Peer Review Process Analysis

This assignment requires a thorough analysis of the peer review process for submissions to SURGERY journal, as detailed by M.G. Sarr et al. (2016). Using this source along with additional research from the provided references, you will examine the timeline, delays, and other aspects of the peer review process. The goal is to understand and potentially suggest improvements for the efficiency and effectiveness of the peer review system.

Unit 11, 15, 19, 55, 65, 73

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
UNIT 11...........................................................................................................................................1
1.1................................................................................................................................................1
1.2 ...............................................................................................................................................1
1.3 ...............................................................................................................................................1
1.4................................................................................................................................................1
1.5 ...............................................................................................................................................2
UNIT 15...........................................................................................................................................2
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................2
1.1................................................................................................................................................2
1.2................................................................................................................................................2
1.3................................................................................................................................................2
1.4 ...............................................................................................................................................2
1.5................................................................................................................................................3
1.6................................................................................................................................................3
1.7 ...............................................................................................................................................3
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................3
2.1 ...............................................................................................................................................3
2.2 ...............................................................................................................................................3
2.3................................................................................................................................................4
2.4................................................................................................................................................4
2.5 ...............................................................................................................................................4
2.6................................................................................................................................................4
2.7 ...............................................................................................................................................4
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................5
3.1 ...............................................................................................................................................5
3.2................................................................................................................................................5
3.3 ...............................................................................................................................................5

UNIT 19...........................................................................................................................................5
1.1 ...............................................................................................................................................5
1.2 ...............................................................................................................................................5
1.3 ...............................................................................................................................................6
1.4 ...............................................................................................................................................6
1.5 ...............................................................................................................................................6
1.6 ...............................................................................................................................................6
3.2 ...............................................................................................................................................6
UNIT 55...........................................................................................................................................6
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................6
1.1................................................................................................................................................6
1.2 ...............................................................................................................................................6
1.3 ...............................................................................................................................................7
1.4 ...............................................................................................................................................7
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................7
2.1................................................................................................................................................7
2.2 ...............................................................................................................................................7
2.3................................................................................................................................................7
2.4................................................................................................................................................7
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................7
3.1................................................................................................................................................7
3.2................................................................................................................................................8
3.3 ...............................................................................................................................................8
3.4 ...............................................................................................................................................8
3.5 ...............................................................................................................................................8
3.6 ...............................................................................................................................................8
TASK 4............................................................................................................................................8
4.1 ...............................................................................................................................................8
4.2 ...............................................................................................................................................8
UNIT 65...........................................................................................................................................9
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................9

1.1 ...............................................................................................................................................9
1.2 ...............................................................................................................................................9
1.3................................................................................................................................................9
1.4 ...............................................................................................................................................9
1.5 ...............................................................................................................................................9
1.6 ...............................................................................................................................................9
1.7..............................................................................................................................................10
1.8 .............................................................................................................................................10
1.9 .............................................................................................................................................10
TASK 2..........................................................................................................................................10
2.1..............................................................................................................................................10
2.2..............................................................................................................................................10
2.3..............................................................................................................................................10
2.4 .............................................................................................................................................10
2.5 .............................................................................................................................................10
2.6..............................................................................................................................................11
2.7 .............................................................................................................................................11
TASK 3..........................................................................................................................................11
3.1 .............................................................................................................................................11
3.2 .............................................................................................................................................11
3.3 .............................................................................................................................................11
3.4 .............................................................................................................................................11
3.5..............................................................................................................................................11
3.6 .............................................................................................................................................12
TASK 4..........................................................................................................................................12
4.1..............................................................................................................................................12
4.2 .............................................................................................................................................12
4.3..............................................................................................................................................12
4.4 .............................................................................................................................................12
4.5..............................................................................................................................................12
4.6 .............................................................................................................................................12

4.7 .............................................................................................................................................12
UNIT 73.........................................................................................................................................13
TASK 1..........................................................................................................................................13
1.1..............................................................................................................................................13
1.2 .............................................................................................................................................13
1.3 .............................................................................................................................................13
1.4..............................................................................................................................................13
1.5 .............................................................................................................................................13
1.6 .............................................................................................................................................13
TASK 2..........................................................................................................................................14
2.1 .............................................................................................................................................14
2.2 .............................................................................................................................................14
2.3 .............................................................................................................................................14
TASK 3..........................................................................................................................................14
3.1 .............................................................................................................................................14
3.2..............................................................................................................................................14
3.3 .............................................................................................................................................14
3.4 .............................................................................................................................................14
3.5 .............................................................................................................................................15
3.6 .............................................................................................................................................15
TASK 4..........................................................................................................................................15
4.1..............................................................................................................................................15
4.2 .............................................................................................................................................15
4.3 .............................................................................................................................................15
4.4 .............................................................................................................................................15
4.5..............................................................................................................................................16
4.6..............................................................................................................................................16
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................16
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................17

