Assessment Pack for BSBWHS401

This assessment pack includes a written report on WHS policies and procedures, workplace inspection checklist, assessment summary, discussion on WHS legislation, and risk control methods. It focuses on the implementation and monitoring of WHS policies to meet legislative requirements. The pack is for the BSBWHS401 unit.

BSBWHS401 – Student Assessment Pack
UNIT COMPETENCY RECORD SHEET
Student Name:
Student ID No:
Date:
Unit Code: BSBWHS401
Unit Title: Implement and monitor WHS policies, procedures and programs to meet legislative
requirements
Please attach the following documentation to this form
Result
S = Satisfactory
NS = Not Satisfactory
NA = Not Assessed
Reassessment
S = Satisfactory
NS = Not Satisfactory
NA = Not Assessed
Assessment 1 ❑ 600 words written report attached ❒S ❒NS ❒NA ❒S ❒NS ❒NA
Assessment 2
❑ WHS Training Session Details attached
❑ Student Observer Question forms attached ❒S ❒NS ❒NA ❒S ❒NS ❒NA
Assessment 3 ❒ Completed JSA Attached ❒S ❒NS ❒NA ❒S ❒NS ❒NA
Assessment 4 ❑ Written Assessment attached ❒S ❒NS ❒NA ❒S ❒NS ❒NA
Unit Outcomes ❒ Satisfactory ❒ Not Satisfactory ❒ Not Assessed
Final Assessment Result for this unit ❒ C (Competent)
❒ NYC (Not Yet Competent)
Assessor Comments & Feedbacks:(inclusive of reassessment, reasonable adjustment, further opportunities for gap training etc.)
Student Declaration:
Name: ____________________________

BSBWHS401 – Student Assessment Pack
I declare that I have been assessed in this unit, and I have been
advised of my result. I also am aware of my appeal rights.
Signature: ____________________________
Date: ____/_____/_____
Assessor Declaration:
I declare that I have conducted a fair, valid, reliable and flexible
assessment with this student, and I have provided appropriate
feedback
Name: ____________________________
Signature: ____________________________
Date: ____/_____/_____
ASSESSMENT 1 – Report on WHS Policies & Procedures
For this task, you are required to identify and research a business’s Workplace Health & Safety practices, then
write a 600 words report that states why WHS is good business. If you are working in a business, then this report
is to focus on your current employer.
Details:
You will need to consider the type of business you are researching best practices for, as your report will differ
subject to the industry and risk level of each business. You could make good use of statistical information and
graphical representations. Make reference to, and give examples of, any specific areas in where WHS practices
and compliance need upgrading (based on industry levels)
Your suggested area of improvement could, for instance, relate to ongoing information dissemination, training,
inadequacies in existing risk control measures in accordance with the hierarchy of control, or to improving the
training format so they are less boring – etc.
Do not even consider stating that your all WHS & workplace practices are so good that they do not need
improvement. Everything can be improved!!
When addressing the statement that Workplace Health & Safety is good business, consider the concepts of
loyalty, caring, trust and honesty, relationship building, employee satisfaction, customer, shareholder and
stakeholder satisfaction.
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Be sure to also discuss the application of relevant Workplace Health & Safety legislative frameworks relevant to
your business.
Assessment Summary
You are to submit the following evidence / perform the following tasks
● Submit your written report as outlined above
Workplace Inspection Checklist
Item Yes No N/A
1 Fire
- Extinguishers are in place Yes
- Are clearly marked Yes
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BSBWHS401 – Student Assessment Pack
- Have been serviced in the past 6 months Yes
- The area around extinguisher is clear for a 1-meter radius Yes
- Fire exit signs are in working order Yes
- Exit doors are not blocked Yes
- Exit doors can easily be opened Yes
- The fire alarm is in working order Yes
- An emergency plan is displayed Yes
- Emergency drill carried out within the last 6 months Yes
2 Electrical
- No broken plugs, sockets or switches Yes
- No frayed or damaged leads Yes
- Portable power tools in good condition Yes
- No temporary leads on the floor Yes
- Testing and tagging of electrical items have been attended within the last 12 months Yes
3 General Lighting No
- There is adequate illumination in working areas No
- There is good natural lighting No
- There is no direct or reflected glare No
- Light fittings are in good working condition and are clean No
- Emergency lighting is operational
N
o
4 Walkways Yes
- No oil or grease Yes
- Walkways are clearly marked Yes
- Walkways are clear of obstructions Yes
- There is an unobstructed vision at intersections
N
o
- Stairs not blocked and are in good condition Yes
5 Rubbish
N
o
- Bins are located at suitable points Ni
- Bins are not overflowing Ni
- Bins are emptied regularly
N
o
6 Work Benches
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- Clear of rubbish Yes
- Tools are stored properly Yes
- Adequate work height Yes
- No sharp edges Yes
7 Storage
- Materials stored in racks in a safe manner Yes
- Pallets are in good condition (no broken wood) Yes
- The floor around racking is clear of rubbish or obstacles Yes
- Racking is in good condition, no damaged uprights, beams etc Yes
8 Chemicals
- SDS for all chemicals No
- SDS Register is available and up to date No
- Containers are clearly and accurately labelled No
- All chemicals are stored in accordance with the SDS No
9 First Aid
- First aid kits and contents clean and orderly Yes
- First aid kit is adequately stocked (as per the Schedule in the kit) Yes
- Easy access to first aid kits Yes
- All employees are aware of the location of first aid kits Yes
- At least one worker on site with current Senior First Aid cert Yes
10 Floors
- Even surface with no large cracks, holes or trip hazards Yes
- Floors are not obstructed Yes
- Floors are free from grease, oil, etc Yes
11 Office
- No exposed leads Yes
- Air conditioning working adequately Yes
- Filing cabinets are stable and in good repair Yes
- Workers' chairs at the correct height (knees at right angles, feet flat) Yes
- Workers' monitor's correct distance (arm's length away when seated) Yes
- Workers' monitor's correct height (eyes in line with the top of the screen) Yes
- Workers' mouse located beside keyboard (allows relaxed arms and wrists) Yes
- Workers' keyboard located near the edge of the desk (allows relaxed arms) Yes
12 Machines
- Power equipment maintenance carried out Yes
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- Power equipment clean Yes
- All guarding in place and interlocks working Yes
13 Display Material
- WHS policy statement signed by the Managing Director and displayed on notice boards Yes
- Return to work program signed by Managing Director and displayed on notice boards Yes
- "No smoking" signs are displayed Yes
- "Staff only" or "Restricted area" signs are displayed in relevant areas Yes
- "Report that Hazard" poster displayed Yes
- "Manual Handling" poster is displayed in the warehouse area Yes
- Safety noticeboard is available and up to date Yes
14 WHS Information
- WHS Manual available to workers Yes
- Incident report form available Yes
- Hazard report forms available Yes
- Emergency evacuation plan displayed Yes
- Training records up to date Yes
Additional comments or actions required:
Signed: Date: Copies sent to:
Executive There are various benefits of having Good and effective Work Health and
Safety system which business can get. As seen below BHP Billiton a
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Summary mining company in Australia has some lacks in the WHS practices which
has been identified and solved. This has also improved its WHS system
and ensured that the company has created an effective work environment
which will increase the operational efficiency and decrease the risk of
operations.
