Financial Management and Information Systems

This assignment delves into the interconnected realms of financial management, accounting, and information systems. It examines various aspects of finance, including sources of funding, corporate eco-efficiency, infrastructure finance, and performance funding in higher education. The role of management information systems (MIS) in decision-making is also explored, alongside the strategic management of information systems within businesses. The assignment draws upon a diverse range of academic sources, including textbooks, research articles, and online publications.

BUSINESS DECISION
MAKING
1

Table of Contents
Introduction..........................................................................................................................................3
TASK 1.................................................................................................................................................3
1.1 Create a plan for the collection of primary and secondary data for the proposed market
research............................................................................................................................................3
1.2 Present the survey methodology and sampling frame you will use for the research.................3
1.3 Design an appropriate questionnaire..........................................................................................3
TASK 2.................................................................................................................................................6
2.1 Create information to aid decision making for the company by summarising data using the
mean, mode and median..................................................................................................................6
2.2 Analyse the results obtained above to draw valid business conclusions for the company........9
2.3 Analyse the data using measures of dispersion- the range, inter-quartile range and standard
deviation to inform the stakeholders..............................................................................................10
2.4 Explain how quartiles, percentiles and the correlation coefficient..........................................13
TASK 3...............................................................................................................................................15
3.1 Using spreadsheet, produce your information on pie charts, bar graphs, line graphs as
appropriate and draw valid business conclusions..........................................................................15
3.2 Produce scatter graphs and create trend lines of the total sales and cost data above to forecast
sales and costs for the next period.................................................................................................16
3.3 Prepare a business presentation to disseminate this information effectively...........................18
3.4 Business formal report.............................................................................................................18
TASK 4...............................................................................................................................................18
4.1 Explain how the company manages inventory and customer orders.......................................18
4.2 Use the information below to construct a network diagram and determine the critical path.. 19
4.3 Use financial tools NPV and IRR to decide which investment option is financially viable for
the company...................................................................................................................................20
Conclusion..........................................................................................................................................22
References..........................................................................................................................................23
2

INTRODUCTION
Decision in an entity is important in order to remove weaknesses lies in the business. This
project is all about collecting information whose accuracy will be verified by using statistical
measures. The project evaluation technique will be uses to select the project for future purpose.
TASK 1
1.1 Create a plan for the collection of primary and secondary data for the proposed market research
Primary data collection- The information are collected by the researcher by conducting a research
study in which data will be highly reliable and accurate as it is personally collected by them
(Abbasi, 2014). The information is collected from the real sources and not from any other medium
of collection of data.
Secondary data- Other method used by an entity includes accessing books, journals, magazine
articles, newspapers in order to collect data in order to accomplishes the desired aims and the
objectives of an entity.
Internal analysis- In this kind of analysis the data will be collected y an individual after analysing
all the internal structure of an entity in order to meet the information.
External analysis- External modes of information will be uses by an individual in which
information can be gathered from the external modes in order to verify its ability with the external
means.
1.2 Present the survey methodology and sampling frame you will use for the research
Survey methodology needs to design by an entity owner in order to collect important
information related to the business (Dollery, Kortt and Grant, 2013). Primary surveys are conducted
in which questionnaires are designed which will be circulated among all the customers. In the
questionnaires both open end and closed end information will be obtained with the help of this
particular technique.
Sampling- Cluster sampling method will be used in which whole information are divided into
different sub categories in order to collect evidences to support the aim of the business.
Samples- 100 samples are collected of the total universe or population in order to achieve the
desired aims and targets of an enterprise.
