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(PDF) BRCA 1 and BRCA 2: Role in Breast Cancer

Write an essay on the roles of BRCA-1 and BRCA-2 genes in DNA repair, and implications of mutations in these to cancers.

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Added on  2021-04-17

(PDF) BRCA 1 and BRCA 2: Role in Breast Cancer

Write an essay on the roles of BRCA-1 and BRCA-2 genes in DNA repair, and implications of mutations in these to cancers.

   Added on 2021-04-17

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Running head: BRCA-1 and BRCA-2 1BRCA-1 and BRCA-2 Student’s (Name)Institution
(PDF) BRCA 1 and BRCA 2: Role in Breast Cancer_1
BRCA-1 and BRCA-2 2QUESTION 1IntroductionBRCA-1 and BRCA-2 (Breast Cancer 1 and 2) are genes in the human body that producetumor suppressor proteins. This gene modulates and control the system of cell division inensuring that cell occurrence is neither rapid nor out of control. They also help in the repairing ofdamaged DNA to ensure steady cell genetic material. In case of any alterations of these genesthere will be genetic changes that will result in cancer. Some of the cancer that are mostlyassociated with BRCA-1 and BRCA-2 are mostly breast cancer, ovarian cancer and other typesof cancer like fallopian tube, peritoneal cancer and prostate cancer among men and pancreaticcancer for both men and women, an example of. Mostly women are affected by this cancer ifthey inherited this problems from their parents (Finch et al., 2014). An example of a mutation forBRCA-2 is FANCD1 which is inherited form parents and can cause anemia associated withtumors and leukemia at early stages. (DNA)Deoxyribonucleic acid are nucleotides that carrygenetic instructions used in the genetic growth and development in the living organism. Thisessay will understand the role of BRCA-1 and BRCA-2 in DNA repair and the implication ofmutations in these to cancers.(i)Structure and functions of BRCA-1and BRCA-2BRCA 2 gene is composed of 27 exons almost twice the size of BRCA1 withapproximately 3418 amino and 384kDAa(Syngal, 2015) .BRCA 1 and BRCA 2 are tumorsuppressor genes that incase of mutation lead to cancerous diseases, some functions of this genesare :Firstly, They contribute to the repair of DNA genes and regulation of DNA damage inliving organisms, secondly they help in the maintenance of chromosol stability thereby
(PDF) BRCA 1 and BRCA 2: Role in Breast Cancer_2
BRCA-1 and BRCA-2 3protecting chromosome from damage and embryo proliferation .Recent studies have shown thatBRCA have helped in the regulation of DNA cell cycle and apoptosis. the main role of BRCA 2is the regulation of the function of RAD 51 in repairing homologous recombination. BRCA 1 ismutated in three regions N terminal, BRCT domain and exons 11-13. BRCA 1 has undergoneover 1700 mutations with 858 of this mutation being confirmed as deadly ones with the possiblyof causing cancer, it consists of amino acids and zinc ions.(ii)The roles of BRCA-1 and BRCA-2 in maintaining geneticintegrity by DNA repairCarcinogenesis has been on the rise because of genetic mutation, this has resulted to lackof genes that are responsible for the maintenance of genome integrity. The damage of DNA hasbeen attributed to direct damage and recombinational damages. BRCA 2 and BRCA 1 geneshave taken part in the repairing of damaged DNA by association with other proteins in mendingbreaks in DNA (Subertilla et al. ,2015),BRCA 1 and 2 activate the repair of double strandsbreaks (DBS) thereby leading to the process of homologous recombination (HR ) which thuslinks these breaks (Hortobagy et al., 2016),they also help in the formation of hinderances to thespread of damaged gene so that the damaged genes does not affect other important areas, breaksthat can either be natural or as a result of medical emissions or problems with the environmentchanges, however it should be noted that damage repair pathways are necessary for growth anddevelopment of organisms except when the repair is defective from the normal repair, other errorsin the DNA include errors during DNA replication, errors as result of exposure of DA tochemical activities such as ionization radiation and oxidative stress among the cells (Tung et al.,2015).BRCA lack also causes abnormalities in the G2 checkpoint ,centrosome duplication and
(PDF) BRCA 1 and BRCA 2: Role in Breast Cancer_3

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