................................................................4
Ethicolegal implications.............................................................................................................6
Conclusion..................................................................................................................................8
References-.................................................................................................................................9
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Introduction
According to Woods, Priest and Denton, (2015) biopsychosocial assessment
integrates biological, psychological and social aspects of an individual to assess his
developmental and clinical condition. This method is followed, because all these factors are
intertwined and affect each other, which have great influence on a person’s development and
clinical status. It is a more heuristic approach of treatment, where comprehensive care to
patients are provided, considering the aspects of physical well-being, emotional status, and
cognitive properties with social behaviour. This interdisciplinary method of treatment can
improve the approach to patients, as it highlights the importance of biopsychosocial factors as
a whole, for effective treatment (Andrasik, Goodie & Peterson, 2015). In this assignment, the
biopsychological model of assessment will be delineated. The case study chosen is of Steve,
who is schizophrenic, and admitted, in an acute psychotic unit for medical care. The
biopsychosocial factors associated with the clinical condition of Steve will be assessed from
the case study. One factor for each of biological, psychological and social factors will be
discussed with scholarly evidences. Three aspects of nursing intervention to ease the
condition of the patient will be discussed here. Additionally, two factors of ethicolegal
implications for the case of Steve will be delineated.
Biopsychosoical model of assessment
Biopsychosocial model of assessment is the most holistic and heuristic clinical
approach that assesses the biological, psychological and social aspects of a patient to provide
quality care to them. The biological elements consider the medical, physiological or genetic
issues concerned with the patient. The psychological aspects consider the mental health,
behavioural traits, emotional status and feelings of the individual. The social criteria
NURSING
Introduction
According to Woods, Priest and Denton, (2015) biopsychosocial assessment
integrates biological, psychological and social aspects of an individual to assess his
developmental and clinical condition. This method is followed, because all these factors are
intertwined and affect each other, which have great influence on a person’s development and
clinical status. It is a more heuristic approach of treatment, where comprehensive care to
patients are provided, considering the aspects of physical well-being, emotional status, and
cognitive properties with social behaviour. This interdisciplinary method of treatment can
improve the approach to patients, as it highlights the importance of biopsychosocial factors as
a whole, for effective treatment (Andrasik, Goodie & Peterson, 2015). In this assignment, the
biopsychological model of assessment will be delineated. The case study chosen is of Steve,
who is schizophrenic, and admitted, in an acute psychotic unit for medical care. The
biopsychosocial factors associated with the clinical condition of Steve will be assessed from
the case study. One factor for each of biological, psychological and social factors will be
discussed with scholarly evidences. Three aspects of nursing intervention to ease the
condition of the patient will be discussed here. Additionally, two factors of ethicolegal
implications for the case of Steve will be delineated.
Biopsychosoical model of assessment
Biopsychosocial model of assessment is the most holistic and heuristic clinical
approach that assesses the biological, psychological and social aspects of a patient to provide
quality care to them. The biological elements consider the medical, physiological or genetic
issues concerned with the patient. The psychological aspects consider the mental health,
behavioural traits, emotional status and feelings of the individual. The social criteria
3
NURSING
considers the social status, and personal life of the individual (Andrasik, Goodie & Peterson,
2015).
Biopsychosocial assessment from the Case Study
According to Jimenez et al., (2015), a standardized approach to clinical assessment of
an individual is biopsychosocial assessment. This methodology is highly prevalent and
effective in mental health patients, as suggested by psychotherapists. The biological aspects
seen in the case of 21 years Steve are reported here. Steve was loving and affectionate, before
the disease. He became addicted to illegal drugs such as ice, cocaine and ecstasy, due to peer
pressure. He is diagnosed with schizophrenia, and under medications such as, Olanzapine 20
mg and Quetiapine 200 mg (anti-psychotic drugs), and Diazepem (sedative). The medications
made him gain weight consecutively, that resulted in his self-consciousness. The
psychological factors include poor eye-contact, restlessness, self-involvement and talking
with himself, nodding, and responding with monosyllables. His suspicious, aggressive,
argumentative, delusional and withdrawal nature, hallucinations, and suicidal tendency, all
account for psychological factors. The social factors involve in the process include,
unresponsive nature to parents and others’ questions, no social contact, no friends, verbal
aggression towards his family, and finally self-isolation. Steve was a brilliant student and
amicable in nature, but underwent transformation after the drug-incident.