INTRODUCTION
Business administration is a wide field that incorporates many types of management
positions. From major corporations to independent businesses, every operation needs skilled
administrators in order to succeed (Shelley, 2015). Motivated, organized personalities will thrive
in business, where environments are often high-powered. Knowing how to deal with stress will
help you keep your cool—and keep your business in the black.
UNIT 11
1.1
Work with a task group of appropriate company personnel to help identify areas for
change and prepare the new procedures. Monitor the procedures to ensure the changes are
implemented and working effectively and efficiently to ensure lasting change.
1.2
 planning work and setting expectations,
 continually monitoring performance,
 developing the capacity to perform,
 periodically rating performance in a summary fashion, and
 rewarding good performance.
1.3
 Immaculate common areas, restrooms and office space
• Comfortable temperature, every season
• Just right lighting
• Landscaping that welcomes people
1.4
 Cost
 Needs
 Flexibility and functionality
 Size
 Cleanliness
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1.5
 Hire an Adequate Workforce
 Hire the Right Employees for the Job
 Set Realistic Expectations
 Offer Fair Compensation
UNIT 15
TASK 1
1.1
Primary data exclusively focuses on current research problem."Research is oriented for
specific goals and purpose, cutting out possibility of wasting resources (Sarr and et. al., 2016).
Secondary data is the data that have been already collected by and readily available from other
sources. Cost-effect, ready made observations, less time spent on gathering information.
1.2
The analysis of qualitative data can come in many forms including highlighting key
words, extracting themes. May lend itself to working with smaller populations, which may not be
representative of larger demographics.
Quantitative data are numerical information, the analysis of which involves statistical
techniques. Data collection methods provide respondents with a limited number of response
options.
1.3
 Reliability refers to the repeatability of findings.
 Validity refers to the credibility or believability of the research.
1.4
Research software and research tools enable researchers and modellers to construct
theories and system models. They typically support capturing hypotheses, inferring mechanisms,
and formulating experimental results within the same framework (Walter, 2016). Professional
software tools also let the researcher visualize complex interrelations between phenomena and
provide quantifiable reporting capabilities.
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1.5
Sampling risk represents the possibility that an auditor's conclusion based on a sample is
different from that reached if the entire population were subject to audit procedure (Bargiela-
Chiappini and Nickerson, 2014). Auditors can lower the sampling risk by increasing the
sampling size.
1.6
It is important to understand whether or not future times are likely to be similar to the
time period of the evaluation. If the program had been successful because of support from
another organisation. People want their results instantly; they don’t want to wait for them, so
well-planned surveys and experiments take a back seat to instant Web surveys and convenience
samples.
1.7
 Explain the data axes
 Highlight subsets of data
 Dig deeper to unwrap data
 Place labels close to data points
 Answer the “Why?” questions
 Complement data with energetic delivery
TASK 2
2.1
Definable, measurable, and constant or variable characteristic, dimension, property, or
value, selected from a set of data (or population) because it is considered essential to
understanding a situation (Bryman and Bell, 2015).
2.2
Ethical Considerations can be specified as one of the most important parts of the
research. Dissertations may even be doomed to failure if this part is missing. Voluntary
participation of respondents in the research is important. Moreover, participants have rights to
withdraw from the study at any stage if they wish to do so.
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2.3
Once you create, gather, or start manipulating data and files, they can quickly become
disorganised (Filip and Mărăscu-Klein, 2015). To save time and prevent errors later on, you and
your colleagues should decide how you will name and structure files and folders. Including
documentation (or 'metadata') will allow you to add context to your data so that you and others
can understand it in the short, medium, and long-term.
2.4
There are many well-developed methods available for conceptually or statistically
analysing the different kinds of data that can be gathered. When analysing qualitative data, one
can develop taxonomies or rubrics to group student comments collected by questionnaires and/or
made in classroom discussions.
2.5
 Grouping Methods
 Multiple Equation Models
2.6
 Separate data from analysis, and make analysis repeatable
 If possible, check your data against another source
 Get down and dirty with the data
 Unit test your code
2.7
These charts help students distinguish mere guessing from making supported or informed
conclusions (Grusec and Hastings, 2014). The following documents can be adapted and re-saved
for your needs.
TASK 3
3.1
Data can be presented in text, table, or chart form. When presenting data in all three
forms, care should be taken to include only information and/or images that help to clarify points
being made.
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3.2
It is always better to identify and acknowledge shortcomings of your work, rather than to
leave them pointed out to your by your dissertation assessor (Hesselbarth and Schaltegger,
2014). The announcing move immediately allows you to identify the limitations of your
dissertation and explain how important each of these limitations is.
3.3
A reference data source supplies data values that replace the foreign key value when that
key refers to a surrogate primary key. Primary and Secondary data collection techniques,
Primary data collection uses surveys, experiments or direct observations. Secondary data
collection may be conducted by collecting information from a diverse source of documents or
electronically stored information, census and market studies are examples of a common sources.
UNIT 19
1.1
It provides a means for others to junk up your inbox with unwanted missives. In this
lesson we’ll look at Mail’s junk mail protections, as well as at other ways you can keep from
being overwhelmed with Internet offal.
1.2
Cheques are rarely sent out through the post as most banking is done electronically this is
because it is more secure, easier to use and much faster than waiting for a cheque to come
through the post.
1.3
A franking machine can frank letters and large letters, as well as labels for parcels and
large packages (Hettne, 2016). Most franking machines are equipped with digital scales and an
automatic letter feeder.
1.4
After all the post, has been franked, it to be placed inside the appropriate posting bag,
based on its class this is for easier distribution. Most outgoing packages are already pre-packaged
by the employees wanting to send them,
5

