5G technology Summary 2022

Task – 1
Part 1
The Received Signal Level (RSL) is defined by equation (1)
RSL=PT +GT +GR +GPR−LBR−LConn−LWG −FSL ----------------------------(1)
Where,
PT is transmitted power,
GT is transmitting antenna gain,
GR is receiving antenna gain,
GPR is aperture gain of passive repeater antenna,
LBR is branching loss,
LConn is connector loss,
LWG is wave guide loss,
And FSL is free space loss
FSL=92.44+ 20 log FGHz +20 log DKM
FSL=92.44+ 20 log FGHz +20 log DKM =133.267 dBm ----------------------(2)
Using equation (1) and (2)
RSL=PT +GT +GR +GPR−LBR−LConn−LWG −(133.267 dBm)
RSL=20 dBm+35 dBi+35 dBi+ 35 dBi−2 ( 2 dB ) −2 ( 1 dB ) −1 dB−(133.267 dBm)
RSL=−15.267 dBm (Answer)
Part 2
The main uses of passive repeaters are as under,
1. Passive antennas are used to overcome line-of-sight problem. That is, in case
of obstruction like buildings and mountains, passive repeaters are installed to
ensure that the communication happens.
2. It is also preferred over active repeaters because of low maintenance cost
and because there is no noise amplification in case of passive repeaters.
3. It provides aperture amplification and reduces the effect of losses in transmitting the signal.

Task -2
Summary
“5G is coming with great expectation, from data speed up to 20 Gbps and 1000
folds increase in capacity. The advancement is targeted to give a big boost to
Internet of things (IoT) and a very flexible, highly reliable, and low latency platform
for machine to machine communication.
For 5G to achieve all the targets, we need new technologies including new
spectrum, new antenna technologies, network slicing and new way of network
architecture.
Among 5G’s characteristics is that it can provide low latency combined with high
reliability. Targeted latency for 5G is around 1 millisecond. This will need new radio
frame design, new device, and base station hardware and, in practice, local content
or break out with Multi-Access Edge Computing (MEC) and local cloud. Low latency
is typically combined with ultra-high reliability for new use cases such as robot
control.
5G technology is not only about new architecture or new radio or core network, but
is expected to bring a revolution in terms of use cases. Entire society will benefit for
this change, there will be improvement in efficiency, productivity, and safety. Earlier
technologies (3G/4G) were designed and developed only for smartphones but 5G
will be used also by other parties such as industries and smart cities.
(Onestore.nokia.com, 2019)
Introduction
“We are standing at the dawn of 5G. We can understand this feeling by comparing
with the invention of Airplane by Wright brothers. Airplane changed the experience
of travelling and it was not only about how quickly one can travel from one place to
another. Yes, it was to cover days’ distance in matter of few hours. But travelling in
plane was also about experience. The high-tech feeling at airport; the sound of the
turbine engine when it starts; the effect of G force when airplane is about to take-
off; the way body behaves when plane ascends to sky and finally the feeling of
flying above the clouds at 35,000 feet. Just like flight changed the way one feels
while travelling and started new set of innovations, 5G will also transform our
experience of the digital world. For most of the us, 5G means just faster data speed,
but, it is much more than that. 5G is about the change world around us in thrilling
manner – from entertainment to retail to industries to economy and much more. In
this write-up we will talk about the technology; how it is different from its
predecessors, the challenges it faces and its effect on society and world around us.
(Business.att.com, 2019)

What is 5G?
“Previous versions of mobile network were aimed at specific consumer needs, for
example 2G for SMS and voice, web-browsing in 3G and high-speed data and video
streaming in 4G. But it is going to be different transitioning from 4G to 5G where in
it is society in general and individuals and industries in particular that will benefit.
Global mobile data is expected to grow to eight times by year 2023. With this, there
is a need for better utilization of spectrum, efficient technology, and higher data
speed. Use cases such as ultra HD (4K/8K) video streaming, virtual and augmented
reality and many other industrial concepts will also require higher speed, reliability,
lower latency, and much better security. Equipped with these capabilities, 5G will
bring new opportunities for people, society, and businesses.
(Ericsson.com, 2019)
One way to look at the 5G is the agreed standardization so far listed below (table –
1) for reference
“
PARAMETER SUGGESTED PERFORMANCE
Peak data rate At least 20Gbps downlink and 10Gbps uplink per mobile
base station. This means 20 times more downlink than
LTE.
5G connection
density
Minimum of 106 connected devices per KM square (for
enabling IoT support).
5G mobility From 0 km/hr to 500 km/hr high speed vehicular
movement.
5G energy
efficiency
Radio interfaces which are more energy efficient when in
use and turns quickly into low energy when idle.
5G spectral
efficiency
30bits/Hz downlink and 15 bits/Hz uplink. This assumes
8x4 MIMO (8 spatial layers down, 4 spatial layers up).
5G real-world
data rate
Per user download speed of 100Mbps and upload speed of
50Mbps.
5G latency 5 times lower latency than 4G under ideal conditions (from
20 milliseconds in 4G to 4 milliseconds in 5G)
(electronics-note, 2019)
Technologies
There are many new technologies being developed to fulfill the expectations
associated with 5G and make it successful. Some of them are listed below for
information and reference,
 Millimetre-Wave communications: Higher frequencies will result in more
available spectrum and wider channel bandwidth typically between 1 – 2
GHz.