Introduction In this assessment, there will be discussion over the WHS workplace
safety issues which exist in BHP Billiton which is a mining company in
Australia. The company carries out Mining activities in different parts of
Australia. The assessment has been conducted on the work health and
safety aspects of the company to look at the work safety measures taken
by the company. Through this report there is proper measure taken to
identify the backdrop in the current WHS practice by the department.
There is aspects identified which the company will have to develop in are
also justified. The assessment will also discuss on the WHS legislation of
the department, where the shortcomings of company will be mitigated by
showing them the guidelines and standard for maintaining effective
Workplace safety and health. It is to mention that through the use of
effective risk control methods risks will be identified and the following
will be mitigated to ensure that there is an evident measure taken by the
firm in order to ensure workplace safety and health.
Hazards in the
work
environment
As seen in the checklist above that the company has some problems with
maintaining health and safety in respect of
1. General Lighting
2. Chemicals
3. Rubbish
It is to be mentioned that through the use of WHS checklist all of the
above problems have been identified. In the category of general lighting,
it was seen that problems in the regulation of proper lighting in walkways
and the presence of natural light are concern within the mining sites. This
certainly indicates a negative aspect without following the WHS standard
in the operational activities (Sinelnikov, Inouye and Kerper, 2015). It
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should be said that there is no thorough use of proper lighting within
workplace company. There has to general lighting activities to make sure
it meets the standard criteria of the workplace (Donham and Thelin,
2016).
The company has also been identified with problems in the department of
Chemical management in the area of the workplace. As the company
carries out mining activities it is hard to say that their chemicals present
within the operations of the workforce is not in direct contact of the
worker involved in the mining activities. Proper labelling of containers
are not done causing an effect on the process. It is quite obvious that the
SDS standard of chemical treatment is not being properly followed which
causes affect to the Work health safety aspects of the firm (Mahmoudi et
al. 2014). This can cause serious health effects on the worker involved in
the mining process. Hence, the company should make sure that the
following aspect in work health and safety is resolved so that there are no
problems for the firm to operate safely for their workforce. The rubbish
management within the company also been identified to not be
satisfactory in terms of Work health safety standards which affect the
waste management system of the firm can have hazards to the mining
workers in a direct way (Landsbergis et al. 2014). Hence, it can be said
that the WHS department of the company should focus on making sure
that there are no such problems in managing rubbish within the
operational activities of the firm. All of these problems have been
identified through the use of Work Health and safety checklist on which
the company will have to improve its operations (Koskela, 2014).
WHS Legislation The WHS Act 2011 and the Work health and safety regulations in 20111
under the Commonwealth Jurisdiction states the provisions of
maintaining the decorum of having a safety and health work environment
(Laberge et al. 2014). The provision under the stated act also determines
the legislation and framework for chemical hazard, waste management
and lighting provisions. The acts state that it is the duty of the employer
to make sure that the employees are working under safe and healthy work
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environment deprived of any shortcomings which are to mitigated at its
earliest stage (Amponsah-Tawiah and Mensah, 2016). It is to be
mentioned that through this the company has to make sure that that the
guidelines provided under the said regulation and act is mentioned so that
there are no problems for the employees and they are working a safe and
sound work environment.
Risk control
methods utilised
Now in order to mitigate the above-stated riks, the following method has
been followed:
1. Rubbish: As it has been identified that the rubbish within the
operational activities of the firm is there and is causing hazards at
workplace the waste management system has been called to
ensure on why their rubbish is not managed in a proper way. The
management of the company will look over the process in which
the company manages its waste so that it can identify the
shortcomings. In the current case the shortcomings which have
been identified is that of the low communication due to which the
waste produced was not properly communicated with waste
management hence the following has been mitigated to ensure that
the company is able to manage waste in an effective manner and
increase the Workplace health and safety standards of the firm
(MacIntyre et al. 2014).
2. General Lighting: The lighting in the walkways have been
increased to make sure that there is sufficient light for the workers
to pass and that there enough light for the workers to operate. The
problems for such improper lighting was identified that
management did not focus on the complaints which are why the
problem of improper lighting occurred. Hence the management
will be said to make sure that there is effective and proper lighting
done in the workplace so that the worker and employees are able
to work in an evident manner (Fan et al. 2014).
3. Chemical: The company has identified that the mining process of
the firm is too much exposed to the Chemical hazard which can be
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there in the employee operational activities. It is to be mentioned
that through the use of effective process the company ensures that
the employees are not too much in contact with these chemicals.
Hence the SDS framework has been used by the company to
ensure that there is a low amount of chemical hazards which is
caused to the workers of the company. The management of the
organization has also ensured that there is proper labelling of the
containers so that the operational safety of the worker increase
(Friend and Kohn, 2018).
In this way, the company ensured that the company is able to maintain a
high level of Work Health and safety within the organization to ensure a
safe work environment for the employees.
Benefits of an
effective
workplace health
safety (WHS)
management
system
There are various benefits which a systematic and effective work health
safety management system can reap from the company. Although, it is
important to consider that through the help of an effective management
system the company will be able to ensure workers safety, there is still a
higher objective of having a sound work health and safety management
system. Hence, the benefits of an effective WHS system are as follows:
1. One of the benefits which the business can take is financial in
nature. As the company will have a better and improved WHS
system the cost in relation to the accidents and incidents gets
reduced which ultimately increases profit margin of the firm. In
this sense cost reduction through use of WHS system can be done
as it will decrease the accidents and incidents within the firm's
operating activity (Robson et al. 2017).
