Body and fluid regulation PDF

Running Head: BODY AND FLUID REGULATION
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HOMEOSTASIS
STUDENT NAME

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Contents
Introduction...........................................................................................................................................2
Role of homeostasis in the physiology of human body......................................................................2
Skin homeostasis...............................................................................................................................6
Conclusion.............................................................................................................................................7
References.............................................................................................................................................9

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Introduction
The human body is made up of various cells that altogether serve in the maintenance
of the entire organism (Standring, 2015). While the cells, tissues, and body organs execute
very diverse functions, all the body cells are comparable in their metabolic requirements.
Keeping a continuous interior environment by giving the body cells with what they require to
live and what is essential for the health of both separate cells and the whole body (Standring,
2015). The numerous methods by which the human body maintains its interior atmosphere
are together called homeostasis (McEwen, & Wingfield, 2010). The corresponding activity of
main body systems upholds homeostasis. Homeostasis denote as the constancy, balance, or
steadiness inside a cell or the human body. It is the organism’s capability to retain a
continuous internal atmosphere and is the essential feature of living things (Humphrey,
Dufresne, & Schwartz, 2014). In this particular essay, the term homeostasis will be discussed
and skin homeostasis will also be mentioned as an example.
Role of homeostasis in the physiology of the human body
Homeostasis plays the main part in the appropriate running of the body. This is
controlled by diverse reactions like thermoregulation, osmoregulation, and the chemical
regulation by altering structures in the human body, such as digestive system, breathing
system, urinary system, and nervous system (Sherwood, 2015). These body systems uphold
the constancy of the human body by freeing the inducement when the hormonal quantity rises
or declines. The inducement is produced; the cells work consequently to uphold the suitable
working of the cell (Sherwood, 2015). Therefore feedback regulation work and uphold the
cells to reach to the fixed point. The body’s endocrine system of the body has a controlling
influence on other body systems. The hormones in the muscular body system regulate muscle
breakdown, energy generation, and development. The hormones in the body's nervous
system, impacts neural breakdown, control liquid and concentration of ion and assist with
generative hormones that affect brain growth (Sherwood, 2015).

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Three major mechanisms controls Homeostasis are:
 Osmoregulation
 Thermoregulation
 Chemical Regulation
These events occur in the human body by the numerous systems like the endocrine
system, reproductive system, nervous system, respiratory system, and urinary System
(Tabarean, Morrison, Marcondes, Bartfai, & Conti, 2010).
Feedback Regulation
Hormones control the action of body cells. Inducement or stimulus organizes the
discharge of hormones into the bloodstream. Feedback regulation defined as the reaction to
an inducement changes the interior situations and leads to a new inducement and this self-
regulating method by the interior system (Avraham, & Yarden, 2011).
The feedback maintenance or regulation is of two types:
1. Positive type of feedback regulation
2. Negative type of feedback regulation (Avraham, & Yarden, 2011)
Positive type of feedback regulation
Positive type of feedback is less general in the organic systems. The positive type of
feedback works to speediness up the route of alteration such as Lactation. The prolactin
hormone discharge associated with the infant sucking the milk (Hendry, Farley, &
McLafferty, 2012).
Negative type of Feedback regulation:
Thermoregulation

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Negative type of feedback is the most general feedback loop present in the human
natural system. To uphold the homeostatic equilibrium the system works to opposite the route
of change to manage the things persistent (Tu, Long, Svenningsen, Wingreen, & Bassler,
2010).
Example one: When the CO2 level rises in the air, which a person breathes, the lungs receive
signals to respire CO2 more which leads to rising in the respiration rate and carbon dioxide
level is balanced and then the lungs work generally (Tu, Long, Svenningsen, Wingreen, &
Bassler, 2010).
Example 2: When the temperature of the body rises, then spontaneously the skin receptors
and hypothalamus intellects the hotness alteration and stimulate a message from the head
part. This further cause’s skin to secrete sweat, the blood containers (vessels) close to the skin
apparent will widen and that assist to reduce the temperature of body and this is termed
thermoregulation that comes under the negative type of feedback loop (Tu, Long,
Svenningsen, Wingreen, & Bassler, 2010).
Osmoregulation
Osmosis is the necessary procedure that causes in the body for the appropriate
working of cells. Osmosis is the process that regulates the Aquatic movement in the human
body. The balancing of both flanks of the membrane of the cell manages the Osmosis, for the
appropriate working of most required biochemical procedure of the cells (Damkjær et al.,
2013).
In two circumstances, which can change the biochemical, course and leads to the cell
death are:
1. The increase in the concentration of deliberation of solutes beyond regular in the ECF
(extracellular fluid) which originates in the association of ICF (intracellular surface) to the
extracellular surface will happen which leads to the cell contraction (Noda, & Sakuta, 2013).