Biological factor
One biological factor discussed in Steve’s case includes excessive weight gain due to
the uptake of the medications. Steve consumes Olanzapine, and Quetiapine twice a day along
with Diazepem, once. Musil, Obermeier and Russ (2015) suggested that anti-psychotic drugs
can lead to weight gain as a side effect. The probable cause for this includes, consuming more
NURSING
considers the social status, and personal life of the individual (Andrasik, Goodie & Peterson,
2015).
Biopsychosocial assessment from the Case Study
According to Jimenez et al., (2015), a standardized approach to clinical assessment of
an individual is biopsychosocial assessment. This methodology is highly prevalent and
effective in mental health patients, as suggested by psychotherapists. The biological aspects
seen in the case of 21 years Steve are reported here. Steve was loving and affectionate, before
the disease. He became addicted to illegal drugs such as ice, cocaine and ecstasy, due to peer
pressure. He is diagnosed with schizophrenia, and under medications such as, Olanzapine 20
mg and Quetiapine 200 mg (anti-psychotic drugs), and Diazepem (sedative). The medications
made him gain weight consecutively, that resulted in his self-consciousness. The
psychological factors include poor eye-contact, restlessness, self-involvement and talking
with himself, nodding, and responding with monosyllables. His suspicious, aggressive,
argumentative, delusional and withdrawal nature, hallucinations, and suicidal tendency, all
account for psychological factors. The social factors involve in the process include,
unresponsive nature to parents and others’ questions, no social contact, no friends, verbal
aggression towards his family, and finally self-isolation. Steve was a brilliant student and
amicable in nature, but underwent transformation after the drug-incident.
Biological factor
One biological factor discussed in Steve’s case includes excessive weight gain due to
the uptake of the medications. Steve consumes Olanzapine, and Quetiapine twice a day along
with Diazepem, once. Musil, Obermeier and Russ (2015) suggested that anti-psychotic drugs
can lead to weight gain as a side effect. The probable cause for this includes, consuming more
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NURSING
calories due to increased appetite from the effect of the drug. These drugs modulate the
serotonin receptors, resulting in hypersecretion of hormones leptin and ghrelin. Hence,
appetite increases, resulting in increased consumption of food, and gaining weight.
Psychological factor
One psychological aspect mentioned in Steve’s case is delusional behaviour,
experiencing hallucinations. Steve often experienced other voices in his head that constantly
intrigued him to believe that he was hated by everyone. Hugdahl and Sommer (2017)
suggested that in schizophrenia patients, there is wide distribution of brain metabolite
glutamate in the cortex of schizophrenic patient, which results in conversion of glucose and
oxygen to ATP, causing hallucinating symptoms. The blood-oxygen-level-dependent
response (BOLD) recorded in fMRI studies, measures the above rate of conversion and
confirms the above theory.
Social factor
One social factor discussed in Steve’s case include social isolation. It was highlighted
in the case of Steve that he isolated himself in a room, and listened to music all day, with no
connections with the outer world, before admission to the hospital. Michael and Park (2016)
elucidated that a schizophrenic individual is at higher risk of social isolation, due to
proprioception and exteroception. They can feel that something is wrong with them
physically, and so tend to isolate themselves from everyone. They tend to have poor image of
themselves in their head.
Nursing Interventions
The Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia (NMBA), (2019) suggests that a nurse
must assess the situation wisely, and think critically for the quality care of patients. For
NURSING
calories due to increased appetite from the effect of the drug. These drugs modulate the
serotonin receptors, resulting in hypersecretion of hormones leptin and ghrelin. Hence,
appetite increases, resulting in increased consumption of food, and gaining weight.