1.5
The main courier service used by my workplace is Parcel force. All items intended to be
picked up by Parcel force need a label affixed to them which is scanned by the courier.
1.6
There are several ways to identify a suspicious item, some characteristics include
misspelling of name or address, no return address, stains, discolouration or a strange odour, or
uneven"unnecessary packaging.
3.2
Distribution and dispatch is the last step in developing documentation, and can be thought
of as the publication stage (following printing - although there may be dispatch activities prior to
printing, such as delivery of copy to the printers).
UNIT 55
TASK 1
1.1
Financial planning is undertaken by an organisation to identify how it will achieve the
goals and objectives set out in its strategic plan.
1.2
A business case supports decision making and business planning by projecting financial
estimates and other business consequences associated with undertaking a particular course of
action.
1.3
Stakeholder groups will also vary in their power to influence (or affect) the organisation
and in their levels of interest in what the organisation does.
1.4
The annual business planning cycle is likely to cover a review and prioritisation of
strategic priorities, the development of a strategic business plan and separate business plans to
cover all areas of the business, the allocation of resources.
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TASK 2
2.1
The proper function of budgeting is to plan, measure and control future activities, and
budget-setting requires managers to set out and plan their resource requirements for the coming
year (Kaplanski, Levy, Veld and Veld-Merkoulova, 2015).
2.2
 Capital budget
 Operating budget
 Administration expenses budget
2.3
 Best case scenario budget
 Expected case scenario budget
 Worst case scenario budget
2.4
Budget-setting is critical for effective and efficient organisational planning and control,
and will be subject to rigorous organisational policies and procedures.
TASK 3
3.1
Budgetary control is the process of comparing planned values with actual values as they
occur during the year in order to monitor and control the performance.
3.2
Comparing actual performance with budgeted performance on a continuous basis will
highlight any variance between the two.
3.3
Adverse variations will have a detrimental effect upon performance, and corrective action
will need to be taken if the variance is significant (Kitchin, 2015).
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3.4
Although budgets created annually, they are evaluated regularly to enable adjustments to
be made, if required.
3.5
A budget report should consist of a document as well as a presentation where you can
answer questions and make adjustments during your meeting. A successful budget report will
address both past spending and future spending.
3.6
Employees have a responsibility to play in the prevention of fraud and malpractice both
through the way they carry out their work and in their general conduct.
TASK 4
4.1
The audit may be internal or external, and its purpose is to identify areas of budget
management that worked well and other areas that require improvement or change.
4.2
A budget audit and evaluation will produce a Report and make recommendations to
increase the accuracy and validity of future budget setting and management (Lyon, Mšllering and
Saunders, 2015).
UNIT 65
TASK 1
1.1
Workforce planning is a continual process used to align the needs and priorities of the
organization with those of its workforce to ensure it can meet its legislative, regulatory, service
and production requirements and organizational objectives (Papadopoulos and Heslop, 2014).
1.2
Demand issues- changes over the planning period, innovation, technology, structural
changes, skill requirements.
8