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2. The decrease in the deliberation of solutes in ECF, which results in the movement of ECF
within the cells lead to the inflammation of the cell and breaks the cell later certain degree
(Noda, & Sakuta, 2013).
The management of steady concentration of the solutes is the mandatory process for
the appropriate working of body cells and diffusion and osmosis retains this process. The
unicellular organism that survives in the environment by the using O2 from the outside
atmosphere generates the energy essential for its development and existence. It also
discharges the unwanted waste and carbon dioxide straight into the atmosphere (Damkjær et
al., 2013).
The Multicellular organisms such as human beings are contained trillions of body
cells, the majority of the body cells are entrenched inside the body, and therefore they cannot
interchange with the atmosphere openly so body cells exchange materials with the liquid
present around them. The blood plasma is a portion of the ECF of the organism. The cells
designs the ECF, on the outside atmosphere, is via the cells. The Cells are in constant
interaction with the ECF (Danziger, & Zeidel, 2015).
Chemical type of Regulation
Regulation of blood glucose rate is the illustration of negative type of feedback. The
concentration of Blood glucose increases after eating food. The hormone called insulin is
secreted by the pancreas, and it increases the transportation of body glucose from the blood to
the particular tissues (Houdas, & Ring, 2013). The concentrations of Blood glucose then
reduces, which then drops the original inducement. The excretion of insulin hormone into the
bloodstream is then declined (Houdas & Ring, 2013).
Skin homeostasis
The integumentary system has various parts to play in homeostasis such as safety,
regulation, heat control, sensory receptors, absorption, and biochemical production. The

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primary function of the skin is to work as the obstacle to the entry of harmful microorganisms
like viruses and to stop H2O and the ECF (extracellular fluids) loss. Melanocytes are the
molecules that form the second barrier to provide safety from the harmful effects of UV
radiation. When the microorganisms enter the skin the inflammatory response produced.
When the temperature of the body increases, the hypothalamus transfers messages to the
sweat generating skin glands, which leads to the secretion of nearly 1-2 liters of H20 in every
60 minutes to cool down the body. The brain part called hypothalamus also triggers the
enlargement of the blood vessels of the human skin, that permits more blood to run through
these vessels and leads to the heart to be put away from the skin (Nestle, DI Meglio, Qin, &
Nickoloff, 2009).
Temperature maintenance is one important homeostatic function. The mammals and
birds are hot-blooded; they regulate a continuous body heat despite exterior atmosphere
alterations. Human uphold their body heat of 370C; human have reactions to drop temperature
when the get too warm and methods of retaining temperature when they get too cold. When
the temperature of the body decreases, the sweat glands squeeze and production of sweat is
reduces. If the body heat remains to drop, the body might be involved in the thermogenesis or
warmth production by shivering and by aggregate the metabolic level of the human body
(Seneschal, Clark, Gehad, Baecher-Allan, & Kupper, 2012).
Water loss in the skin
The loss of water occurs in the human skin in two different ways;
 Evaporation
 Sweating (Taylor, & Machado-Moreira, 2013).
In the warm climate, nearly four liters/hour can be lost by both evaporation and
sweating. The skin injured by burning is less operative at avoiding the fluid loss, frequently
leads to a life threatening issue if not cured (Lee, 2010). The sensory receptors present in the
skin comprise those for pain or ache, force (touch), and heat. Deeper inside the body skin