Psychological factor
One psychological aspect mentioned in Steve’s case is delusional behaviour,
experiencing hallucinations. Steve often experienced other voices in his head that constantly
intrigued him to believe that he was hated by everyone. Hugdahl and Sommer (2017)
suggested that in schizophrenia patients, there is wide distribution of brain metabolite
glutamate in the cortex of schizophrenic patient, which results in conversion of glucose and
oxygen to ATP, causing hallucinating symptoms. The blood-oxygen-level-dependent
response (BOLD) recorded in fMRI studies, measures the above rate of conversion and
confirms the above theory.
Social factor
One social factor discussed in Steve’s case include social isolation. It was highlighted
in the case of Steve that he isolated himself in a room, and listened to music all day, with no
connections with the outer world, before admission to the hospital. Michael and Park (2016)
elucidated that a schizophrenic individual is at higher risk of social isolation, due to
proprioception and exteroception. They can feel that something is wrong with them
physically, and so tend to isolate themselves from everyone. They tend to have poor image of
themselves in their head.
Nursing Interventions
The Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia (NMBA), (2019) suggests that a nurse
must assess the situation wisely, and think critically for the quality care of patients. For
5
NURSING
comprehensive care of patients, a nurse must practice safe patient handling and show
empathy and kindness to the individual, irrespective of everything. In case of Steve, he is
gaining weight due to the ongoing medications. This is making him self-conscious and
isolated. A nurse can intervene in this situation by consulting a dietician, to formulate a
proper diet plan for Steve. A balanced diet containing measured amounts of protein,
carbohydrate and fat can help to control his excessive appetite, and control his weight. He can
be prescribed light physical activity, according to his preference, to control the matter. Manu
et al., (2015) revealed that in schizophrenic patients, weight management issues are
problematic, but not entirely impossible. Moderate physical activity, and proper diet-intake
can help with the issue effectively. A nurse must communicate properly and act
empathetically for best patient-based approach. McCance, and Heuther (2018) revealed that
increased physical activity could help to reduce the Body Mass Index (BMI), and the body
weight eventually. It is very necessary for the nurses to be appealing and friendly with the
patient so that the patient can rely on them, and share all information without hesitation.
Steve was experiencing hallucinations and delusions as a symptom of his schizophrenia. The
NMBA (2019) guides the fact that a nurse must take proper actions to facilitate provision of
care of patients. They have to communicate with efficacy so that the patient can trust them
completely. When Steve experiences delusional episodes, a nurse must comply with him,
making him believe that the person completely with Steve. It is significant for the attending
not to deny his hallucinations, but to reasonably present to the patient as a form of doubt
about the validity of the situation. Steve can be approached by complying with him, and
making him understand that though the professional’s thoughts are different, but he is
believed. It is important duty of the nurse to reinforce reality to the patient, so that Steve does
not become isolated from the real world. However, the nurse has to be understanding and
compliant so as not to put pressure on Steve. While Steve will be experiencing the episodes,
NURSING
comprehensive care of patients, a nurse must practice safe patient handling and show
empathy and kindness to the individual, irrespective of everything. In case of Steve, he is
gaining weight due to the ongoing medications. This is making him self-conscious and
isolated. A nurse can intervene in this situation by consulting a dietician, to formulate a
proper diet plan for Steve. A balanced diet containing measured amounts of protein,
carbohydrate and fat can help to control his excessive appetite, and control his weight. He can
be prescribed light physical activity, according to his preference, to control the matter. Manu
et al., (2015) revealed that in schizophrenic patients, weight management issues are
problematic, but not entirely impossible. Moderate physical activity, and proper diet-intake
can help with the issue effectively. A nurse must communicate properly and act
empathetically for best patient-based approach. McCance, and Heuther (2018) revealed that
increased physical activity could help to reduce the Body Mass Index (BMI), and the body
weight eventually. It is very necessary for the nurses to be appealing and friendly with the
patient so that the patient can rely on them, and share all information without hesitation.