1.3
 Artefacts- tangible level or surface level
 Espoused beliefs and values- shared goals and perceptions
 Basic underlying assumptions- these are embedded and taken for granted
1.4
 Legislation and good practice
 Establishing a vacancy exists- purpose and nature of job to be filled
 Job analysis- job description
1.5
 Psychological testing – used in occupational settings to measure individuals’ differences
(e.g. ability, personality)
 Assessment Centres- for completion of a number of different tasks, linked to the job
description.
1.6
 Job-sharing arrangements
 Permanent and fixed term posts
1.7
Research – what exactly is required to fill a vacancy, level of expertise and skill required,
number of hours required and working arrangements (Picard, 2014).
1.8
 Organizational culture and the expectations of employees
 New tasks and procedures (including health and safety information)
 Key contacts
1.9
 Employees with disabilities
 People from minority groups
9

TASK 2
2.1
‘Current staffing needs’ relates to the number of people required to complete identified
tasks.
2.2
Current skills needs figures may potentially produce a different calculation to the figure
for the actual current staffing profile.
2.3
 External environment, trends in employment and sector information
 Internal environment – strategic level
2.4
 Training versus recruiting to fill competency gaps
 The use of agencies and other third parties versus using own staff
2.5
 Scanning of known sources and networking
 Employment agencies or recruitment agencies
2.6
There are ‘protected characteristics ‘in the act. In addition, types of discrimination,
victimization and harassment are covered (Pollard, Minor and Swanson, 2014). Organizational
policies will also be in place to meet legislative requirements.
2.7
Internet recruitment may include advertising on own company website or the use of
specialist online recruitment websites, increasingly using social networking sites as a preferred
option.
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TASK 3
3.1
Sometimes group tasks are set. Also used for large scale interviewing. To ensure validity
and reliability, qualified and competent staff should be utilized to deploy the tests and make
recommendations about individuals.
3.2
 Data including the completed application form and /or C.V.
 Job description, person specification, references
3.3
Shortlisted candidates, depending on the seniority of the post, may be recalled for further
interviews, in order that the ‘best fit’ between the desirable characteristics, interview
performance, references and job role can be established.
3.4
 Verbal offer stating conditions of service including length of contract
 Written conditional offer
3.5
 Cost effectiveness of recruitment and selection methods
 Staff retention rates
3.6
Both order and detail are important when following organizational policies and
procedures also when carrying out selection assessments with due regard to legal and ethical
requirements.
TASK 4
4.1
 Increase training accessibility, where required and
 Make contact with other employees as early as possible
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4.2
Essential policies and procedures (or links to) are made available at Induction; Ones that
are of direct and immediate concern to the new employee e.g. Health and Safety, may also be
highlighted.
4.3
Face to face meetings are also arranged between key parties to establish good working
relationships.
4.4
Depending on the nature of the help required, key contacts will be named e.g. line
manager in order that questions can be responded to and requests auctioned.
4.5
 Specific role requirements/ levels of skill or experience required
 Value
4.6
 On-the-job training
 Off-the-job training
4.7
 Non-delineated supervision and support
 Standard supervision
 Delineated supervision and support
UNIT 73
TASK 1
1.1
Knowing the specific details of the tasks and jobs that need to be achieved to meet the
objective and reach a successful conclusion. The scope (specific tasks involved) can then be
delegated and allocated out to people within the team who have the necessary skills, knowledge
and expertise to carry out the task.
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1.2
As a manager your full understanding of the brief for the project or task – if this is not
clearly and fully understood then incorrect decisions can be made, jeopardising the task or
project as a whole.
1.3
It also allows the manager to see any potential risks or barriers to the successful
completion of the task/project (Wang, P. C. ed., 2014). If information obtained is not sufficient
or valid, then the successful completion of the task/project will be seriously compromised.
1.4
By following procedures set by the organisation, the manager can ensure that work is up
to standard and in line with rules of the organisation. Thus lessening any risk of non-compliance
that may be legislative, regulatory or organisational.
1.5
 Checking information against details and specification of task/project requirements
 Against other information received and being used already.
1.6
Financial, Resource based, People – if not enough budget is allocated to the task/project
then the quality of the productivity or the product may be slightly inferior or sub-standard for the
organisation.
TASK 2
2.1
The primary function for the manager is to achieve organisation objectives and this is the
influence they have on their teams e.g. ensuring the jobs get done.
The main influence a leader can have over a manager is that team members will follow a
leader because of who that person is and because of the team belief in the leader.
2.2
Transactional leadership style – this could be suitable if the team member responded
positively to reward based task completions.
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2.3
Bureaucratic leadership style – good for highly risky situations as managers follows rules
rigorously.
TASK 3
3.1
Herzberg's main theorymaslow's hierarchy of needs both are effective for motivating
workets at the workplace.
3.2
Consider smart targeting for all team members, close monitoring of progress of
individuals and overall team objective, building commitment from the team and each person in
the team (Warner, 2014).
3.3
The manager is the person who ensures that the team also works within these parameters
and monitors the progress of achievements against the given rules and procedures, ethos and
culture.
3.4
• Tuckman’s forming, storming, norming and performing model – explains team
development and how teams mature into co-operative working that can work
independently.
3.5
Information and explanations on how directive a manager will need to be dependent on
the theory used, how hands on a manager needs to be with managing different aspects of team
behaviours, thinking processes and motivations and commitments.
3.6
• Staffing levels – increased or decreased
• Allocation and procurement of resources and materials
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TASK 4
4.1
This then feeds into the performance measurement across all levels of personnel within
the organisation and is linked into specific job roles and outcomes of performance levels
expected within each role.
4.2
The main / key features are that it has to be reliable and good. The performance system
could include – information needs to be quantitative, measurable, measures outputs as well as
inputs, encourages trust between parties using the system, is easy for the collection and
utilisation of information and data.
4.3
Map core business processes, mapped core business processes are aligned to roles,
responsibilities and any factors for success that are critical to the business, select the KPIs based
on success criteria established, set target and review dates.
4.4
Clearly formed plan and can be chart driven e.g. as for project management, plans should
have the KPIs on it so that it is clear that this is what is being monitored against, it should also
contain the timetabling for reviews and when these will take place.
4.5
Looking at performance management pyramids, ensuring that flow of information covers
management accounting, finance and that this is a top down as well as a down to top system of
gaining information and feeding back; this then flows into organisation objectives.
4.6
Outcomes are the things that take place because of the organisation’s products or services
and this includes the unexpected as well as the expected, the good as well as the bad.
The outcomes are the changes that take place as you carry out your aims or objectives.
15