1.3 Design an appropriate questionnaire
QUESTIONNAIRE
Name-______________
Gender
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Male
Female
Transgender
1. How old are you?
20-30 years old
30-40 years old
40-50 years old
2. Do you like to visit restaurant or order food at your doorstep?
Restaurant
Food delivery at home
3. How often you visit your nearby restaurants?
Once a week
Once a month
Sometime
Rarely
4. What factors of a restaurant attracts you in visiting the place?
Price
Ambience
Comfortable seating
Hygiene factors
Catering service
5. How much do you spend at the eating outlets on your first visit?
10-20$
20-30$
30-50$
6. What do you order mostly in nearby outlets?
Beverages
Snacks
7. What are your cuisine preferences to be included in the menu of canteen?
Chinese
Indian
Continental
Mexican
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Italian
8. Which payment mode do you find in the canteens?
Cash
Credit cards
Debit cards
Mobile cash
9. Do you get free home delivery on your purchase?
Yes
No
10. How you rank the quality and taste of food?
1-2
2-3
3-4
4-5
11. What’s your food item you mostly ordered in the canteen?
Pizza
Burger
Coke
Coffee
12. I like the flexible timings of the canteen.
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
13. How long you have to wait for your order?
1-2 minutes
2-5 minutes
5-10 minutes
More than 10 minutes
14. Orders in the canteen are taken by waiter or it’s a self service?
Waiters taking order
Electronic generation of order
15. Please give your opinion__________________________________________
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TASK 2
2.1 Create information to aid decision making for the company by summarising data using the
mean, mode and median
Month Sales(£’000) Cost of Sales
(£’000)Food Drinks
January 22 07 42
February 23 08 44
March 25 09 38
April 22 12 34
May 24 10 38
June 26 11 43
July 25 12 30
August 21 13 47
September 22 10 37
October 25 12 50
November 26 14 48
December 24 15 52
Month Sales(£’000)
Food
(X)
Probability XP Drinks
(X)
P XP
January 22 0.077 1.69825 7 0.053 0.368
February 23 0.081 1.85614 8 0.060 0.481
March 25 0.088 2.19298 9 0.068 0.609
April 22 0.077 1.69825 12 0.090 1.083
May 24 0.084 2.02105 10 0.075 0.752
June 26 0.091 2.37193 11 0.083 0.910
July 25 0.088 2.19298 12 0.090 1.083
August 21 0.074 1.54737 13 0.098 1.271
September 22 0.077 1.69825 10 0.075 0.752
October 25 0.088 2.19298 12 0.090 1.083
November 26 0.091 2.37193 14 0.105 1.474
December 24 0.084 15 0.113 1.692
285 21.84 133 11.556
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Cost of Sales (£’000) (X)
P XP
42 0.083 3.507
44 0.087 3.849
38 0.076 2.871
34 0.068 2.298
38 0.076 2.871
43 0.085 3.676
30 0.060 1.789
47 0.093 4.392
37
0.074 2.722
50 0.099 4.970
48
0.095 4.581
52
0.103 5.376
503 42.901
Mean
μx= ∑XP
Food=21.84
Drink = 11.55
Cost of sales= 42.901
Food (X) Probability
22 0.077
23 0.081
25 0.088
22 0.077
24 0.084
26 0.091
25 0.088
21 0.074
22 0.077
25 0.088
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26 0.091
24 0.084
Median= 26
Drinks (X) P
7 0.053
8 0.060
9 0.068
12 0.090
10 0.075
11 0.083
12 0.090
13 0.098
10 0.075
12 0.090
14 0.105
15 0.113
Median= 11
Cost of Sales (£’000) (X)
P
42 0.083
44 0.087
38 0.076
34 0.068
38 0.076
43 0.085
30 0.060
47 0.093
37
0.074
50 0.099
8

48
0.095
52
0.103
Median= 43
2.2 Analyse the results obtained above to draw valid business conclusions for the company
Mean- The important component of measures of central tendency includes mean which is also
regarded as arithmetical average of the data collected of sales and cost of sales of an entity. This is
that approach which sum up all the data by determining the overall average of the collected data by
ascertaining the trend of sales and cost of sales to be incurred in the business of St. Patrick.
In the current information set of the data pack of the company’s information the data re
discrete series this can be calculated using discrete random variable approach (Kroenke and Boyle,
2015). In this approach expected values of sales and cost of sales are used in determining measures
of central tendency using probability distributions. Expected variable is denoted as X, probability as
P and multiplication of this as XP which is the mean of the data.
It can be inferred from the results that the ratio of cost of sales is higher as compared to the
sales earned by an entity in their business which reflects that burden of cost is higher as compared
to the income and revenue of St. Patrick from the external market which needs to be improved.
Median- In the random discrete variable the median will be find out using the probability
distribution approach based on the expected variable. It is that technique which divides the overall
set of data into two equal parts out of which one part is higher than other part. In the probability
distribution the value of median will be determined by estimating a standard unit of 0.5 as a
measure of finding out the median value in this distribution method. There are two important
measures have used in ascertaining the true performance of an entity like St. Patrick by finding the
actual market position of this business. The position in the market is to be identified in order to
meet all kinds of expenses as this would help in achieving all desired aims and targets.
Sum of probability exceeds the value of 0.5 then it reaches the median value in the value of X
If sum equals to 0.5 then median will be find out by dividing the value by 2.
In the given case scenario, the median value has differently for the three components such as sales
of foods, sale of drinks and overall cost of sales o St. Patrick enterprise. It has been seen that sales
of food will incur at an amount of 26000 GBP in a year and the sale of drink with an amount of
12000 GBP that is total sales of St. Patrick includes 38000 GBP. The cost of sales on the contrary,
incurred in the business is 43000 GBP which is 5000 GBP higher than the total sales earned by the
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firm which shows that an entity will suffered with loss. This loss can be improved by focusing on
the sales and the revenue generation and reduction of cost of sales n order to compensate the level
of an enterprise.