Steve was experiencing hallucinations and delusions as a symptom of his schizophrenia. The
NMBA (2019) guides the fact that a nurse must take proper actions to facilitate provision of
care of patients. They have to communicate with efficacy so that the patient can trust them
completely. When Steve experiences delusional episodes, a nurse must comply with him,
making him believe that the person completely with Steve. It is significant for the attending
not to deny his hallucinations, but to reasonably present to the patient as a form of doubt
about the validity of the situation. Steve can be approached by complying with him, and
making him understand that though the professional’s thoughts are different, but he is
believed. It is important duty of the nurse to reinforce reality to the patient, so that Steve does
not become isolated from the real world. However, the nurse has to be understanding and
compliant so as not to put pressure on Steve. While Steve will be experiencing the episodes,
6
NURSING
the nurse must not touch him to avoid violence. The nurse must confront Steve and counsel
him afterwards. Pinho, Pereira and Chaves (2017) also confirms that during hallucinating
episodes, the nurse must demonstrate that they accept their belief but does not share the same.
The success of nursing intervention is not only dependent on the patient’s reaction and
performance, but also requires active participation from other members of family, and health
experts. So, everyone must act collaboratively for best outcome of patients. The other issue,
which Steve experiences, is social isolation. He confessed that he always feels that everybody
hates him. Therefore, he isolates himself separately. A nurse can engage Steve in various
forms of entertainment that includes music therapy, because Steve is particularly attracted to
music. This can motivate him effectively. The nurse can help Steve to interact with other
inmates of the anti-psychotic units, schizophrenic patients, and friendly staffs, to make him
believe that no one hates him. The increased amount of social interaction can help Steve
overcome his fear to a certain extent. Kalin et al., (2015) confirmed that increased social
competence could result in improved patient outcome, among patients of schizophrenic.
When they meet people with similar attributes and share each other’s concerns, they become
motivated and feels wanted in society.
Ethicolegal implications
The NMBA Standards (2019) implies that a nurse must adhere to the legal
implications while intervening therapeutically or professionally. The nurse must not perform
anything that is not under the scope and professional expertise of the person. It is implicated
that a nurse must not indulge in lying while treating a patient. However, while treating Steve,
who is schizophrenic, one have to comply with his false beliefs partially, and indulge in
lying, though not correct ethically. Noordraven et al., (2017) discussed ethical considerations
while treating patients; one must consider patient autonomy, benefits and justice served to the
NURSING
the nurse must not touch him to avoid violence. The nurse must confront Steve and counsel
him afterwards. Pinho, Pereira and Chaves (2017) also confirms that during hallucinating
episodes, the nurse must demonstrate that they accept their belief but does not share the same.
The success of nursing intervention is not only dependent on the patient’s reaction and
performance, but also requires active participation from other members of family, and health
experts. So, everyone must act collaboratively for best outcome of patients. The other issue,
which Steve experiences, is social isolation. He confessed that he always feels that everybody
hates him. Therefore, he isolates himself separately. A nurse can engage Steve in various
forms of entertainment that includes music therapy, because Steve is particularly attracted to
music. This can motivate him effectively. The nurse can help Steve to interact with other
inmates of the anti-psychotic units, schizophrenic patients, and friendly staffs, to make him
believe that no one hates him. The increased amount of social interaction can help Steve
overcome his fear to a certain extent. Kalin et al., (2015) confirmed that increased social
competence could result in improved patient outcome, among patients of schizophrenic.
When they meet people with similar attributes and share each other’s concerns, they become
motivated and feels wanted in society.