2. The company through the use of an effective WHS system will be
able to meet the legal requirements of the jurisdiction as the
number of accidents and incident will decrease the company will
commit less offence in terms of Work health and safety. This will
help the firm in being legally effective in its operational activities
(Frick et al. 2016).
3. Through the usage of an effective WHS system, the company will
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be able to look after their employees in a more evident way. This
will increase the morale of the employees and the motivation
levels will be benefitting the operational activities of the firm.
Hence, the workforce operational efficiency can increase in terms
of giving employees motivation and by making their morale high
in the operations of the firm (Yazdani et al. 2015).
4. WHS system which is effective in nature will ensure that the
company has a good amount of control over their operational risk,
which will increase managerial control of the firm over the
operational risk. This, in turn, will increase the operational
efficiency of the firm and will make the operation less risky in
nature.
5. There will be external benefits which the company can also get
through the use of effective WHS system. The stakeholders within
the firm and investor will now have more confidence in investing
within a firm which is well managed and has a lower operational
risk (Noe et al. 2017).
It can be said that through the help of an effective OHS management
system the company will be able to increase their operational efficiency
and get other benefits. This the reason why the company should maintain
an improved and effective WHS system.
References Amponsah-Tawiah, K. and Mensah, J., 2016. Occupational health and
safety and organizational commitment: Evidence from the Ghanaian
mining industry. Safety and Health at work, 7(3), pp.225-230.
Donham, K.J. and Thelin, A., 2016. Agricultural medicine: Rural
occupational and environmental health, safety, and prevention. John
Wiley & Sons.
Fan, D., Lo, C.K., Ching, V. and Kan, C.W., 2014. Occupational health
and safety issues in operations management: A systematic and citation
network analysis review. International Journal of Production
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Economics, 158, pp.334-344.
Frick, K., Jensen, P.L., Quinlan, M. and Wilthagen, T., 2000. Systematic
occupational health and safety management: perspectives on an
international development. Pergamon Press.
Friend, M.A. and Kohn, J.P., 2018. Fundamentals of occupational safety
and health. Rowman & Littlefield.
Koskela, M., 2014. Occupational health and safety in corporate social
responsibility reports. Safety Science, 68, pp.294-308.
Laberge, M., MacEachen, E. and Calvet, B., 2014. Why are occupational
health and safety training approaches not effective? Understanding young
worker learning processes using an ergonomic lens. Safety Science, 68,
pp.250-257.
Landsbergis, P.A., Grzywacz, J.G. and LaMontagne, A.D., 2014. Work
organization, job insecurity, and occupational health
disparities. American journal of industrial medicine, 57(5), pp.495-515.
MacIntyre, C.R., Chughtai, A.A., Seale, H., Richards, G.A. and
Davidson, P.M., 2014. Respiratory protection for healthcare workers
treating Ebola virus disease (EVD): are facemasks sufficient to meet
occupational health and safety obligations?. International journal of
nursing studies, 51(11), pp.1421-1426.
Mahmoudi, S., Ghasemi, F., Mohammadfam, I. and Soleimani, E., 2014.
Framework for continuous assessment and improvement of occupational
health and safety issues in construction companies. Safety and health at
work, 5(3), pp.125-130.
Noe, R.A., Hollenbeck, J.R., Gerhart, B. and Wright, P.M., 2017. Human
resource management: Gaining a competitive advantage. New York, NY:
McGraw-Hill Education.
Robson, L.S., Clarke, J.A., Cullen, K., Bielecky, A., Severin, C.,
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Bigelow, P.L., Irvin, E., Culyer, A. and Mahood, Q., 2007. The
effectiveness of occupational health and safety management system
interventions: a systematic review. Safety Science, 45(3), pp.329-353.
Sinelnikov, S., Inouye, J. and Kerper, S., 2015. Using leading indicators
to measure occupational health and safety performance. Safety
science, 72, pp.240-248.
Yazdani, A., Neumann, W.P., Imbeau, D., Bigelow, P., Pagell, M.,
Theberge, N., Hilbrecht, M. and Wells, R., 2015. How compatible are
participatory ergonomics programs with occupational health and safety
management systems?. Scandinavian journal of work, environment &
health, pp.111-123.
ASSESSMENT 2 – WHS Induction Session
You are required to prepare for and conduct a WHS induction program (minimum 15 minutes) for 1-3 employees
of your business.
You may be assessed:
● Option 1 – You are to conduct the session with actual employees within your workplace.
● Option 2 – Youare to use other class members to role-play act as employees for this task.
Where three of your class members will play the role of new employees, and your assessor will observe
you conduct the induction. You will then rotate so each student conducts the session, and the other
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students sit through as a "new employee". These students will be given a question & answer sheet to
complete after each induction session that requires you provide your comments.
Details:
In your preparation, you will need to develop:
1. A detailed session plan
2. Handouts for your new employees
Assessment Summary
You are to submit the following evidence / perform the following tasks
● You will be observed planning for and conducting a Workplace Health & Safety Induction for “new
employees”
● You are to provide a copy of your session plans, handouts and appropriate learning aids
Session Plan WHS Induction
Time Content Activity Training tools
Day 1
Introduction In this day the inductees
will be introduced to the
company and its
workplace. Introduction
to the operations which
the company carries out
and the respective roles
Discussion
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and responsibility one
has to carry out will be
introduced and
described. The
inductees will also be
explained about the
company operational
procedures (Sinelnikov
et al. 2015). The
departments heads will
be introduced and the
work environment of
the company will be
introduced to the
following as well
Day 1
Organisational
overview and site tour
On this day itself, there
will be an
organizational overview
in which the
organizational structure
of the company will be
discussed with the new
inductees to make sure
that they know about
their organization in a
more evident manner. It
is to be mentioned that
through this the
company's department
and its operation will be
discussed (Verbeek
Palmgren, Shiri and
Serra, 2018). The site
tour will also be done to
Observation and
discussion
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show the workplace to
the inductees and to
accustom them to there
new workplace and how
the workplace will be
like for the operation of
new employees within
the firm.
Day 2
Outline of site rules The rules and
regulations of the site
and organization will be
given to the employees
to make sure that they
know about the rules
and regulations under
which they will have to
operate within the firm.
The rules and standard
will be outlined for
better understandings of
the new inductees.
Rules in regards to
operational, ethics and
WHS will be given to
ensure that very thing is
known by the new
inductees before they
start operating within
the firm (Hasla et al.
2016).