CONCLUSION
From the above mentioned report, it can be summarised that business administration is
more effective for managing entire business activities in effective manner and also helps in
attaining set target in systematic way.
REFERENCES
Books and journals
Shelley, S., 2015. These flowmeters handle high-volume gases. Chemical Engineering. 122(5).
pp.36-37.
Sarr, M.G. and et. al., 2016. How we handle submissions to SURGERY: Timeline, peer review,
delays, and more. Surgery. 160(1). pp.1-2.
Walter, T., 2016. Handbook for the Rural Anesthesia Provider: How to Develop and Manage an
Anesthesia Department.
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Bargiela-Chiappini, F. and Nickerson, C. R., 2014. Writing business: Genres, media and
discourses. Routledge.
Bryman, A. and Bell, E., 2015. Business research methods. Oxford University Press, USA.
Filip, F. C. and Mărăscu-Klein, V., 2015. Risk management analysis for industrial projects
performance. BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION, p.50.
Grusec, J. E. and Hastings, P. D. eds., 2014. Handbook of socialization: Theory and research.
Guilford Publications.
Hesselbarth, C. and Schaltegger, S., 2014. Educating change agents for sustainability–learnings
from the first sustainability management master of business administration. Journal of
cleaner production. 62. pp.24-36.
Hettne, B. ed., 2016. The new regionalism and the future of security and development (Vol. 4).
Springer.
Kaplanski, G., Levy, H., Veld, C. and Veld-Merkoulova, Y., 2015. Do happy people make
optimistic investors?. Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis. 50(1-2). pp.145-
168.
Kitchin, R., 2015. Making sense of smart cities: addressing present shortcomings. Cambridge
Journal of Regions, Economy and Society. 8(1). pp.131-136.
Lyon, F., Mšllering, G. and Saunders, M. N. eds., 2015. Handbook of research methods on trust.
Edward Elgar Publishing.
Papadopoulos, N. and Heslop, L. A., 2014. Product-country images: Impact and role in
international marketing. Routledge.
Picard, R. G. ed., 2014. Media firms: Structures, operations, and performance. Routledge.
Pollard, H., Minor, M. and Swanson, A., 2014. Instructor Social Presence within the Community
of Inquiry Framework and Its Impact on Classroom Community and the Learning
Environment. Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration. 17(2). p.n2.
Wang, P. C. ed., 2014. Graphical representation of multivariate data. Elsevier.
Warner, M., 2014. Culture and management in Asia. Routledge.
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