Mode- The most frequently occurring values in the information data set are regarded as the mode of
the information (Inderst, 2013). This is regarded as measure of central tendency which determines
the consistency of an entity in generating the same amount of value in their business. The growth of
an entity is important but at the same its consistence performance is also important in order to grab
higher market opportunities in order to enhance its existing skills and the capabilities.
The mode can be determined by the observation method in which repetitive values in the
overall data set are termed as mode of the data value set. In the sales of food the repetitive value is
22, in sales of drink is 12 and cost of sales mode is 38. In the given case, the higher mode of cost of
sales needs to be improved as this is not suitable for the existing performance of an entity as this is
suppressing the capabilities of an entity in the business enterprise.
2.3 Analyse the data using measures of dispersion- the range, inter-quartile range and standard
deviation to inform the stakeholders
Food (X) Probability
X^2 X^2P
22 0.077 484 37.36
23 0.081 529 42.69
25 0.088 625 54.82
22 0.077 484 37.36
24 0.084 576 48.51
26 0.091 676 61.67
25 0.088 625 54.82
21 0.074 441 32.49
22 0.077 484 37.36
25 0.088 625 54.82
26 0.091 676 61.67
24 0.084 576 48.51
572.09
Variance= ∑X^2P- μ^
=572.09-21.84^2
=571.74-476.98
=94.75
Standard deviation
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σ = √ Var(X)
= √94.75
=9.73
Drinks (X) P
X^2 X^2P
7 0.053 49 2.58
8 0.060 64 3.85
9 0.068 81 5.48
12 0.090 144 12.99
10 0.075 100 7.52
11 0.083 121 10.01
12 0.090 144 12.99
13 0.098 169 16.52
10 0.075 100 7.52
12 0.090 144 12.99
14 0.105 196 20.63
15 0.113 225 25.38
138.46
Variance= ∑X^2P- μ^
=138.46-11.55^2
=138.46-133.40
=5.06
Standard deviation
σ = √Var(X)
= √5.06
=2.25
Cost of Sales (£’000)
(X)
P X^2 X^2P
42 0.083 1764 147.29
44 0.087 1936 169.35
38 0.076 1444 109.09
34 0.068 1156 78.14
38 0.076 1444 109.09
43 0.085 1849 158.07
30 0.060 900 53.68
47 0.093 2209 206.41
37 0.074 1369 100.70
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50 0.099 2500 248.51
48 0.095 2304 219.86
52 0.103 2704 279.54
1879.73
Variance= ∑X^2P- μ^2
=1879.73-42.9^2
=1879.73-1840.41
=39.32
Standard deviation
σ = √Var(X)
=√39.32
=6.27
Interpretations
The measure of dispersion is used to determine the pace of deviations takes places in an
entity by bringing external market changes in the existing business entity. It is that technique used
by an entity owner in order to analyse its existing facts and figures in order to ascertain the positive
or negative variations in the data set. The higher or lower position of variations will be helpful for
an entity in order to adopt changes in order to improve its existing performance in the external
market (Mulley and Walters, 2014). The lower amount of standard deviation shows that the data
points will tend to close with the mean values and vice versa in case of higher standard deviation.
The values of standard deviation of sales of foods and drinks are lower as compared to the values
generated by the cost of sales of an entity.
Range- It is the that minimum value out of the total set of data collected by an individual in order to
accomplish the desired aims and targets of an entity related top the purpose of the research study
states that this much of amount will be incurred by the business in their overall business tenure.
Maximum-Minimum= range
Sale of food=26-21= 5
Sale of drink=15-7=8
Cost of sales=52-30=22
Inter quartile range- The variability in the data set will be assessed by finding inter quartile range
which is the basic difference among Q3 and Q1 to determine the difference among both the
standards.
IQR= Q3-Q1
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Particulars Q1 Q3 IQR
Inter quartile range n/4 3(n/4) Q3-Q1
Sales of Food 71.25 213.75 142.5
Sales of Drink 33.25 99.75 66.5
Cost of sales 125.75 377.25 251.5
The higher values of cost of sales shows that on an average this much amount will be
incurred which needs to be avoiding by increasing the available cash flow in an entity.