Handout
Day 2 Discuss OHS manual Discussion over
Occupational Health
and Safety will be done
within the new
Handout
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inductees to make sure
that they know about
the health and safety
procedure which they
will have to undertake
in order to make sure
that all of the OHS
instructions are
followed by them at
workplace and they
carry out a safe and
sound operational
activity for their
operations (Conghua,
Tang and Walters,
2017).
Day 3 Emergency Procedures On day 3 the entities
will be introduced to an
emergency procedure
which the worker of the
company used in case
of an emergency. The
company will ensure
that the inductive know
everything about the
emergency activities
which are to be carried
out by the employees
while there is an
emergency within the
companies operational
area or within anywhere
else. This will help the
company in making
Situational Training and
discussion
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sure that the inductive
are able to perform all
the emergency
procedures in case of an
emergency cause in the
operational activities of
the firm (Sheehan et al.
2016).
Day 4 Incident Reporting On day 4 of the
induction session, the
inductive will be made
sure that they know
everything about
incident reporting
which means in case of
any incident or accident
which is caused within
the operational
activities of the firm or
effectively reported to
the archaeological the
management by the
workers at the new
industries as well.
Situational Training and
discussion
Day 4 Hazard Reporting On the same day, the
inductor will be taught
about hazard reporting.
Hazard reporting is a
process in which any
hazard caused by the
operational activities or
by any accident or
incident is reported by
the workers to the
Situational Training and
discussion
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management. training
the inductive about such
reporting will have the
management in gaining
knowledge over how to
report any hazards have
been there on them to
the operational
activities of the firm
which will help them in
getting expertise over
mitigation of such
hazards at the earliest
Stage (Haas and Yorio,
2016).
Day 4 First Aid First aid will also be
taught to the new
inductive lessons of
which will be given in
order to make sure that
in case of emergency
the inductive are able to
provide first aid to their
fellow employees at
workplace so that the
fastest medical support
is available to each of
them on the earliest
time possible (Boyle,
2015).
Situational Training and
discussion
Day 4 Use of PPE Use of all the types of
equipment like helmets
gloves and protection
glasses clothing will be
Situational Training and
discussion
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taught to the Employees
so that they are able to
effectively use their
gear and safety harness
for the operation within
the operational
activities of the firm
Employee Name: Kane Austin
Date of Induction: 26/3/2019
Desired outcomes Strategy Timeframes Responsibility
for action
It has been seen that this
employee has learnt very
nicely and that the
employee is carrying out
operational activities
under the occupational
health and safety measures
which decreases the
operational risk of this
employee within the
operational activities of
the firm. Although it
seems that the process of
providing emergency
reporting and first aid is
still not very usual to this
employee which is to be
The strategy will be to make sure
that this inductor is made train for
providing first aid and emergency
reporting at workplace so that the
following is able to provide first
aid in emergency situation and
can also report the following to
the management in an evident
fashion and maintain workplace
safety within the operations of the
company (Elles, Villabona and
Martelo, 2018).
2 days Human resource
management will
be the one
responsible for
sustaining.
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improved for better
performance at workplace
safety (Sánchez, Peláez
and Alís, 2017).
Name: ________Kane Austin___________________________ Site:
_______Minning________________
Employee Number: ___________786________ Date of Induction:______26/3/2019__________
Person conducting induction: ________________HR manager___________________________
Please tick Yes No Comments
1. Introduction Yes The inductee has been
introduced to the firm
2. Organisational overview and site
tour
Yes Organization store and
site has been made
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understanding
3. Outline of site rules (provide copy) Yes An outline or site rule
has been given
4. Discuss OHS manual Yes OHS manual has been
given and discussed
5. Emergency Procedures Yes Emergency procedure are
explained
6. Incident Reporting Yes The industry is weak in
reporting need more
training
7. Hazard Reporting Yes The inductee is weak in
reporting need more
training
8. First Aid Yes The inductee is weak in
First aid need more
training
9. Use of PPE Yes Conducted and complete
10. Security and Access Arrangements Yes Conducted and complete
11. Copy Qualifications/Licences Yes Conducted and complete
12. Discuss Training Schedule Yes Conducted and complete
This information has been provided to me:
Kane Austin 25/03/2019
__________________________________________ _________________________
Name and Signature of employee Dated
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Student Observer Questions:
1 In your opinion, how effective was the WHS
induction session for new employees?
The induction session for new employees was
successful as the employees were able to learn
about different aspects of the company and its
operation and they were also successful in
knowing about operational health and safety
measures will they have to take while operating
within the firm's operational activities. Through
the current induction session, the employees were
made knowledge fool in the incident and
emergency reporting as well as some emergency
procedures which they will have to take in cases of
emergency which can occur through accidents on
the incident (Hofmann, Burke and Zohar,
2017). the employees have also been taught about
hazard reporting which will help the company in
identification of any hazard which is being done to
the Employees to the operational activities of the
firm as well as the first aid process with every
employees nose which will ensure that fastest
medical attention is given to the person affected
through hazardous operational activities increasing
the operational efficiency of the workforce.
Overall it can be said that the process of induction
session was successful as the employees were
introduced to every important aspect which one
should be introduced before starting to work at a
workplace which includes use of equipment
provided for safety and also with training needed
for such development in the future operational
activities (Ilbaha et al. 2018).
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2 What would you do differently if you were
running this induction session?
In regards of the current induction session plan, it
can be said that observation of the industries
development and understanding over the training
procedure was done differently so that it is
identified on what are the problems which they
may face in their own job operation. Through this,
the company ensure that proper and evident
amount of knowledge is acquired by each of the
industries in regard of the profit loss and before
job knowledge in information which will help the
company in conducting the operational activities
with more efficient and active workforce and work
health safety policy (Moussiopoulos, 2017).
References
Boyle, T., 2015. Health and safety: risk management. Routledge.
Conghua, X., Tang, L. and Walters, D., 2017. Who is dominant? occupational health and safety
management in Chinese shipping. Journal of Industrial Relations, 59(1), pp.65-84.
Elles, R.D., Villabona, N. and Martelo, R.J., 2018. Occupational Health and Safety Management in
Companies in the Metalworking Sector.
Haas, E.J. and Yorio, P., 2016. Exploring the state of health and safety management system performance
measurement in mining organizations. Safety science, 83, pp.48-58.
Haslam, C., O’Hara, J., Kazi, A., Twumasi, R. and Haslam, R., 2016. Proactive occupational safety and
health management: Promoting good health and good business. Safety science, 81, pp.99-108.