Ethicolegal implications
The NMBA Standards (2019) implies that a nurse must adhere to the legal
implications while intervening therapeutically or professionally. The nurse must not perform
anything that is not under the scope and professional expertise of the person. It is implicated
that a nurse must not indulge in lying while treating a patient. However, while treating Steve,
who is schizophrenic, one have to comply with his false beliefs partially, and indulge in
lying, though not correct ethically. Noordraven et al., (2017) discussed ethical considerations
while treating patients; one must consider patient autonomy, benefits and justice served to the
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patient. Kong, Dunn and Parker (2017) discussed possible ethical pathways while treating a
schizophrenic patient, for comprehensive care of the patient. It is very important for a nurse
to respect patient’s autonomic decisions (Yusuf, Nihayati & Kurniawan 2017). Steve was
exactly aware of his medications, but refuses to consume them as he thinks that is a poison.
So, it is a duty of the nurse to not pester him regarding this issue, but empathetically approach
him, by explaining the urgency of consumption of medicines. Steve was of belief that he was
a secret Government spy. It is the duty of the nurse to comply with him, causing no harm, but
also reinforcing the reality. The NMBA Code of Conduct (2019), principle 3.5, suggests that
a nurse must maintain confidentiality while treating a patient, as it is a legal and ethical
obligation. Petrova, Dewing and Camilleri (2016) addressed the possible conflicts about
maintaining the confidentiality of the patient while treating them in mental-care facilities, and
emphasized that a medical professional must maintain privacy for gathering the trust of the
patient, and for better outcome. It is absolutely essential for the attendant to not divulge any
details regarding his treatment and progression to any other patients, friends or colleagues,
without the informed consent of Steve. The health-expert can provide an environment to
maintain the secret and private conversations. The NMBA, ethical code of conduct highlights
the essentiality to maintain a therapeutic relation and intervening whenever necessary for the
best patient-based approach, and to minimize the possible risks of the patient. Steve can be
argumentative and aggressive during different phases of his treatment, but a nurse must
conform with his behaviour patiently and kindly, to calm him, and intrude successfully while
not trying to force him in the process. The attending must know to balance the need for
therapeutic intervention and distancing from the patient whenever necessary, as it is a legal
accountability to treat Steve. According to Townsend and Morgan (2017), with the increasing
burden of mental health disorder, medical professionals not only should be properly educated
NURSING
patient. Kong, Dunn and Parker (2017) discussed possible ethical pathways while treating a
schizophrenic patient, for comprehensive care of the patient. It is very important for a nurse
to respect patient’s autonomic decisions (Yusuf, Nihayati & Kurniawan 2017). Steve was
exactly aware of his medications, but refuses to consume them as he thinks that is a poison.
So, it is a duty of the nurse to not pester him regarding this issue, but empathetically approach
him, by explaining the urgency of consumption of medicines. Steve was of belief that he was
a secret Government spy. It is the duty of the nurse to comply with him, causing no harm, but
also reinforcing the reality. The NMBA Code of Conduct (2019), principle 3.5, suggests that
a nurse must maintain confidentiality while treating a patient, as it is a legal and ethical
obligation. Petrova, Dewing and Camilleri (2016) addressed the possible conflicts about
maintaining the confidentiality of the patient while treating them in mental-care facilities, and
emphasized that a medical professional must maintain privacy for gathering the trust of the
patient, and for better outcome. It is absolutely essential for the attendant to not divulge any
details regarding his treatment and progression to any other patients, friends or colleagues,
without the informed consent of Steve. The health-expert can provide an environment to
maintain the secret and private conversations. The NMBA, ethical code of conduct highlights
the essentiality to maintain a therapeutic relation and intervening whenever necessary for the
best patient-based approach, and to minimize the possible risks of the patient. Steve can be
argumentative and aggressive during different phases of his treatment, but a nurse must
conform with his behaviour patiently and kindly, to calm him, and intrude successfully while
not trying to force him in the process. The attending must know to balance the need for
therapeutic intervention and distancing from the patient whenever necessary, as it is a legal
accountability to treat Steve. According to Townsend and Morgan (2017), with the increasing
burden of mental health disorder, medical professionals not only should be properly educated
8
NURSING
about the ethical and legal considerations while treating a psychiatric patient, but also
intervene essentially assessing the situation, for better outcome.