2.4 Explain how quartiles, percentiles and the correlation coefficient.
Particulars Q1 Q2 Q3
Quartile n/4 n/2 3(n/4)
Sales of Food 71.25 26 142.5
Sales of Drink 33.25 12 66.5
Cost of sales 125.75 43 251.5
Particulars Q1 Q2 Q3
Percentile n+1/4 N+1/2 3(n+1/4)
Sales of Food 71.5 143 214.5
Sales of Drink 33.5 67 100.5
Cost of sales 126 252 378
Food (X) Cost of Sales (£’000) (X)
22 42
23 44
25 38
22 34
24 38
26 43
25 30
21 47
22 37
25 50
26 48
24 52
Food (X)
Cost of Sales (£’000)
(X)
Food (X) 1
Cost of Sales (£’000) (X) 0.116751 1
Interpretations
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There is strong relationship between cost of sales and the sales of food of St. Patrick’s
business which shows that both have direct relationship among each other. This direct relationship
means increases in the sales of food will directly increases the cost of sales as an entity is
purchasing raw material in order to complete its sale order.
Drinks (X) Cost of Sales (£’000) (X)
7 42
8 44
9 38
12 34
10 38
11 43
12 30
13 47
10 37
12 50
14 48
15 52
Drinks (X)
Cost of Sales (£’000)
(X)
Drinks (X) 1
Cost of Sales (£’000) (X) 0.380159 1
Interpretations
Sale of drinks and cost of sales have negative relationship between each other as minute
changes incurred in the sales will automatically decreases the cost of sales of an enterprise. This
shows the capability of an entity in order to regulate the cost of sales by increasing the amount of
sales and the revenue. This would be helpful for an entity in order to generate higher amount of
returns to maintain their survival in the business for longer period of time.
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TASK 3
3.1 Using spreadsheet, produce your information on pie charts, bar graphs, line graphs as
appropriate and draw valid business conclusions
Interpretations
The above figure of sales of food is looks like engiography of heart that shows fluctuating
position but the best part of this is that this doesn’t falls towards downward position. From
beginning till end of the month its is continuously moving towards the achieving alll the goals andd
the obbjectives of an entity.
15

Interpretations
The line graph is one of the important visual presentation forms that represent the overall set
of data in the unique format. It shows the chronological achievements attained by an entity over the
twelve months. The increasing cost of sales is not good for an entity that needs to be minimised.
3.2 Produce scatter graphs and create trend lines of the total sales and cost data above to forecast
sales and costs for the next period.
Interpretations
The sale of food is straight away showing upward trend as all the existing resources aare
good that steal the interest of most of the customers towaards the business of an entity. The figure
shows that an entiity is incresing without any kind of stoppage in their overaall growth atht
enhaances the brand image among mosst of the buyers.
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Interpretations
Sale of drinks is one of the product segment of St patricks who intrends to open its new
canteen will ensure its higher productiviity using this graph. This reflects the higher business
performance of an entity in relation to the external market challenges currently faced by an
enterprise (Norris and van Es, 2016). It can be say that opening new canteen woukd be beneficial
for an entity as their sales of drinks will be increases with higher pace as their currennt sales are
strong enough.
Interpretations
Scatter diagram is used to define the relationship of a data point with the total time period in
which period it generates higher return. The trennd of a particular objective will be determined
using this graaph and data the same time future will be ppredicted using trend lines. The cost of
sales currently is iuncreasing which in the future alos increases which needs to be minimised.
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3.3 Prepare a business presentation to disseminate this information effectively
3.4 Business formal report
Business report
To,
The directors of St. Patrick
Subject- Sales and cost of sales information
Date- 2nd April 2017
Introduction
The current project report is based on collecting information related to the sales and cost of sales of
St. Patrick as they intend to open a new canteen. The aim of the research will be supported by
conducting a research by assessing the viability o the collected information using various statistical
figures such as mean, median and mode. Standard deviation, range, correlation are determined to
ascertain the relationship among the components in order to see its overall impact on their business
performance.
Data collection
Primary research is organises by an entity in which data will be personally collected by an
individual by distributing questionnaires.
Conclusions
It has been seen in the above research that cost of sales is higher as compared to the sales and the
revenue. The business efficiency will e increased as this helps in increasing sales and the revenue
which in turn compensates the higher cost of sales in an entity.