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Hofmann, D.A., Burke, M.J. and Zohar, D., 2017. 100 years of occupational safety research: From basic
protections and work analysis to a multilevel view of workplace safety and risk. Journal of applied
psychology, 102(3), p.375.
Moussiopoulos, N., 2017. Investigation of the occupational health and safety conditions in Hellenic
solid waste management facilities and assessment of the in-situ hazard level. Safety Science, 96, pp.192-
197.
Sánchez, F.A.S., Peláez, G.I.C. and Alís, J.C., 2017. Integral diagnosis of occupational health and safety
management in Colombian construction companies. Journal of Construction in Developing
Countries, 22(2), pp.101-116.
Sheehan, C., Donohue, R., Shea, T., Cooper, B. and De Cieri, H., 2016. Leading and lagging indicators
of occupational health and safety: The moderating role of safety leadership. Accident Analysis &
Prevention, 92, pp.130-138.
Sinelnikov, S., Inouye, J. and Kerper, S., 2015. Using leading indicators to measure occupational health
and safety performance. Safety science, 72, pp.240-248.
Verbeek, J.H., Palmgren, H., Shiri, R. and Serra, C., 2018. Changes in occupational health and safety
service arrangements for increasing the uptake of preventive services in small companies. Cochrane
Database of Systematic Reviews, (11).
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ASSESSMENT 3 – Job Safety Analysis (JSA)
Job Safety Analysis (JSA) simply means looking at the work task and considering what is the safest way to complete it. It
is a way of becoming aware of the hazards involved in doing the job and taking action to prevent an injury.
The JSA process is suitable for different trades to do different tasks, and need not require enormous amounts of time or
use endless pieces of paper
Using the Job Safety Analysis developed by VWA, you are to undertake a hazard and risk assessment of a designated
area or process within your workplace or college.
Be sure to:
● Document the activity: Assemble those involved in the activity and then, using the JSA worksheet, write down
the tasks that make up the activity, step by step.
● Identify the hazards: Next, to each task, identify what part of the task may cause injury to those doing the work
or to anyone else nearby.
● Document the control measures: For each identified hazard, list the measures that need to be put in place to
eliminate or minimise any likely risk of injury to those involved. You are to also indicate the cost associated
with each control
● Identify who is responsible: Document the name of the person responsible for implementing the control
measure.
● Implement the control measures where practicable.
Remember
● The JSA provides a written record of the process to be used to proceed on a task. As it is a record that can be
used in court, it should be signed off by the parties who have responsibility for the tasks.
● The JSA is only a written record. Management processes must be in place to ensure workers have the skills to
complete the job and that there is a required level of supervision to ensure the tasks are completed as
documented.
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● The JSA should be completed by all employees involved in the activity, not just the principal contractor or
supervisor.
Assessment Summary
You are to submit the following evidence / perform the following tasks
● Your completed JSA
Risk Assessment (JSA) Job Safety Analysis
Workplace location: BHP Billiton
Name of person conducting assessment:
Date: 25/3/2019
Spot the Hazard Assess the Risk Fix the Problem
Identify the
work task or
activity?
What are the
hazards
associated with
each activity?
Is the risk associated
with the hazard low,
moderate, significant or
high?
If the risk is deemed
unacceptable for the
task, what will be done
to reduce or remove
the risk?
By
whom?
By
when?
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Extractions Extraction is one
of the most
important severe
activity within
the mining
operations of the
firm there is
various hazard
which is
associated with
this type of
operations one of
the hazards are
fire hazards in
mining activity
there are
operations which
deal with
explosions and
digging which
some time is
done through the
use of
explosives.
Hence it can be
said that hazard
in relation to fire
exists within the
extraction
activity of
theming with the
operations of the
firm. Chemical
The level of occurrence
of such hazards is low
as there are safety gear
provided to the
employees and the
company also focuses
on there training before
on job training
Although it can be said
that through in
occurrence the
following can have a
good amount of damage
to the health and safety
of the employee
In case of any
occurrence there will
be high amount of
damage which will be
there on the company's
operation It is to be
mentioned that the
company will; have to
make sure that proper
emergency services are
available within the
firm the counter-react
in such incidents
which will ensure
faster medical services
to the employees to
which hazard has been
caused
WHS
officer
After
such an
incident
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hazard is also a
hazard to which
employees
within a mining
company are
exposed to it is
to be mentioned
that chemical
extracts and
chemical
components also
tend to affect the
health and safety
of workers
(Lingard et al.
2018). There are
pollution hazards
also to the
employees
within the firm
this means that
the employees
are directly
exposed to air
and sound
pollution which
can concern
there mental and
physical health
of the employee
at the workplace
in a
comprehensive
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manner
Reclamation Reclamation is a
standout
amongst the
most imperative
extreme action
inside the mining
tasks of the firm
there is a
different risk
which is related
with this sort of
tasks one of the
dangers are fire
perils in mining
action there are
activities which
manage blasts
and burrowing
which some time
is done through
the utilization of
explosives. Thus
it tends to be
said that danger
in connection to
flame exists
inside the
Reclamation
action of the
mining with the
tasks of the firm.
Synthetic peril is
The chances of
occurrence in such
cases are high but they
do a low amount of
damage to the
employee in
comparison to that of
the Extraction
operations The chances
are high because in this
phase the employee
become more lenient
hence chances of safety
neglecting to earn in
this phase of the mining
operations Although as
the operations are less
severe than that of the
extraction the hazard
which is caused is low
in intensity. The odds
are high on the grounds
that in this stage the
worker become
progressively
permissive henceforth
odds of security
neglecting safety in this
period of the mining
tasks Although as the
activities are less
serious than that of the
As stated in the above
in case of such
incident there are
training provided to
the workers for
emergency reporting
and getting first aid
and in case of severe
hazards, the following
will be reported to the
management so that
proper assistance in
regards of the hazard
caused. As expressed
in the above in the
event of such
occurrence there are
preparing given to the
specialists to crisis
announcing and
getting emergency
treatment and if there
should be an
occurrence of serious
risks the
accompanying will be
accounted for to the
administration with the
goal that appropriate
help with respects of
the peril caused
WHS
officer
After
such an
incident
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likewise a
danger to which
representatives
inside a mining
organization are
presented to it is
to be referenced
that concoction
concentrates and
substance
segments
additionally will
in general
influence the
wellbeing and
security of
specialists. There
are
contamination
perils
additionally to
the
representatives
inside the firm
this implies the
workers are
straightforwardly
presented to air
and
contamination
which can worry
there mental and
physical strength
extraction the risk
which is caused is low
in power
(Kvornin et al. 2015).