Conclusion
In conclusion, biopsychosocial assessment is a very important and reliable aspect
while taking care of patients with schizophrenia. It delves into the matter of comprehensive
assessment and care of the patient, effectively. The biological aspects of Steve includes drug-
addiction (that led to schizophrenia) and gaining weight, among others. The psychological
aspects include episodes of hallucinations, distraction, and aggressiveness among some
others. The social factors include social isolation, and unresponsiveness. A nurse can
intervene effectively in this situation easing the patients’ condition consequently. A diet-chart
can be formulated with the help of a dietician, for the purpose of weight management. A
nurse can comply with the patient and be approachable, to make Steve feel cozy. The
attendant can communicate well with him, so that Steve trusts him completely, and share his
concerns. The nurse can arrange for social interaction of the patient with other inmates, and
formulate some activities to make him feel worthy. The individual must comply by all the
ethical and legal implications while dealing with Steve. The person needs to balance between
ethical and legal factors, and his obligation towards patient care, before intervening
effectively with Steve. The significant aspect here is comprehensive care of patient.
NURSING
about the ethical and legal considerations while treating a psychiatric patient, but also
intervene essentially assessing the situation, for better outcome.
Conclusion
In conclusion, biopsychosocial assessment is a very important and reliable aspect
while taking care of patients with schizophrenia. It delves into the matter of comprehensive
assessment and care of the patient, effectively. The biological aspects of Steve includes drug-
addiction (that led to schizophrenia) and gaining weight, among others. The psychological
aspects include episodes of hallucinations, distraction, and aggressiveness among some
others. The social factors include social isolation, and unresponsiveness. A nurse can
intervene effectively in this situation easing the patients’ condition consequently. A diet-chart
can be formulated with the help of a dietician, for the purpose of weight management. A
nurse can comply with the patient and be approachable, to make Steve feel cozy. The
attendant can communicate well with him, so that Steve trusts him completely, and share his
concerns. The nurse can arrange for social interaction of the patient with other inmates, and
formulate some activities to make him feel worthy. The individual must comply by all the
ethical and legal implications while dealing with Steve. The person needs to balance between
ethical and legal factors, and his obligation towards patient care, before intervening
effectively with Steve. The significant aspect here is comprehensive care of patient.
9
NURSING
References-
Andrasik, F., Goodie, J. L., & Peterson, A. L. (Eds.). (2015). Biopsychosocial assessment in
clinical health psychology. Guilford Publications. Retrieved from:
https://books.google.co.in/books?
hl=en&lr=&id=RjL2BQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=biopsychosocial+assessme
nt&ots=NCSeZ6Kf3V&sig=lK_EB3KSkjqpalHiYIkCFH5JWAY&
redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=biopsychosocial%20assessment&f=false
Dubienski, S. (2016). Examining the use of a biofeedback intervention with athletes post
concussion. Retrieved from: http://hdl.handle.net/1993/31711
Hugdahl, K., & Sommer, I. E. (2017). Auditory verbal hallucinations in schizophrenia from
levels of explanation perspective. Schizophrenia bulletin, 44(2), 234-241. Retrieved
from: https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbx142
Jimenez, X. F., Bautista, J. F., Tilahun, B. S., Fan, Y., Ford, P. J., & Tesar, G. E. (2016).
Bridging a clinical gap in psychogenic nonepileptic seizures: Mental health provider
preferences of biopsychosocial assessment approaches. Epilepsy & Behavior, 56, 149-
152. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2015.12.035
Musil, R., Obermeier, M., Russ, P., & Hamerle, M. (2015). Weight gain and
antipsychotics: a drug safety review. Expert opinion on drug safety, 14(1), 73-96.
Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1517/14740338.2015.974549
Kalin, M., Kaplan, S., Gould, F., Pinkham, A. E., Penn, D. L., & Harvey, P. D. (2015). Social
cognition, social competence, negative symptoms and social outcomes: inter-
relationships in people with schizophrenia. Journal of psychiatric research, 68, 254-
260. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.07.008
NURSING
References-
Andrasik, F., Goodie, J. L., & Peterson, A. L. (Eds.). (2015). Biopsychosocial assessment in
clinical health psychology. Guilford Publications. Retrieved from:
https://books.google.co.in/books?
hl=en&lr=&id=RjL2BQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=biopsychosocial+assessme
nt&ots=NCSeZ6Kf3V&sig=lK_EB3KSkjqpalHiYIkCFH5JWAY&
redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=biopsychosocial%20assessment&f=false
Dubienski, S. (2016). Examining the use of a biofeedback intervention with athletes post
concussion. Retrieved from: http://hdl.handle.net/1993/31711
Hugdahl, K., & Sommer, I. E. (2017). Auditory verbal hallucinations in schizophrenia from
levels of explanation perspective. Schizophrenia bulletin, 44(2), 234-241. Retrieved
from: https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbx142
Jimenez, X. F., Bautista, J. F., Tilahun, B. S., Fan, Y., Ford, P. J., & Tesar, G. E. (2016).
Bridging a clinical gap in psychogenic nonepileptic seizures: Mental health provider
preferences of biopsychosocial assessment approaches. Epilepsy & Behavior, 56, 149-
152. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2015.12.035
Musil, R., Obermeier, M., Russ, P., & Hamerle, M. (2015). Weight gain and
antipsychotics: a drug safety review. Expert opinion on drug safety, 14(1), 73-96.
Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1517/14740338.2015.974549
Kalin, M., Kaplan, S., Gould, F., Pinkham, A. E., Penn, D. L., & Harvey, P. D. (2015). Social
cognition, social competence, negative symptoms and social outcomes: inter-
relationships in people with schizophrenia. Journal of psychiatric research, 68, 254-
260. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.07.008
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10
NURSING
Kong, C., Dunn, M., & Parker, M. (2017). Psychiatric genomics and mental health treatment:
Setting the ethical agenda. The American Journal of Bioethics, 17(4), 3-12. Retrieved
from: https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2017.1284915
Manu, P., Dima, L., Shulman, M., Vancampfort, D., De Hert, M., & Correll, C. U. (2015).
Weight gain and obesity in schizophrenia: epidemiology, pathobiology, and
management. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 132(2), 97-108. Retrieved from:
https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.12445
McCance, K. L., & Huether, S. E. (2018). Pathophysiology-E-Book: The Biologic Basis for
Disease in Adults and Children. Elsevier Health Sciences. Retrieved from:
https://books.google.co.in/books?
hl=en&lr=&id=K4lIDwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq
Michael, J., & Park, S. (2016). Anomalous bodily experiences and perceived social isolation
in schizophrenia: An extension of the Social Deafferentation
Hypothesis. Schizophrenia research, 176(2-3), 392-397. Retrieved from:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2016.06.013
Noordraven, E. L., Schermer, M. H., Blanken, P., Mulder, C. L., & Wierdsma, A. I. (2017).
Ethical acceptability of offering financial incentives for taking antipsychotic depot
medication: patients’ and clinicians’ perspectives after a 12-month randomized
controlled trial. BMC psychiatry, 17(1), 313.Retreived from:
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Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia. (2019). Code of Ethics for Nurses in Australia.
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NURSING
Kong, C., Dunn, M., & Parker, M. (2017). Psychiatric genomics and mental health treatment:
Setting the ethical agenda. The American Journal of Bioethics, 17(4), 3-12. Retrieved
from: https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2017.1284915
Manu, P., Dima, L., Shulman, M., Vancampfort, D., De Hert, M., & Correll, C. U. (2015).
Weight gain and obesity in schizophrenia: epidemiology, pathobiology, and
management. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 132(2), 97-108. Retrieved from:
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McCance, K. L., & Huether, S. E. (2018). Pathophysiology-E-Book: The Biologic Basis for
Disease in Adults and Children. Elsevier Health Sciences. Retrieved from:
https://books.google.co.in/books?
hl=en&lr=&id=K4lIDwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq
Michael, J., & Park, S. (2016). Anomalous bodily experiences and perceived social isolation
in schizophrenia: An extension of the Social Deafferentation
Hypothesis. Schizophrenia research, 176(2-3), 392-397. Retrieved from:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2016.06.013
Noordraven, E. L., Schermer, M. H., Blanken, P., Mulder, C. L., & Wierdsma, A. I. (2017).