TASK 4
4.1 Explain how the company manages inventory and customer orders.
Information plays a significant role in an entity which is classified into two main categories
such as quantitative and qualitative heads which will be passing on from one stage to another stage
in order to accomplish the desired aims and targets of an enterprise (Markgraf, 2016). The major
aim of an entity owner is to improve the efficiency of inventories which will further created effect
on the getting higher number of customer orders. There are various management systems will be
adopted in order to manage the information to be kept confidential in the business to achieve all
desired goals and the objectives which is given as below:
Order management tool- Increasing trend of technology have brought unique system of handling
the entire customer’s order in the best possible manner to cater all their needs and higher
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expectations along with meeting short time deadlines within a prescribed time period. The
management of all the customer orders can be arranged by using various methods which are given
as follows:
Tele calling- In this mode all order of customers are tracked as order confirmation will be made
after customers place their order in order to safeguard the interest of the sellers in saving their
products to be wasted (Ismail and King, 2014). This can be used as checking accounts balance of
the business owner than customers have made payment or not as without payment of goods or
services no delivery of products will continue.
Fraud prevention- the most probable use of order management software is to check the current
frauds takes places in the business by recognising the names of various forged buyers who have
placed orders but doesn’t made payment. The records of all the customer’s electronically generated
in the system will be used against all the defaulters who have betrayed management by making
default in the payment or placing of orders as this will affect the overall performance of an entity.
4.2 Use the information below to construct a network diagram and determine the critical path.
Activity Dependency Time
(Days)
Clear all contents in the canteen – 1 - 3
Order new Equipment- 2 - 1
Do the flooring – 3 1 6
Painting and Decorations- 4 3 4
Electrical wiring – 5 4 4
Install equipment – 6 3, 2 2
Table layout - 7 5, 6 8
Send Invitations- 8 6 4
Launch–9 7, 8 2
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Interpretations
Critical path analysis is regarded as the important technique used in an enterprise in the
project management. In this approach the total time required to complete a project will be
determined in order to allocate financial and human resources in a prospective project by an entity
owner.
The critical path of the above project is 1+3+4+5+7+9 that is this project requires total 25
days to complete the overall project. It will be helpful for an individual to consider this project for
the future purpose as this project generated higher returns in the less time period.
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4.3 Use financial tools NPV and IRR to decide which investment option is financially viable for the
company.
Year Project A PV@15% Present value
Capital cost 24000
2017 10000 0.870 8695.65
2018 8000 0.756 6049.15
2019 8000 0.658 5260.13
2020 3000 0.572 1715.26
2021 3000 0.497 1491.53
2022 2000 0.432 864.66
Total 24076.38
NPV 76.38
Year Project B PV@15% Present value
Capital cost 24000
2017 4500 0.870 3913.04
2018 4500 0.756 3402.65
2019 4500 0.658 2958.82
2020 10000 0.572 5717.53
2021 12000 0.497 5966.12
2022 15000 0.432 6484.91
Total 28443.08
NPV 4443.08
Interpretations
Net present value method is best suitable approach in order to test the profitability of the
business projects which are selected for the further evaluation purpose (Kroenke and Boyle, 2015).
This approach uses the concept of time value of money in which discounting rate is used in order
test the accuracy of project cash flows in order to generate higher returns for the business in the near
future. In the above case scenario, two projects are evaluated for the business purpose in order to
test its accuracy that generates good returns in the future or not as the future of an entity will totally
depends on the current action taken by them to consider the projects between A and B. Hence, it can
be said that Project B will be taken into considerations for the future purpose as this has generated
higher net present value as compared to the returns generated by Project A.
Year Project A Project B
Capital cost -24000 -24000
2017 10000 4500
2018 8000 4500
2019 8000 4500
2020 3000 10000
2021 3000 12000
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2022 2000 15000
IRR 15% 20%
Interpretations
Internal rate of return is similar concept of breakeven point in which an entity determines a
particular rate at which initial cost and cash flows generated from the project gets equal. Recovering
initial investment in their business tenure is basic aim of every business entity. The feasibility and
the future viability of the projects are tested by applying this particular technique. The attractiveness
of the overall investment will be verified by comparing this with the internal business structure of
an entity. Higher the IRR, higher will be the returns generated by an entity as this is also regarded as
the alarming situation for an enterprise in order to get competitive advantage over its variety of
competitors in the external market. The internal rate of return should be higher than the internal
interest rate in order to earn profit as lesser rate will not only recover the actual cost of an enterprise
in the near future.
In the give case scenario, internal rate of return generated by project A is 15% and on the
other hand, IRR of project B is 20% which is higher than project A and the interest rate of an
enterprise (Mulley and Walters, 2014). The reason behind rejection of project A over project B as
this has generated 15% interest rate which is equal to the interest rate of an enterprise that means an
entity will not recover the overall cost applied by them as initial investments as their projects cash
flows are not sufficient enough. The insufficiency of the projects will lead the whole business
towards the debt trap by using the current project for their future purpose.
CONCLUSION
It can be concluded that cost of sales are higher as compared to the sales of the business
enterprise. Project B will be taken into considerations by an entity as it has generated higher returns
over the years.
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