The Received Signal Level (RSL) Tasks 2022

Task – 1
Part 1
The Received Signal Level (RSL) is defined by equation (1)
RSL=PT +GT +GR +GPR−LBR−LConn−LWG −FSL ----------------------------(1)
Where,
PT is transmitted power,
GT is transmitting antenna gain,
GR is receiving antenna gain,
GPR is aperture gain of passive repeater antenna,
LBR is branching loss,
LConn is connector loss,
LWG is wave guide loss,
And FSL is free space loss
FSL=92.44+ 20 log FGHz +20 log DKM
FSL=92.44+ 20 log FGHz +20 log DKM =133.267 dBm ----------------------(2)
Using equation (1) and (2)
RSL=PT +GT +GR +GPR−LBR−LConn−LWG −(133.267 dBm)
RSL=20 dBm+35 dBi+35 dBi+ 35 dBi−2 ( 2 dB ) −2 ( 1 dB ) −1 dB−(133.267 dBm)
RSL=−15.267 dBm (Answer)
Part 2
The main uses of passive repeaters are as under,
1. Passive antennas are used to overcome line-of-sight problem. That is, in case of obstruction like
buildings and mountains, passive repeaters are installed to ensure that the communication
happens.
2. It is also preferred over active repeaters because of low maintenance cost and because there is
no noise amplification in case of passive repeaters.
3. It provides aperture amplification and reduces the effect of losses in transmitting the signal.

Task – 2
Summary
The mmWave or millimeter wave is the other name of EHF (extremely high frequency) and is assigned
for radio frequencies which lie between 30 to 300 GHz (Giga Hertz). It is between Microwave (or super
high frequency band) and the infrared band. 5G as we know is one of the biggest thing which has
happened in telecommunication world so far. It can be at par with the invention of telephone. Like
telephone made the dream of people to communicate remotely, a reality; 5G will change the very
nature of society, from connected devices to innovations in industries to self-running cars, healthcare.
5G on its full potential will touch and change everything we can imagine. To enable this transformation,
we need a very powerful access technique. The one which can give 30 Gbps of data rate and 1000-fold
increase in existing network capacity. Millimeter wave or mmWave is the solution to this challenge.
Millimeter wave is still used for many civilian applications including for high speed indoor broadband.
The reason it could not so far be used for outdoor mobile network is because of its limitation to
overcome obstacles in its path and negative effect it has because of change in environmental conditions.
But with the invent of 5G NR we have a clear way to overcome these hurdles with the help of
technology which can simultaneously allow a device to be connected to both mmWave and sub 6 GHz
frequency to ensure seamless mobility and coverage along with excellent data speed. We will talk about
all of this and more in this report and see how millimeter wave will help driving 5G revolution.
Introduction
“The need for increasingly high data speed for mobile communication is driving latest innovations. The
requirement is coupled with new advancement in technology like Ultra HD (4K/8K) video streaming, and
IoT. Also, as the capability of mobile devices continue to get better and better with technological
improvements like higher resolution cameras, always connected cloud network and virtual reality
applications, so does the need to get better and faster mobile network. The ultimate solution to the
bandwidth requirement is fiber optics but problem here is, it is costly and not suited for mobile
communication. Millimeter wave technology is a potential answer to the problem: it gives bandwidth
comparable to the fiber optics with added advantage of cost and ease of deployment.
Wavelength in the range of millimeters are called millimeter waves or mmWave. In wireless
communication, the term generally corresponds to few bands of spectrum near 38, 60, 94 GHz, and in E-
band (between 70GHz and 90GHz).
Millimeter waves were discovered in 1890’s by J.C. Bose but it remained within the premises of
academic circles till 1960’s when its first use case happened in Radio Astronomy, followed by an
application in milatry space in 1970’s. The first consumer oriented application of millimeter wave
happened in 1990’s with advent of collision avoidance radar (operating at 77GHz frequency)
(Adhikari, 2019)