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of the worker at
work
environment in a
far-reaching way
(Kelloway et al.
2017).
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References
Kelloway, E.K., Nielsen, K. and Dimoff, J.K. eds., 2017. Leading to occupational health and safety:
How leadership behaviours impact organizational safety and well-being. John Wiley & Sons.
Kvorning, L.V., Hasle, P. and Christensen, U., 2015. Motivational factors influencing small construction
and auto repair enterprises to participate in occupational health and safety programmes. Safety
science, 71, pp.253-263.
Lingard, H., Oswald, D. and Le, T., 2018. Embedding occupational health and safety in the procurement
and management of infrastructure projects: institutional logics at play in the context of new public
management. Construction Management and Economics, pp.1-17.
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ASSESSMENT 4 – WRITTEN ASSESSMENT
Student Instructions
Written Assessment
● To demonstrate competency, all questions must be answered correctly
● Do not cheat during this assessment. If you repeatedly talk or are caught cheating (which includes
copying answers from other people or sources), you will be removed from the classroom and your
assessment will be marked as "incomplete". This means your assessment will not be marked, and any
opportunity for re-assessment will be subject to the outcome of an Appeal Process or Disciplinary Hearing.
● Ask your assessor if you do not understand a question. Whilst your assessor cannot tell you the
answer, he/she may be able to re-word the question for you
● Reasonable adjustment: If you require any adjustments to accommodate a need in order to complete this
assessment, please talk to your assessor. Arrangements will be put in place to ensure a fair and flexible
approach is undertaken for this assessment. Please note that the range or nature of the adjustment will
ensure that the outcomes of the unit are not compromised.
● Re-assessment: If you do not achieve the required standard, you will be given the opportunity to be re-
assessed by our Assessor. Arrangements will be made on an individual basis.
● Feedback: Your assessor will provide feedback to you after the completion of the assessment. Your
trainer assessor will also explain your rights to appeal under the college's appeals process.
Questions
1 What steps can you take to ensure people from different cultures have access to and
understand Workplace Health & Safety information?
The following steps are the ones you can adapt to ensure, people from different
cultures have access to and understand Workplace Health & Safety information :
 Communicating organizational safety values which vary from company to
company. the original message to be delivered is that ‘safety’ should be the
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foremost priority and can be communicated and embedded through work health
& safety policy statements.
 Demonstrating leadership attributes, to motivate and inspire others to work
towards achieving a signified goal or result by sending coherent messages
through Health & Safety information and policies.
 Developing a sound system aimed at understanding how a safe and healthy
workplace benefits workers, families, business and the organization as a whole.
 Knowing one’s responsibilities, as in to read and comply with the safety and
health policies. also, the worker has the legal right to have access to any
information that concerns his safety.
 A safety and health management system or safety programme can help focus
on the efforts for improving workplace health environment. An organization will
have its own system of managing hazards at work and preventing fatal injuries.
 A Safety Meeting acts as a tool to discuss specific safety and health topic in an
informal setting. it is intended at complete participation and two-way
conversation about workers and their experiences and how to prevent workplace
injuries.
2 Outline 3 different ways you can alert people to potential hazards and risks in the workplace.
The three different ways you can alert people to potential hazards and risk in the workplace are :
 First, they must be recognized. Recognition involves both identifying and hazard and
determining if there exists any possibility of harm towards the workers. Hazard recognition is
done by the Joint Health & Safety Community.
 Secondly, they must be assessed. All health and safety hazards when identified needs to be
checked to determine the likelihood of risk being caused. adopting precise Engineering and
administrative controls limit the amount of time and exposure to the possible hazard.
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 Finally, if and when necessary they must be controlled. Implementing the control measures,
it is essential that the issue is monitored and reviewed to ensure that they remain effective.
control can be applied at the source of the hazard, along with the path of the source or at the
worker. Control of hazard remains a general responsibility of the employers.
3
Describe how you would measure and evaluate an organisations Workplace Health & Safety
system. Be sure to outline the benchmarks you would evaluate the system against, including
specific legislative and legal requirements.
Workplace Health and Safety management are becoming more widespread in an organization. the
evaluation is based on the comparison of data and indicators related to health and safety practices.
 Certification and Non-certification: measures of safety and productivity of a company can
be ensured by its certification. When compared, a certified company will hold more years of
experience in health & safety management than a non-certified company.
 Measurement process can gather information through direct observation of conditions and
of people’s behaviours. talking to employees about their experiences and as well as gauging
their views and opinions. Direct observations include inspection activities and the monitoring
of the work en
4
Outline a strategy that you could implement to interest people / employees in Workplace
Health & Safety legislation. Be sure to detail how you would maintain the currency of
information provided
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This is by far the most common question when relating to health and safety management.
The following strategies might be adapted to interest workers:
 Providing the key elements of knowledge, control and support. employees can use
knowledge to make appropriate changes to the system.
 Offering the necessary levels of education, training, resources and authority, in order for the
employees to take up and understand the safety process.
 Including a safety information column that addresses one safety topic in each publication of
the company’s newsletter.
 Protecting employees’ voices because it has been noted that workers who bring up the issues
are often vulnerable to reprisals.
 Involving workers in decision-making processes and ask for their involvement in safety
procedures and various safety activities.
 Setting up a committee where the committee’s role is to establish compliance assessment
priorities, review and assess results.
5
Outline a strategy that could be used to ensure participatory arrangements are established
and maintained with employees and their representatives within a small business. Be sure to
include how you would document this process and make the information available to all
employees to ensure you meet Workplace Health & Safety legislative requirements.
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Within the spheres of a small business, in order to ensure participatory arrangements are well
established and maintained with employees and their representatives, the effective strategy
of ‘brandscaping’ may be implemented. the employees are made to attend trade-shows and
one-on-one sessions to explain services and commodities purchased by the customers.
Brandscaping helps in the creation of mutually beneficial partnerships between brands that
help in increasing demands. through this business can access new audiences and therefore
potentially new customers. this business strategy forge content relationships, pool financial
and media resources and share the audiences with those who have something to offer.
6 Outline the process you would use to ensure that any issues raised through participative
arrangements and consultations are dealt with and resolved promptly and effectively?
