Identify and Produce Estimated Costs for Building and Construction Projects

This article discusses the different types of project plans and specifications, plant and equipment, unit costs, breakdown of costs, and labor requirements for building and construction projects. It also explains how to estimate costs and determine the quantity of materials required for a construction project. The article includes a sample cost plan report for a residential house.

Running head: BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION PROJECT COSTS 1
Identify and Produce Estimated Costs for Building and Construction Projects
Student Name
Institutional Affiliation
Assessment Task 1
1. What types of project plans and specifications may be read and interpreted?
There are different types as well as specifications for the project and these are mainly discussed as follows
Project plan is defined as the overall systematic analysis and specifications of the activities to be carried in

BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION PROJECT COSTS 2
a project. The various types of the project plans include
i. Strategic project plan- it mainly entails all the aspects and analysis which are conducted with an
objective of establishing all the mechanisms and strategies in a project.
ii. Evaluation project plan- mainly defined as the project planning which can be used to appraise
whether or not the set objective have been achieved
iii. Operational project planning- gives all the activities to be carried out or the tasks performed in line
with the project.
iv. Financial planning- typically deals with all the costs and funding sources for the project. It also
entails the costs estimated to the building and construction as well as the overall implementation
activities.
Projection specification is defined as a detailed analysis on how the project outline will look like and it
contains the objectives as well as the various functions which will be carried out in a project. (Ma, Liu &
Wei, 2016). Some of the common elements which the project specification consist of include
i. Introduction which gives the overall project description
ii. Project objectives to be achieved at the end
iii. Project scope
iv. Site users as well as their role and responsibilities
v. Capacity requirement as far as the user role is concerned
vi. Design specifications and the overall outlook
vii. Flow and logistic diagram for all the analysis including the applications and the checkouts.
viii. Success criteria mainly entails checking whether or not the site for the overall job is working in
line with the specifications
ix. Site map giving all the details in line with the project and the site exploration
x. Content plan which gives the appraisal on which type of the content to applied at each stage
xi. Makeable work schedule
xii. Financial managements and constraints in the projects
xiii. Quality management
xiv. Channel of communication in the project
xv. Overall resource management
xvi. Management changes in the projects
xvii. Overall site maintenance requirements

BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION PROJECT COSTS 3
2. What types of plant and equipment may be estimated and costed for a building/construction project?
There are different equipment and plants in the construction projects whose costs can be estimated
decisively. The different plant and equipment used in the construction broadly classified into two categories
and these include the specific as well as the general equipments
Specific Equipment
i. Tractors: they are primarily designed and used for the construction to carry out haul, loading as
well as in dumping of loose materials.
ii. Scrapers: used for the overall heavy pulling and pushing more so during the compaction process
iii. Front shovels
iv. Loaders essentially utilized to perform activities such as transportation of materials, backfilling,
excavate the earth as well as to perform the hauling unit related tasks.
v. Compactors used in performing all the related soil compaction activities
General Equipment includes the air compressors, the cranes as well as pumps and forklifts. This equipment
mainly classified and provided by the subcontractor.

BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION PROJECT COSTS 4
3. What unit costs may be determined and applied to estimated projected costs?
There are various rates utilized in developing and determining the overall estimated costs in the project.
The elements used determine the costs and the overall project estimations include
i. Labour rates: it is defined in terms of the costs paid each craftsman per hour in line with the
operations they perform in the project.
ii. Material prices involve also the costs related to the purchasing of various materials to be used in
the construction exercise.
iii. Equipment Cost: all the amounts estimated in line with the purchasing and hiring for the
construction equipment.
iv. Subcontractor quotes refers to the costs which the individual offers in the construction and may
involve both the general and specific equipment costs as well.
v. Indirect cost: entails all the costs such as the fees, the permits, administration costs, mobilization,
temporary construction and staffing
vi. Also the profit amount is fundamental cost rate to be considered in the analysis
4. What breakdown of costs may be included in completed estimated project costs?
First and foremost, it is important to note that the breakdown cost is an essential element when sourcing
and soliciting for the funds to be used in the construction process. In essence, it used to appraise whether or
not the stipulated cost proposed is realistic and achievable in the long run. Some of the costs include in the
breakdown costs include travelling, equipment as well as asset costs.
5. What is meant by cost estimation and under what circumstances would you estimate the cost?
The cost estimation refers to the overall project capital required to implement the proposed idea or used in
the construction of the building. In essence, cost estimation is an imperative element in the cost estimating
analysis. The project mainly estimated in terms of the cost when the overall analysis on the project is more
than half. Under that circumstance, one can estimate the overall project cost by double the existing cost
established.
6. What consideration must you take into account when calculating the net cost of a construction project?

BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION PROJECT COSTS 5
The following are some of the considerations which one need to consider when designing and coming up
with the overall net cost for the makeable construction
i. .Quantity take off
ii. Material Costs
iii. Labor Costs
iv. Labor productivity and forecasts
v. Work Methods.
vi. Construction and equipment costs
vii. Indirect costs in line with jobs
viii. Subcontractor quotations
ix. Quotations for the various material to be supplied
x. Estimated unknown site cost
xi. Location Factors
xii. Escalations costs arising with time
xiii. Staging as well as project start up costs.
xiv. Overheads

BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION PROJECT COSTS 6
7. How will you determine the quantity of the materials required for a construction project? On what
basis will you determine the material requirements?
Quality of materials to be used for the construction process is an essential and fundamental portion of the
project construction and thus, need to be taken into consideration. (Brook, 2016). There are various
criteria which are often used to determine the material quality and requirements in the construction process
and these are mainly discussed as follows
i. Material delivery process which is broadly classified as bulk, fabricated as well as standard off-
the-shelf materials
ii. Durability of the material is also an essential aspect to consider as this define the storage duration
iii. Material purchasing term is also an important element as this is used to define the interest charges
associated with materials
iv. Site location is also an important aspect and this determines the specifications of the materials to
be used in the construction process.
v. Material dimension is also an essential aspect which must be explored and appraised accordingly
as it defines the transportation mode for the materials to be used and the quality.
vi. Labor and handling is also a viable aspect which needs to be considered as far as the material
quality of materials is concerned.
8. List the specialists you may need to consider while preparing cost estimation.
The following are some of the experts which may be required while designing and preparing the cost
estimation budget
i. Commissioning provider to perform all the tasks related to project initiation
ii. Design team to perform all the required design works related to the project
iii. Architect to carry out the oversight role of ensuring that there is coordination within the design
process
iv. Client who works closely with the architect to come up with the design structure
v. Contractors perform the bidding process by specifying both the technical as well as the non-
technical costs for the building.
vi. Subcontractors who will perform the overall functions in line with construction tasks.
9. Outline the steps involved in preparing an estimate.

BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION PROJECT COSTS 7
There are nine steps to be followed in developing the estimate costs in line with the project. These steps
mainly discussed as follows
i. Commission process which entails the verification of the various tasks to be performed in line
with the project.
ii. Determining requirements essentially comprise of the all the pre-designs and planning activities
which are to be carried in the construction.
iii. Formation of a design team with an architect to carry out the design specifications of the proposed
building.
iv. Designing of the structure: the architect designs a number of houses proposal and presents them to
the client for census
v. Bidding: this is where the documents prepared are released to the overall contracts to place their
prices for the proposed house.
10. List the relevant documents, legislations and codes that are application to a building site
In any construction site, there various plan, approvals and documents which are used in carrying out the
overall works at the site. They include
i. Development Approval
ii. Estimate cost document letter
iii. Elevation plan
iv. Alternative solution approval
v. Site pan
vi. Floor plan
vii. Section Details for Wall, Floor Ceiling and Roof
viii. Demolition Plan
ix. Footings as well as Concrete Slab Detail
x. Retaining walls analysis
11. Define bill of quantity and explain its purpose with suitable examples.
A bill of quantity is a document which is prepared and contains all the material specifications, description
quantity as well as the rates for carrying out the construction process in engineering. The bill of quantity
plays a vital role in construction by helping the contractor to place its bid on the contract document.

BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION PROJECT COSTS 8
Furthermore, it is also used in developing and planning for the overall post construction activities.
12. Provide a list of materials and physical resources required at a building site for a building project. Provide
at least 10 items.
i. Concretes
ii. Bricks
iii. Electricity water supply
iv. Timber
v. Frames
vi. Doors
vii. Steels
viii. Retaining walls
ix. Pumping and pipes
x. Cements
xi. Sand
13. How will you determine the labour requirements at a building site and estimate the cost?
Both the labour requirements as well as the estimated costs in the construction mainly appraised by
considering
i. task to be performed
ii. skilled labour required
iii. work and nature of the job
iv. time required for the work to be completed
v. as well as the capital estimated to be paid to each worker
Residential House Rating Template
This analysis is on cost plan report which depicts various items to consider when designing and developing the
overall documentation. All the available data as well as the key items to be used in the building process have been
incorporated in the examination.
The analysis for the proposed area mainly summarized as shown
Measured Building Areas weighting @ weighted, m2

BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION PROJECT COSTS 9
Ground floor -
new m2 103 100% 103
Ground floor - existing with work m2 78 67% 52.26
Ground floor - garage new m2 46 100% 46
First floor - new m2 98 100% 98
including voids & stair
External deck - upper m 2 12
Existing building to be
demolished m 2 72
Site area m 2 568
Total Building Area (B.A.) m2 320 310
Effective works
area
Preliminary
Site Preparation, Demolition & Repairs, Etc. $55,674
External Demolition And Site Clearance $14,900
Site Leveling, Excavation, Fill, Ground Conditions, Piers/Piling,
Underpinning, Retaining Walls, Etc. $22,615
Internal Demolition & Preparation And Repairs To Existing Structure $15,825
Hazardous Materials Removal $1,500
Building Works
$931,93
7
Pc Allowances And Provisional Sums
Concrete Work $26,542
Structural Steelwork Framing $39,152
Brickwork, Blockwork And Other Solid Walls $32,000
Roof Linings, Roof Plumbing & Rooflights $15,475
Carpentry - Framing, Linings, Insulation & Tanking $95,182
Plasterboard Wall & Ceiling Linings $27,965
Windows & Glazed Doors $42,230
Doors, Frames And Hardware $22,435

BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION PROJECT COSTS 10
Floor Finishes $22,435
Wall Finishes $12,000
Painting $36,318
Fixed Joinery, Cabinets, Etc. $64,593
External Inground Services (Sewer, Stormwater, Water, Gas...) & Water
Tanks $7,999
Stone, Steel, Glass Or Similar Benchtops, Hearths & Splashbacks $10,850
Metalwork, Garage Doors, Screens, Mirrors, Bathroom Accessories,
Blinds, Signage, Etc. $20,450
Staircases, Balustrades And Handrails $11,000
Sanitary Fixtures, Tapsets, Whitegoods & Hot Water Service $22,590
Plumbing - Water, Waste, Vents Etc., Internally To Sanitary Fittings $23,845
Electrical Services, Light Fittings & Power Supply $39,744
Communications & Data, Security, Equipment And The Like $2,500
Heating & Cooling $36,900
Fire Protection And Detection
$11,00
0
Analysis on the Site Preparation
SITE PREPARATION, DEMOLITION &
REPAIRS, ETC.
External Demolition and Site Clearance $22,615
Demolish and remove existing buildings Item $9,208
Demolish and remove existing outbuildings, sheds & other
structures Item $895
Refer also to Internal Demolition & Preparation …
Site clearance, tree removal, other minor demolitions and
removals, fences, Item $1,692
paving, landscaping, etc.
Site Leveling, Excavation, Fill, Ground Conditions, Piers/Piling, Underpinning, Retaining
Walls, Etc. $32,734
Excavation and Fill
Site leveling, excavation/cut etc. including removing top soil,
vegetation and Item $2,384
disposal etc Item Excluded

BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION PROJECT COSTS 11
Bulk/site excavation/cut etc. including removing spoil
Excluded, assumed not required
Termite treatment, barriers, etc. Item $2,002
Allowance for fill, backfill, crushed rock, etc. Item
No
allowance
assumed - further structural design information is required
Rock, poor ground conditions etc.
Poor ground conditions, soft spots or the like Item $9,980
Retention and protection to adjacent properties Item In above
Excavation in rock Item Excluded
Blinding concrete & excavation – allowance Item In above
Piers, piling, underpinning, etc.
Bored piers, screw piles and the like are assumed not required
Allowances have been included above, however, for potential
costs that may be
associated with any poor or volatile sub-ground conditions
Underpinning existing structures Item 7 $2,000.00 $14,000
Notably,
Screenshot
Retaining Walls
Internal Demolition & Preparation And Repairs To Existing
Structure $13,523

BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION PROJECT COSTS 12
Internal preparation and removal
Remove finishes, linings, windows, doors, fittings & fixtures,
etc; leveling & Item $6,000
patching etc.; services; making good and the like
Item $7,100
Remove walls, floors, roof, etc; forming openings and the like;
propping,
Bracing, etc. (refer also to 'Brickwork…')
Item In abovePropping, bracing, shoring and supports to existing buildings
Saw-cutting concrete slabs and the like is assumed not required
Minor works and interface allowance Item Assumed nil
Minor labors, timbers, framings, linings, fixings; access,
temporary work; Item $423
leveling & straightening; work for services, other trades etc.
Maintenance and Repairs
Maintenance and repair required for this design work mainly summarized as shown in the table below
General & miscellaneous repairs and the like Item $4,500
Damp, dip’s, termites or other similar problems Item $2,000
Re-block existing flooring Item Excluded
Structural or other repairs to existing footings,
floors, walls, frames, roof, etc Item Excluded
Repairs and making good to existing façade, Item Excluded

BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION PROJECT COSTS 13
verandah etc.
Restoration of period features Item Excluded
Refer also to relevant Trade Sections for works in
existing buildings if required
Hazardous Materials Removal $1,200
Hazardous materials removal, pc allowance Item $1,300
Asbestos removal is included in the above Item In above
Contaminated soil removal and replacement is
excluded Excluded
Lead paint removal is excluded Excluded
Other hazardous materials removal is excluded Excluded
Concrete Works
The analysis on the concrete mainly summarized as shown in the table below
Total Concrete Work $26,542
Concrete ground slab, beams & thickenings / footings,
reinforcement, sand m2 76 $200.00 $15,200
bed & membrane
m 42 $180.00 $7,560Strip footings

BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION PROJECT COSTS 14
Pad footings, allowance for posts, columns, etc. Item $1,592
Suspended upper level concrete slabs, beams & columns
are not required
In-situ concrete walls are not required Nil
Concrete staircases are not required Nil
Precast concrete Nil
Precast concrete walls are not required
Sundries
Modifications to existing footings, slabs, pads and the like
for new and Item $760
modified structure, services, plumbing, etc.
Minor labors, framings, fixings, chairs, ties, supports,
joints, propping; Item $930
samples & testing; hobs; access, temporary work; curing;
work for services, $300
other trades; shop drawings; inspections, etc. $200

BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION PROJECT COSTS 15
Structural Steelwork Framing
The analysis for the overall structural steel works in the framing mainly summarized as shown in the analysis below
Structural Steelwork Framing $39,152
The structural design is yet to be finalized - preliminary sketches only
have been provided
Beams & posts in floors, walls & roof –
allowance tonne 3.92 $8,100.00 $31,752
Surface treatment Item $4,000
Steel purlins, girts & bracing to roof/walls and fall-restraint systems
are assumed not required
Fire rating to structural steelwork is excluded
Bolts, grout & leveling, site welding, samples,
supports & temporary items; Item $3,400
shop drawings, deliveries, cranage, access;
inspections, etc. nil

BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION PROJECT COSTS 16
Roof plumbing, seals, access, height, waste etc. Item $312
Sarking to roofing Item
30 $45.00
$749
Eaves gutter m $1,350
Box gutter m 8 $200.00 $1,600
Work in existing areas
Masonry work in preparation, forming and infilling openings, patching, making Item $4,285
good; scaffold, etc.
Subfloor masonry & retaining walls
Extent of sub-floor walls is assumed
Subfloor single skin walls with piers m2 12 $200.00 $2,400
Subfloor cavity walls m2 3 $280.00 $840
Brickwork
110mm brick skin of :
m2 100.8 $148.00 $149,184External veneer, cavity, solid, piered or other wall, commons
Internal wall, commons m2 47 $150.00 $7,050
Brickwork in fireplace & chimney - not required
Extra over for face brickwork - not required
Bagged finish - not required
Joints, ties, scaffold, sills, cleaning, etc - included in above
Other solid walls
90mm block skin of internal or external wall
Assumed
nil
140mm block skin of internal or external wall
Assumed
nil
190mm block skin of internal or external wall
Assumed
nil
Concrete, lightweight & other blockwork walls are not required
Stonework, stabilised rammed earth, mud brick & glass brick walls are not required
Roof Linings, Roof Plumbing & Rooflights $15,475
Roof linings & plumbing
pc
supply/m 2
Metal deck roofing and ridges $25.00 m2 124.9 $48.63 $6,074
Membrane roofing
Not
required
Wall cladding, colorbond m2 25 $60.00 $1,500

BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION PROJECT COSTS 17
Barge, flashing, junction, valley, fascias, etc. Item $960
Downpipes Item $1,200
Rainwater head Note Nil
Ridge ventilators Note Nil
Safety mesh and roof access hatches are assumed not required
Rooflights
Rooflights / skylights, allowance Item $1,450
Rooflights, allowance for modifications to existing Item Nil
Glass roofing and the like are excluded
Existing roofing & roof plumbing
Allowance for making good to existing roof cladding and
plumbing after Item $700
demolition and alterations for new works
Existing roof linings, plumbing, sarking etc. are to remain to existing unaltered areas. Allowance for minor making
good
is included in the above
Carpentry - Framing, Linings, Insulation & Tanking $95,182
Floor framing & linings $31,925
Timber ground floor framing, stumps, bearers, joists, pads, etc. m2 73 $102.38 $7,474
Timber upper floor framing, beams, joists etc. m2 93 $90.40 $8,407
Timber upper floor framing, beams, joists etc. - decks m2 12 $90.00 $1,080
Timber substrate to last m2 12 $70.00 $840
Timber decking/linings over battens to balcony m2 12 $120.00 $1,440
Soffit lining to deck
Item
Assumed nil
Insulation to timber floor framing $1,650
Particleboard floor lining m2 97.9 $30.34 $2,970
Wet area / FC flooring to receive tiles m2 11 $65.00 $715
T&G timber flooring, supply only, pc allowance m2 55 $60.00 $3,300
Waste & fixings for materials Item
39.6 $60.00
$743
Labour to lay Hours $2,376
Battens and vapour barrier to slab or framing Nil
Secret nailing is excluded
PC allowance for repairs to existing floor boards m2 62 $20.00 $930

BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION PROJECT COSTS 18
Framing and Walling Cost Estimation
Wall framing & linings
Timber external wall framing m2 248 $55.00 $13,640
Internal timber framed wall m2 162 $45.00 $7,290
Insulation and sarking to external timber
framed walls Item $3,800
Insulation to internal framed walls Item $356
Timber or other external lining allowance m2 122 $90.00 $10,980
Zinc wall cladding, pc allowance, including
backing board Note Nil
CFC wall lining Note Nil
Wall
linings $27,965
Plasterboard to stud walls m2 570 $23.00 $13,110
Plasterboard to masonry or other solid walls is assumed
not required
Plasterboard wall linings to existing walls, allowance Item $800
Plasterboard linings to 'infilling' stud walls Item $840
Allowance for making good due to demolition or new
work to wall linings Item $400
Ceiling linings
Plasterboard ceiling linings including edge treatments,
cornices etc. m2 289 $35.00 $10,115
Special cornices and roses etc. are not required
Suspended flush plasterboard ceiling - assumed
generally not required
Item $2,000
Extra over allowance for suspended flush plasterboard
ceiling - assumed to
some areas, extent to be determined
Bulkheads and the like are assumed not required
Item $270Rooflights shaft linings, plasterboard

BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION PROJECT COSTS 19
Allowance for making good due to demolition or new
work to ceiling linings Item $430
Fire rated plasterboard linings
Fire rated plasterboard linings are assumed not required
Windows & Glazed Doors $42,230
Windows & glazed doors including glass -
supply only
Ground floor m2 57 $450.00 $25,650
First floor m2 21 $450.00 $9,450
New windows in existing walls m2 12 $500.00 $6,000
Internal glazed screens Note
None
shown
Extra over for hinged or sliding doors Item $530
Extra over for large sliding doors Item $600
Extra over for folding doors Item Nil
Sliders for last Item In above
Double glazing is excluded
Item In aboveExtra over for some solar, obscure or other glazing
No allowance is included for flyscreens, assued not
required
Windows Installation and Sundries
Labour to install windows Item $12,000
Architraves, reveals, trims, sills, flashings, pelmets etc. Item $1,788
Existing windows and glazed doors
Existing windows & glazed doors are generally to remain. No allowance is included for any major work
or repairs
PC Allowance for minor repairs to existing windows Item 7 $100.00 $700
Doors, Frames And Hardware $17,950
Doors & frames - supply only
Single hinged external door, entry No. 1 $300.00 $300
Single hinged external door No. 3 $150.00 $450
Refer to Windows & Glazed Goors above for fully glazed external
doors.
Security doors are excluded

BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION PROJECT COSTS 20
Single hinged internal door No. 10 $70.00 $700
Single pivot solid core internal door Note Nil
Single sliding internal door No. 3 $70.00 $210
Slider for last No. 4 $200.00 $800
Large sliding internal door No. 2 $500.00 $1,000
Slider for last No. 1 $750.00 $750
Folding internal door including track Note Nil
Other doors in cupboards - see Joinery
Hinges, stops and minor items are included in above
Timber external door frame with architrave/trims Item $750
Timber internal door frame with architrave/trims Item $2,000
Doors &
Frames
installation
Labour to install doors and frames Item $5,200
Automatic door
mechanisms
Existing Doors
Existing doors $7,093
Existing doors to be relocated - allow for minor repairs / alterations only Item 5 $70.00 $350
Door & Window Hardware - PC allowance to supply
It is assumed some existing hardware is to
remain
Handle sets, plates, pulls, etc. – external
hinged, pair
No. 5 $120.00 $600
Handle sets, plates, pulls, etc. – internal No. 9 $90.00 $810
Handle sets, plates, pulls, etc. – internal sliding, pair No. 4 $30.00 $120
Locks Item $400
Window & other hardware Item $2,013
Pivot mechanisms etc. Note Nil
Closers Note Nil
Grilles Note Nil
Kickplate Note
3 $200.00
Nil
Weather, acoustic and other seals No. $600
Hardware installation
Labour to install hardware Item $2,200
Floor Finishes $22,435

BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION PROJECT COSTS 21
Floor tiles
Floor tiles - bathrooms, laundry etc., pc allowance to
supply m2 32.5 $40.00 $1,300
Labour to install last including sundries, joints etc. m2 32.5 $60.00 $1,950
Quarry or other floor tiles, pc allowance to supply m2 21.1 $75.00 $1,583
Labour to install last including bedding, sundries, joints
etc. m2 21.1 $80.00 $1,688
Tactile indicators Note Nil
Carpet, vinyl, linoleum and other floor finishes, screeds, plinths, trims, etc.
Carpet and underlay, pc allowance installed m2 102 $55.00 $5,599
Vinyl / linoleum flooring, pc allowance installed m2 9 $100.00 $900
Sealer to exposed concrete floor Item $819
Granolithic bedding for floor tiles, allowance Item $1,790
allowance partially at 'wet' areas only
Concrete plinths are assumed not required
Item $362Trims, joints, metal strips, seals, junctions, etc
Polished finishes
Polished finish to new floor boards m2 55 $60.00 $3,300
Polished finish to existing floor boards m2 62 $70.00 $4,300
Polished finish to concrete floors Note
Not
required
Allowances for making good
Make good to floor finishes due to demolition or new work Item In above
Wall Finishes $12,203
Wall
tiles
The extent of wall tiling has been assumed
Wall tiles - kitchen, pc allowance to supply m2 4.2 $46.00 $193
Labour to install last including sundries, joints etc. m2 4.2 $60.00 $252

BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION PROJECT COSTS 22
Wall tiles - bathrooms, laundry etc., pc allowance to supply m2 65 $45.00 $2,925
Labour to install last including sundries, joints etc. m2 65 $60.00 $3,900
Cement and acrylic renders, hard plaster
No allowance is included for external render, mouldings, trims etc.
to walls
Hardplaster linings to walls is not required
Timber and other linings
PC allowance for 'decorative/timber' or other wall finishes Item 20 $150.00 $3,000
Allowances for making good
PC allowance for making good due to demolition or new work for : Item $3,000
Hard plaster wall linings Item In above
External cement render wall linings Item Nil
Other wall and ceiling finishes Item In above
Painting $36,318
Paint to external existing
surfaces, PC allowance Item $6,500
scope to be confirmed
Item In below
Paint to internal existing
surfaces, PC allowance
Paint to external surfaces Item $13,240
Paint to internal surfaces Item $16,578
Fixed Joinery, Cabinets,
Etc. $65,355
PC Allowances
Kitchen & pantry joinery Item $27,680
see items below for
benchtops
Vanity benches, bathroom
joinery & cabinets etc. Item $4,300
Laundry joinery including,
benchtops etc. Item $5,870

BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION PROJECT COSTS 23
Cupboards / robes including
fitout & doors - bedrooms &
linen m2 17.6 $784.38 $13,805
Walk-in robe fitout Item $9,500
Wall unit to family/living
room Item Cost Option
Study joinery Item $4,200
BBQ bench Item By Client
Garage joinery Item None shown
Other desks, shelving and
cupboards, bookcases, TV
units, etc. are not required
Unmeasured &
miscellaneous joinery, loose
furniture and fittings are
excluded
Stone, Steel, Glass Or
Similar Benchtops, Hearths
& Splashbacks $10,850
Kitchen - benchtops, pc
allowance Item $9,000
Kitchen - splashbacks, pc
allowance Item Nil
Bathrooms, pc allowance Item $1,850
Cost Estimation for Metal Works
Metalwork, Garage Doors, Screens, Mirrors, Bathroom Accessories, Blinds, Signage, Etc. $20,450
Miscellaneous metalwork
Miscellaneous metalwork, clothesline, brackets, hooks & the like Item $2,100
Door mats & surrounds are assumed not required
Hand rails, corridor bumper rails and the like are assumed not required
Pinboards & the like are not required
Garage, roller & other doors
Garage door including frames, finish, supports, guides, hardware, automatic No. 1 $4,500.00 $4,500

BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION PROJECT COSTS 24
mechanism etc
Screens, canopies, awnings and the like
PC allowance for external screens - west windows Item 8 $400.00 $3,200
No allowance is included for shutters, other screens, canopies or awnings etc.
Mirrors, shower screens and bathroom accessories
Mirrors m2 7 $300.00 $2,100
Shower screens - with door No. 2 $1,200.00 $2,400
Toilet roll holder No. 4 $150.00 $600
Accessories, rails, hooks & the like Item $1,550
Grab rails and other items Note
2 $2,000.00
Nil
Heated towel rails, allowance Item $4,000
Curtains, blinds and tracks - PC allowance to supply & install :
Curtains and blinds are excluded $20,450
Operable Walls, Roller Grilles, Etc.
Operable walls, roller grilles and the like are not required Excluded
Staircases, Balustrades And Handrails $12,050
Timber, mdf or steel staircase with handrails, balustrades & finish, pc allowance Item $6,000
Internal balustrades / handrails Item $1,550
External balustrades / handrails Item $4,500
Sanitary Fixtures
Sanitary Fixtures, Tapsets, Whitegoods & Hot Water Service $22,833
Sanitary fixtures, tapsets, etc. - PC
allowances, for supply only
Kitchen sink, drainer No. 1 $649.00 $649
Trough, laundry No. 1 $275.00 $275
WC suite (pan, cistern & seat) No. 3 $790.00 $2,370

BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION PROJECT COSTS 25
Basin No. 4 $460.00 $1,840
Bath tub No. 1 $1,200.00 $1,200
Shower base Note Nil
Shower taps / mixer and rose No. 3 $550.00 $1,650
Tapsets No. 7 $310.00 $2,170
Wastes No. 7 $82.00 $574
Washing machine stops No. 1 $225.00 $225
Bottle trap No. 4 $195.00 $780
Boiling water unit / chiller is excluded
Insinkerator is excluded
Whitegoods - PC allowances, for supply only
Kitchen
appliances /
whitegoods Item
1
$10,000
Oven / stove No. In above
Steam oven
No. 1
Nil
Cooktop In above

BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION PROJECT COSTS 26
Rangehood No. 1 In above
Dishwasher No. 1 In above
Refrigerator & freezer No. 1 In above
Wine fridges
Note
Nil
Washing machine
Excluded /
By Client
Clothes dryer Note
Excluded /
By Client
Microwave Note
Excluded /
By Client
Coffee machine Note
Excluded /
By Client
Barbecue Note
Excluded /
By Client
Hot water service - PC allowances, for supply only
Hot water service No. 1 $1,100.00 $1,100
Hot Showers
Solar hot water service is excluded
Plumbing - Water, Waste, Vents Etc., Internally To Sanitary
Fittings $23,845
Plumbing (water, waste, vents) to fixtures, whitegoods, fwgs,
etc. including Item $23,845

BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION PROJECT COSTS 27
installation, etc. (within building)
Electrical Services and Lighting
Electrical Services, Light Fittings & Power
Supply $40,308
Electrical services generally
Wiring and fitting complete including power &
lighting points/switches, m2 307 $92.00 $28,244
switchboards, smoke detectors, fans, antenna, &
the like
96
No. Light
points
The electrical layout has not been provided -
assumptions have been
made. This report includes: 61 No. Power points
Cabling & wiring for computers, audio, data, Pay
TV, stereos, etc. Item $1,100
Ceiling 'sweep' fans and the like Item No allowance
Phone line connection Excluded
Telephone handsets Excluded
Electric hand dryers Excluded
No allowance is included for work to existing
areas not altered by these works
External lighting bollards, security lighting, etc. -
allowance including reticulatio Item $1,500
Light fittings - PC allowances, for supply only:
Downlights & the like No. 82 $52.00 $4,264
Uplights No.
5 $300.00
Nil
Stair/Wall lights No. $1,500
Pendant lights No. 2 $1,100.00 $2,200
Track / joinery lights Item
5 $300.00
Nil
External fittings No. $1,500
Other feature lights and the like Item Excluded
Communications & Data, Security, Equipment And
The Like $3,000
PC allowances for Security and other items:

BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION PROJECT COSTS 28
Security & intercom systems (excludes monitoring) Item $3,000
Other communications, data and the like are
excluded
Audio visual equipment and the like are excluded
Home automation systems and the like are
excluded
Ducted vacuum system is excluded
Video phones, satellite dish, Pay TV, CCTV are
excluded
Heating & Cooling $37,000
PC allowances for:
Air conditioning, split systems Item $12,600
Air conditioning, fully ducted and concealed
systems Note No allowance
Hydronic heating Item $18,600
In slab heating is not required
External gas, or other, heaters are excluded
Insert-type fireplace & flue, supply only pc
allowance No. 1 $4,100.00 $4,100
Allowance for installation Item $700
Allowance for surrounds/hearths Item $1,000
Repairs and reinstatement of existing open fireplaces and surrounds is excluded, they are to remain
unaltered Excluded
EXTERNAL SITE WORKS AND SERVICES
Paving, Driveways, Fences And Gates $14,900
Paving & paths
External pavers $30.00 m2 54 $93.00 $5,022
Concrete slabs (structural) to last are excluded
Item $1,220Concrete base / bedding to last
Extra for plinths, steps and the like to last Item $375
External concrete/timber steps and the like Item
14 $55.00
Assumed
nil
Concrete path, broomed finish m2 $770

BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION PROJECT COSTS 29
Granitic sand paving, base and edging Item
Assumed
nil
Make good to existing paths, kerbs & other surfaces disturbed by new works Item $500
No other work to existing roads, footpaths or paved areas external to the site
Parking, driveways, crossovers,
etc.
Existing crossover is to remain unaltered
m2 36 $73.00 $2,628Reinforced concrete slab – driveway
Asphalt paving is assumed not required
Fences and gates
Single hinged gate No. 2 $700.00 $1,400
Timber fence m 53 $45.00 $2,385
Fence – other Note
Masonry fences are not required
Modify / make good existing fences disturbed by the works, pc allowance Item $600
Landscaping, Grassing, Planting, Decks, Pergolas, Etc. $3,100
Soft landscaping, planting and grassing
No allowance for planting, mulching, grassing, topsoil, irrigation, watering systems & drains etc. - by the client
External furniture and the like are excluded
On ground decks, screens and pergolas
External timber deck (on-ground) including framing, decking m2 10 $310.00 $3,100
External timber screen including framing Note Assumed
Timber framed pergola - pads, posts, beams, in fills, paint, etc. Note Assumed
Sheds and other outbuildings are excluded
External Inground Services (Sewer, Stormwater, Water, Gas...) &
Water Tanks $7,999
Stormwater & sewer drainage, pits & the like

BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION PROJECT COSTS 30
Stormwater drainage system - pipes, connections etc. Item $2,100
Grated drains Note No allowance
Allowance for pits Note No allowance
Sewer drainage system - pipes, connections etc. Item $1,030
Pits, assumed not required
Interceptor pits, septic systems and the like are not required
Grey water systems and the like are excluded
Black water recycling systems are excluded
Water & gas supplies, and water
tanks
Water supply - pipes, connections, hosecocks, etc. Item $913
Allow for minor alterations only.
Gas supply, tappings, meters Item $478
Allow for minor alterations only.
Gas bottles are to be provided by the client, if required
Water tanks, with stand or paving slab Item 1 $2,978
Extra for pumps, filters and the like Item In above
In-ground water tanks are excluded
Other items
Demolition and alterations of existing services - cut & seal, protect,
etc. Item $500
Improvements and upgrades to existing inground services - allowance Item Excluded
Extra for rock in trenches and other obstructions Item Excluded
Extra for under-road boring for in-ground services Item Excluded
PRELIMINARIES, SITE COSTS, SUPERVISION & OVERHEADS

BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION PROJECT COSTS 31
Builders' Site Establishment, Running Costs, Supervision & Labourers, And
Final Clean $88,534
Builders site establishment
Ite
m $7,503
Setout of the works, sheds, offices, toilets, other amenities; power &
other
services; security, fences, protection, tarps; supports, hoists, plant,
hoardings,
covered ways, dust screens; insurances, permits, fees, inspections,
tests,
notices & the like; contracts, delapidation surveys, photos, records,
etc. Ite
m ExcludedBank guarantee
Scaffold, cranes and the like
Ite
m $2,174
Building site running / on-going costs and
handover
Sheds, storage, offices, amenities; power & other services; minor
equipment;
Ite
m 40 $342.38 $13,695
meetings & programming; bins & removal
and sundries
Ite
m 40 In above
Tools, deliveries, first aid, documents, photos, records; deposits,
fees,
signboard; hoardings, covered ways, dust screens; security, fences,
protection, tarps, supports, hoists, plant; samples & prototypes;
access,
crossover, de-watering, parking; hazard & traffic management;
health & safety
equipment and requirements; supervision, training & induction;
protect existing
landscaping, structures & surfaces; & the
like
Scaffold, cranes and the like Ite $3,323

BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION PROJECT COSTS 32
m
Final clean, bins, documentation, as-built records, manuals, tests,
site
Ite
m $1,039
disestablishment; cleaner
Supervision,
labourers, etc. @ hours/wk $ rate weeks
weekly
rate
Site supervisor 17.5 $67.50 40 $1,200.00 $48,000
Construction Manager $82.50 40 In above
OH&S Officer, shop steward, other 5.6 $67.50 40 $320.00 In above
Site labourers $52.50 40 $12,800
Administration (on & off-site) $77.50 40 In below
Attendance And Overheads Etc. $88,534
Attendance & profit, off-site expenses, administration, finance,
maintenance
Ite
m 9.50% $88,534
and the like
Subtotal - Building Works $931,937
ESCALATION, CONTINGENCIES, DESIGN FEES, CLIENT & OTHER
COSTS,
Program, Staging, Site & Timing Costs, $5,600

BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION PROJECT COSTS 33
Market And Escalation
Additional allowances and costs for :
Out of hours work; Accelerated program etc.
are excluded
Staging of the works is excluded
Client occupation is excluded
Site allowance, induction, site efficiencies,
etc. are excluded
Headworks charges are excluded
Market Allowance &
Escalation to
commencement and
completion
Current market conditions & risk allowance Item
Generally included in the rates
Escalation
A construction program is yet to be
determined/confirmed
months 3.7 12-Jun $5,600To start
To completion - included in rates if project
is not delayed or staged 13-Mar
Design & Brief Change Contingency
Allowance $54,000
Design, Detail & Specification Contingency
allowance Item 5.00% $54,000
ie. Documentation and design are as yet incomplete and assumptions have
been made
Design & Documentation Fees
Design Fees are excluded
Client & Other Costs
Additional allowances and costs for :

BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION PROJECT COSTS 34
Items by the client, Separate Contracts &
Miscellaneous Costs are excluded
De-canting, temporary accommodation
and the like are excluded
Display, Sales costs and the like are
excluded
Town Planning & Building Permits and
the like are excluded
Authority charges; Soil tests etc. are
excluded
Project Contingency
Project Contingency is excluded
A Project Contingency has not been included to cover other 'unusual' and 'external'
costs. Items such as
Traffic studies, community
consultations, additional consultants, and
the like.
Sub total
Item 10.00%
$920,764
G. S. T. - Goods & Services Tax $92076.4
Totals $1, 012840.4
Estimated Total as above $1,012,840
Potential adjustment for the following
Delete partial allowance for off-site costs, margins & supervision (ie. a
more 'competitive' builder being successful)
$37,000Off-site costs & margins and trade costs -50%
Supervision -25% $14,800
Delete allowances for :
-100% $5,000Cost escalation

BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION PROJECT COSTS 35
Market conditions & risk -100%
$22,000Design contingency (part only) -50%
Adjust Contract Contingency Excluded
Adjust Design Fees allowance Excluded
GST on the above $8,200
Total $87,000
Potential revised/reduced estimated total cost 1012840 -87000
$925,840
Screenshots for calculations

BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION PROJECT COSTS 36
References
Brook, M. (2016). Estimating and tendering for construction work. Taylor & Francis.
Ma, Z., Liu, Z., & Wei, Z. (2016). Formalized representation of specifications for construction cost estimation by
using ontology. Computer
‐Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering, 31(1), 4-17.