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are Meissner's corpuscles that are particularly mutual in the edges of the fingers and lips, and
are too sensitive to the touch (Vega, García‐Suárez, Montaño, Pardo, & Cobo,
2009). Pacinian corpuscles generally retort to pressure. Heat receptors: respond when it is
cold or hot (Vega, García‐Suárez, Montaño, Pardo, & Cobo, 2009).
Conclusion
The human body is composed of numerous cells that overall assists for upholding the
whole body. Keeping the inside environment stable is essential for the common activity of
the body. Homeostasis known for serves to maintain the constancy, steadiness, or balance
inside the cell or the organism’s body. Homeostasis is the most important process of the body
and controlled by different mechanisms; thermoregulation, osmoregulation, and chemical
regulation. Thermoregulation consists of two different reactions such as positive feedback
regulation and negative feedback regulation. Osmoregulation is required to maintain the
liquid balance inside the cells. The chemical regulation involves the regulation of blood
glucose with the help of the insulin hormone. Skin homeostasis is the example of
Homeostasis which regulates the skin temperature and work as the barrier by using water loss
by two different ways like evaporation and sweating. The receptor is known as Meissner's
corpuscles and Pacinian corpuscles help in the sensation of touch and temperature.

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References
Avraham, R., & Yarden, Y. (2011). Feedback regulation of EGFR signaling: decision making
by early and delayed loops. Nature reviews Molecular cell biology, 12(2), 104.
Damkjær, M., Isaksson, G. L., Stubbe, J., Jensen, B. L., Assersen, K., & Bie, P. (2013). Renal
renin secretion as regulator of body fluid homeostasis. Pflügers Archiv-European
Journal of Physiology, 465(1), 153-165.
Danziger, J., & Zeidel, M. L. (2015). Osmotic homeostasis. Clinical Journal of the American
Society of Nephrology, 10(5), 852-862.
Hendry, C., Farley, A., & McLafferty, E. (2012). Introduction to the life sciences series and
homeostasis. Nursing Standard, 26(44).
Houdas, Y., & Ring, E. F. J. (2013). Human body temperature: its measurement and
regulation (2nd ed.). New York: Springer Science & Business Media.
Humphrey, J. D., Dufresne, E. R., & Schwartz, M. A. (2014). Mechanotransduction and
extracellular matrix homeostasis. Nature reviews Molecular cell biology, 15(12), 802.
Lee, J. W. (2010). Fluid and electrolyte disturbances in critically ill patients. Electrolytes &
Blood Pressure, 8(2), 72-81.
McEwen, B. S., & Wingfield, J. C. (2010). What's in a name? Integrating homeostasis,
allostasis, and stress. Hormones and behavior, 57(2), 105.
Nestle, F. O., Di Meglio, P., Qin, J. Z., & Nickoloff, B. J. (2009). Skin immune sentinels in
health and disease. Nature Reviews Immunology, 9(10), 679.

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Noda, M., & Sakuta, H. (2013). Central regulation of body fluid homeostasis. Trends in
Neurosciences, 36(11), 661-673.
Seneschal, J., Clark, R. A., Gehad, A., Baecher-Allan, C. M., & Kupper, T. S. (2012). Human
epidermal Langerhans cells maintain immune homeostasis in skin by activating skin
resident regulatory T cells. Immunity, 36(5), 873-884.
Sherwood, L. (2015). Human physiology: from cells to systems (9th ed.). USA: Cengage
Learning.
Standring, S. (Ed.). (2015). Gray's anatomy e-book: the anatomical basis of clinical practice
(41st ed.). London, UK: Elsevier Health Sciences.
Tabarean, I., Morrison, B., Marcondes, M. C., Bartfai, T., & Conti, B. (2010). Hypothalamic
and dietary control of temperature-mediated longevity. Ageing research reviews, 9(1),
41-50.
Taylor, N. A., & Machado-Moreira, C. A. (2013). Regional variations in transepidermal
water loss, eccrine sweat gland density, sweat secretion rates and electrolyte
composition in resting and exercising humans. Extreme Physiology & Medicine, 2(1),
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Tu, K. C., Long, T., Svenningsen, S. L., Wingreen, N. S., & Bassler, B. L. (2010). Negative
feedback loops involving small regulatory RNAs precisely control the Vibrio harveyi
quorum-sensing response. Molecular Cell, 37(4), 567-579.
Vega, J. A., García‐Suárez, O., Montaño, J. A., Pardo, B., & Cobo, J. M. (2009). The
Meissner and Pacinian sensory corpuscles revisited new data from the last
decade. Microscopy research and technique, 72(4), 299-309.

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