Ethical acceptability of offering financial incentives for taking antipsychotic depot
medication: patients’ and clinicians’ perspectives after a 12-month randomized
controlled trial. BMC psychiatry, 17(1), 313.Retreived from:
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Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia. (2019). Code of Ethics for Nurses in Australia.
Access date: 2nd August, 2019. [Online]. Retrieved from: file:///D:/PPT
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Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia. (2019).National Competency Standards for the
registered Nurse. Access date: 2nd August, 2019. [Online]. Retrieved from:
file:///D:/PPT%20Materials/australia%20nurse.pdf
Petrova, E., Dewing, J., & Camilleri, M. (2016). Confidentiality in participatory research:
Challenges from one study. Nursing Ethics, 23(4), 442-454. Retrieved from:
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733014564909
Pinho, L. G. D., Pereira, A., & Chaves, C. (2017). Nursing Interventions in Schizophrenia:
The Importance of Therapeutic Relationship. Nurse Care Open Acces J, 3(6), 00090.
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care in evidence-based practice. FA Davis.Retrieved from:
https://books.google.co.in/books?
hl=en&lr=&id=3a0DwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=nursing+ethics+therapeutic+
interventionmental+health&ots=mSYiJxKNCy&sig=_UDMqwixul5P0VEsosNlwmbf
Z_Q&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false
Woods, S. B., Priest, J. B., & Denton, W. H. (2015). Tell me where it hurts: assessing mental
and relational health in primary care using a biopsychosocial assessment
intervention. The Family Journal, 23(2), 109-119. Retrieved from:
https://doi.org/10.1177/1066480714555671
Yusuf, A., Nihayati, H. E., & Kurniawan, K. E. (2017). Modeling Participant Toward Self-
Care Deficit on Schizophrenic Clients. Jurnal Ners, 12(1), 41-48. Retrieved from:
http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jn.v12i1.3754
NURSING
Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia. (2019).National Competency Standards for the
registered Nurse. Access date: 2nd August, 2019. [Online]. Retrieved from:
file:///D:/PPT%20Materials/australia%20nurse.pdf
Petrova, E., Dewing, J., & Camilleri, M. (2016). Confidentiality in participatory research:
Challenges from one study. Nursing Ethics, 23(4), 442-454. Retrieved from:
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733014564909
Pinho, L. G. D., Pereira, A., & Chaves, C. (2017). Nursing Interventions in Schizophrenia:
The Importance of Therapeutic Relationship. Nurse Care Open Acces J, 3(6), 00090.
Retrieved from:
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/0cef/2dacc8ce6ae0599d6b8c5ab2cdcb7feed9cf.pdf
Townsend, M. C., & Morgan, K. I. (2017). Psychiatric mental health nursing: Concepts of
care in evidence-based practice. FA Davis.Retrieved from:
https://books.google.co.in/books?
hl=en&lr=&id=3a0DwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=nursing+ethics+therapeutic+
interventionmental+health&ots=mSYiJxKNCy&sig=_UDMqwixul5P0VEsosNlwmbf
Z_Q&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false
Woods, S. B., Priest, J. B., & Denton, W. H. (2015). Tell me where it hurts: assessing mental
and relational health in primary care using a biopsychosocial assessment
intervention. The Family Journal, 23(2), 109-119. Retrieved from:
https://doi.org/10.1177/1066480714555671
Yusuf, A., Nihayati, H. E., & Kurniawan, K. E. (2017). Modeling Participant Toward Self-
Care Deficit on Schizophrenic Clients. Jurnal Ners, 12(1), 41-48. Retrieved from:
http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jn.v12i1.3754
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