In any workplace, it is probable that health and safety issues will tend to surface from time to
time. For the reason, the intention of the Acts and Regulations is that the employer and the
employee attempt to resolve the health and safety issues which arise. there must be a
guidance procedure and for issue resolution in the workplace or can be resolved in
accordance with the procedures set out in Issue Resolution Regulation 1999. The legislation
for Workplace Health & Safety places a strong emphasis on issues of health and safety of the
workers. health and safety committees are a way of formalising the consultation and
discussion of these related issues.
7
You are to detail how you would identify an intervention point for expert Workplace Health &
Safety advice. Be sure to provide examples of when you would seek expert advice, and whom
you would contact to receive such advice.
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 Creating a spreadsheet for chalking down the possible health and safety hazards in your
business. if the spreadsheet has one issue repeated multiple times, it is indicative that the
issue needs an expert solution or advice.
 When the employees fail to comply with the health and safety guidelines, which results in the
occurrence of injuries of a similar degree.
 If the business deals with harmful chemical substances, the foremost action should be to
adopt stringent precautionary methods and seek advice from health and safety
representatives.
 Keeping a check on tripping hazards, which is one of the most common issues that need
immediate action when identified.
8 Outline the WHS / OHS Hierarchy of Control, explaining how it affects WHS
After identifying the risk and hazard, it is then required to consider the actions that can be
taken to control the risk. there are a plethora of control strategies that can be adopted
which is also called as ‘Hierarchy of Control'. The Hierarchy of Controls is the golden rule
for reliable and cost-effective control of hazards. For high-risk situations, we might need to
consider a few short-term strategies while the long-term ones are investigated and
implemented. The best solution to apply a hierarchy of control is to try and eliminate the
hazard.
The Safe Work Australia, states that Workplace Health and Safety Regulations require
commitment holders to work through the Hierarchy of control while administering risks. It
positions chance control measures from the most irregular measures of security and
unfaltering quality to its least measurements. WHS protection requires recognizing
legitimate controls, senior organization and a general view on structure up a sheltered
workplace environment.
9
A CarFix workshop owner agreed to allow a service person from Tipple Industries to conduct
an assessment of, and service to, 3 hydraulic hoists. The hosts were in constant use,
elevating vehicles for mechanical repairs and maintenance, in the mechanic's workshop. This
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was a commercial business serving the general public. There were 4 employees working in
the workshop.
None of the hoists had been serviced in the last 4 years. The minimum industry requirement is
that they should be serviced yearly.
The service person from Tipple, who was an experienced hydraulic technician, duly conducted
the assessments and was able to fully service two of the hoists. However, when he assessed
the third hoist, the braking system, some of the cables and various other components were so
worn and damaged that the technician felt the machinery was extremely unsafe and could not
be serviced without extensive repairs. The workshop owner refused to contemplate paying for
extra repair work. The technician's assessment, however, had led him to believe that unless
repairs were instigated immediately the hoist would be a danger to the employees who used it.
He discussed this with the employees who said that their employer would not care - that he
would disregard safety requirements and make them use the hoist. They asked the technician
if there was anything he could do.
Regardless of the requests from the employees, the technician felt that he had no choice but
to lock out the hoist and place the appropriate signage on the equipment. At this, the
workshop owner became angry and abusive and stated that he would remove the lockout tags
and continue using the equipment. He rang the manager of Tipple Industries and complained
that the service technician had acted improperly. He cut off the lock-out tags and insisted his
employees continue using the hoist.
A few days later, while a car was on the damaged hoist, the braking cables failed completely.
The front end of the hoist tilted and the customer's car fell, damaging the car, the workshop,
other machinery and injuring two workers. Injuries to the workers were relatively minor -
abrasions, bruises, cuts, a broken finger and a torn shoulder muscle; however, this was more
due to luck than anything else.
9A What is the duty of care components applicable to this case?
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 The minimum industry requirement to service heavy machinery on a yearly basis.
 Alerting the employees of the possible hazard
 Signalling the damaged equipment appropriately.
9B Is there a duty of care breach evident here? If yes, by whom (explain your judgement)
A duty of care breach is evident here on the part of the workshop owner as he was evidently
reluctant to halt using the damaged equipment although being aware of the possible injuries to his
employees.
9C What are the likely repercussions of this incident, under Workplace Health & Safety legislation
and in regard to worker and customer reactions?
In the case of repercussions, the employer is under risks of huge fine and retribution and
even imprisonment under the legislation of Management of Health and Safety at Work 1999.
9D Was this a foreseeable accident? Explain your answer
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The accident was very much a foreseeable incident, since the workshop owner, although aware of
the hazards of working with severely damaged equipment, chose to expose his employees to its
harm.
9E What should or could have been done to prevent this accident?
The foremost step was to abide by the technician’s advise of not using the equipment before
thorough servicing. Secondly, the employees should have chosen not to work under the
hazardous environment.
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10
In a large manufacturing and assembly operation, an employee was required to use a
pneumatic multispindle nut runner to tighten wheel nuts. The operation required the worker to
adopt an uncomfortable static posture for fairly long periods of time.
In addition, oil leakage from the machinery was a constant problem. The operator reported this
problem to the supervisor who agreed to resource maintenance. However, management
cutbacks to the maintenance budget meant that time and personnel were unavailable.
Absorbent material (sawdust) was provided and the employee was instructed to use it to soak
up the oil leakage on the floor and around the machinery.
The supervisor was then advised, by the Plant manager that expected production quotas had
been increased. These quotas would take effect within a week. The supervisor informed the
workgroup of the quota change during a communications meeting. At the meeting, and in
response to the information, the operators expressed a need for additional staff to meet the
quotas and a need for maintenance of tools and machinery.
Temporary additional staff were employed 2 days prior to the implementation of the new
quota.
A new worker, who was assigned to the multi-spindle nut runner task, received no formal
induction because the supervisor, due to work pressure, was unable to take the time. In order
for new quotas to be met the operation speed of the multi-nut spindle had to be increased.
Subsequently, oil builds up around the runner increased. The new worker did not have the
time to apply the absorbent material around the machine.
This is obviously an accident waiting to happen.
10A What do you think is likely to happen?
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The spilling of oil is likely to cause the worker trip over and hurt himself or in worst case
scenario break bones or hurt his head badly.
10B List the hazards evident in this situation.
 Losing body balance over spilt oil.
 Cramps and pains in the joints due to long working hours in a static posture.
10C How would you rate them in terms of risk?
