Bone Marrow Transplantation: Uses and Procedures

Bone marrow transplantation is a medical procedure used to treat various disorders like leukaemia, osteoporosis, immunodeficiency states, inherited disorders or even solid tumours. This article discusses the uses and procedures of bone marrow transplantation, including autologous and allogenic transplantation.

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Bone marrow transplantation is a medical procedure which represents technological
application of basic immunologic principles for the treatment of various allied and neo-plastic
disorders in the bone marrow. Over the last 15 years, the results have improved especially for
the treatment of acute and chronic leukaemia.
Uses of Bone marrow transplantation:
In this process the blood stem cells are transplanted which travels to the bone marrow
responsible for producing new blood cells thereby promoting growth of new marrow
(Morrison, 2016). Bone marrow transplantation is used to treat several disorders like;
leukaemia, osteoporosis, immunodeficiency states, inherited disorders or even solid tumours.
The brief on these disorders and the use of transplantation are discussed below:
Radiation exposure: Bone marrow proliferates constantly because of which it is most
sensitive to exposure. In transplantation the early attempts were made after the incidents of
radiation exposure in 1950s (Hardy & lkpeazu). There are several consequences of high dose
radiation exposure and its treatment through allogenic bone marrow transplantation were
made after the incident at Chernobyl. These causes thermal injury due to high temperature
and it also affects the other organ system due to high radiation, eventually making the
diagnosis poor.
Aplastic Anaemia: It is one of the rare disorders in which there is impairment of
hemopoietic cells. The drug therapy and androgen does not show any type of environment.
The transplantation of bone marrow is one of the treatment of this disorder.
Acute Leukaemia: It is a neoplastic disease of the bone cells in which by unrestrained and
continuous proliferation, blocks the multiplication of the normal constituents of marrow
leading to deposition of non-functional circulating and in situ bone cells further resulting in
life threatening diseases like haemorrhage and infection. The medical procedure for acute
leukaemia when performed at adverse conditions like relapse or with patient complication
increases the survival rate by 15%. Similarly, the transplantation during the second remission
for acute non-lymphocytic leukaemia is linked to disease free survival rate 48% to 60%.
Chronic Myelogenous Leukaemia: In this, the neoplastic change in the precursor stem cells
results in nonlymphocytic narrow cells. There is translocation of genes between
chromosomes 12 and 9. The affected people in acute accelerated “blastic” phase is very
difficult to cure and most of the succumb.
Immunodeficiency states: The successful introduction of bone marrow transplantation in
patient with immunodeficiency syndrome was observed in swiss type severe
immunodeficiency patient. Transplantation is offered to be as the option for the treatment of
this disorder and Wiscott-Alridge syndrome. In fact, using this process 20 potentially lethal
blood illness have treated including paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria, and Gaucher's
disease and osteoporosis.
Haemoglobin and Related Problems: There has been research from long period to
transplant bone marrow with the patient having haemoglobinopathies. Although this
technique was successfully tested on animals with inherited anemias, there were few
occasions in which it was successfully tested on human with hereditary anemias.

Autologous Bone Marrow Transplantation:
This is a type of transplantation in autologous in which person’s own stem cell is used
(Malladi, Johnson, Radford, & McKay, 2017). The cells are harvested before the initiation of
cells destroying therapy like radiation or chemotherapy. It helps in reduction of serious
complication such as GVHD (Graft Versus Host Disease).
Allogenic Transplantation:
This method is significant in patient having damaged bone marrow cells (Riezzo, Pascale, &
Russa, 2017).Thus, it is evident that bone marrow transplantation helps in treating
considerable number of life threatening diseases like leukaemia, inherited disorders etc.
References
Hardy, R. E., & lkpeazu, E. V. (n.d.). Bone Marrow Transplantation: A Review. Journal of
the National Medical Association, 81(5), 518-525.
Malladi, R., Johnson, R., Radford, J., & McKay, P. (2017). Treatment pathways and resource
use associated with recurrent Hodgkin lymphoma after autologous stem cell
transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplantation, 52, 452–454.
Morrison, J. (2016, February 4). Bone Marrow Transplant. Retrieved from Healthline:
https://www.healthline.com/health/bone-marrow-transplant
Riezzo, I., Pascale, N., & Russa, R. L. (2017). Donor Selection for Allogenic Hemopoietic
Stem Cell Transplantation: Clinical and Ethical Considerations. Stem Cells
International, 5250790. http://doi.org/10.1155/2017/5250790.