On a scale of 10, the risk rate may be identified as 6, since the hazards include bodily injuries which
may or may not be recoverable but definitely not fatal.
10D What behaviours and problems are contributing to the potential accident situation?
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Behaviours :
 ignorance of the supervisor.
 miscommunication between the Plant manager, supervisor and the employee
Problems :
 Cutting down maintenance budget to meet company production quotas.
 not informing employees of previous work issues and how to prevent them.
10E How could and should these be addressed – and at what levels should they be addressed?
The problems should be addressed to the supervisor on a well-explained report, backed by
the complains and opinions of the employees and then addressed to the Plant Manager if and
when proper remedies are not put out.
10F Who should address them – that is, who holds the duty of care?
The duty of care is held by the supervisor. He is in charge of the workplace environment in which the
employees work. he should address his employee’s issues to the head or the manager of the
company.
10
G What actions can or should the employees take?
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The employees should consider going on a labour strike if their requirements are not met.
also, they can go to any labour court and raise the issue.
11 What are the roles and responsibilities of employers relating to WHS?
 Keeping the employment records of the employees hired. it can be done through a formal
letter or agreement.
 Establishing workplace health & safety inductions, ensuring that the workforce understands
and manage the company's system (Campbell, T., 2016).
 Conducting a training assessment to ensure adequate supervision and safety of the
employees.
 introducing robust and compliant workplace policies is a responsible business practice.
12 What costs are associated with providing training for work teams?
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 A cost of training will depend on the form of training. firstly, the training provider’s fee.
 The cost of training materials.
 Travel and accommodation costs for the employees.
 Any administrative cost and utilities related to training activities.
13 Detail 5 different potential safety hazards you could come across in on a job site.
 Exposure to chemicals and harmful substances.
 The risk of fire and informing employees of emergency cases.
 Injury due to electrical hazards.
 Accidental falls and falling objects.
14 What are the Australian Standards for emergency control?
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The Australian Standard for emergency control deals with the safety of people in facilities, by
providing a framework for emergency planning and utilizing the emergency equipment
appropriately. The standard lays down the duties of the emergency planning committee (EPC)
and emergency control organization. as well as providing education, training and guidance to
determine the emergency (Hatherley, Jennings and Cross, 2016).
15 In the state that you live in what is the name of the Act that employees and employers must
adhere to regarding workplace safety?
Factories Act of 1948.
16 What are the Australian Privacy Principles?
 APP must have clearly expressed and up to date management policy and information.
 Anonymity and pseudonymity can be practised by an individual as per their
requirement (Caron, Bosua, Maynard and Ahmad, 2016).
 Compiling of solicited and unsolicited personal information.
 Notification of the collection of personal information.
 Adoption, use or disclosure of government related identifiers.
17 List 3 points you should follow to ensure you comply with the Australian Privacy
Principles.
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 Familiarizing one own self with the amended legislation.
 Updating relevant policies and procedural forms.
 Audit systems and practice to check that the policy is being implemented as intended.
18 In terms of privacy, what is considered "Personal information"?
In terms of privacy, ‘personal information’ depends on the country of residence. In general,
personal information may include privacy of social security number and tax returns or any
other information that in financially co-related (De George, 2018).
19 What are the roles and responsibilities of employees relating to OH&S / WHS?
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 Workers must take reasonable care for their own health and safety.
 Workers must take reasonable care for people who might be affected by their
actions.
 Cooperate with anything the employer does to comply with OHS requirements.
 Never to intentionally ‘or‘ unintentionally had misuse of any facility or
privileges provided (Campbell, 2016)
20 What requirements does a business have in relation to providing a Health and Safety
Representative?
Business requirements in relation to providing a Health and Safety Representatives are :
 HSRs represent the workers in relation to health and safety matters, providing methods of
consultation with workers to understand their views and concerns (Brauer, 2016)
 HSR provides workers in a business with more formal and coordinated processes.
 an HSR with approved training can exercise special powers while representing the workforce.
21 What are the requirements for an organisation in regard to consulting with workers re OHS /
WHS?
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Requirements of an organisation in regard to consulting with workers OHS/WHS are :
 Reducing the chances of risk and developing risk management.
 Reducing injury and common workplace hazards.
 Compliance with legislative requirements.
 Reducing workers’ compensation cost.
 Improving corporate governance and operational efficiency.
 Improving personal attributes and morale.
According to the Australian Standard for Occupational Health and Safety Management system, a
business requires five main components of OHS/WHS requirement, that are implemented into
business activities to ensure the effective management of OHS/WHS.
 Policy
 Planning
 Implementation
 Measurement and evaluation, and,
 Management review.
22 According to the WHS Regulations, when is a review of controls mandatory?
According to the WHS Regulations, a review of controls is mandatory if and when :
 When and if a new hazard is identified.
 When the control measures do not control the risk it was implemented to control.
 If the result of consultation indicate that a review is necessary.
 Prior to the change of system in a workplace which may give rise to new regulations
and procedures.
 If and when a health and safety representative demands a review.
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23 According to the OHS / WHS legislation in your state, what are the legal ramifications of failure
to observe the legislation
 Category 1: covers the conduct of recklessness of a duty holder, that exposes an individual
to serious injuries, or illness or death without reasonable excuse. conduct will be prosecuted
in the district court.
 Category 2: covers the failure to comply with the health and safety duty that exposes an
individual to serious injuries and death. Conduct may be prosecuted in the Magistrate court.
 Category 3: failure to comply with health and safety duty or electrical safety duty. offences
will be prosecuted in the Magistrate court.
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BSBWHS401 – Student Assessment Pack
References
Brauer, R.L., 2016. Safety and health for engineers. John Wiley & Sons.)
Campbell, T., 2016. The obligations and risks imposed on directors by workplace laws. Governance
Directions, 68(9), p.530.)
Caron, X., Bosua, R., Maynard, S.B. and Ahmad, A., 2016. The Internet of Things (IoT) and its impact
on individual privacy: An Australian perspective. Computer Law & Security Review, 32(1), pp.4-15.
De George, R.T., 2018. Privacy, Public Space, and Personal Information. In Core Concepts and
Contemporary Issues in Privacy (pp. 107-120). Springer, Cham.
Hatherley, C., Jennings, N. and Cross, R., 2016. Time to analgesia and pain score documentation best
practice standards for the emergency department–a literature review. Australasian Emergency Nursing
Journal, 19(1), pp.26-36.
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