Workplace Discrimination: Impact and Prevention

This research proposal focuses on the impact of religious discrimination on employee performance and productivity in Marks & Spencer. It aims to identify the different ways to prevent workplace discrimination and promote equality. The research includes a literature review, methodology, data collection, and interpretation.

RESEARCH
PROPOSAL

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
Overview of Research............................................................................................................1
Background of Research.........................................................................................................1
Rationale of Research.............................................................................................................1
Research Aim.........................................................................................................................2
Research Objectives...............................................................................................................2
Research Questions................................................................................................................2
LITERATURE REVIEW................................................................................................................3
Religious discrimination at workplace...................................................................................3
Impact of Religious discrimination on performance and productivity of employees in Marks
& Spencer...............................................................................................................................3
Different ways for preventing workplace from religious discrimination...............................4
METHODOLOGY..........................................................................................................................5
Research Philosophy..............................................................................................................5
Research Approach.................................................................................................................5
Research Strategy...................................................................................................................5
Research Choice.....................................................................................................................6
Time horizon..........................................................................................................................6
Data collection........................................................................................................................6
Sampling.................................................................................................................................6
DATA COLLECTION AND INTREPRETATION........................................................................7
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION.............................................................................18
REFLECTION AND ALTERNATIVE METHODOLOGY.........................................................20
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................22

TOPIC: Workplace discrimination.
INTRODUCTION
Overview of Research
At the workplace, discrimination is based on the certain prejudices and also occurs when
a staff members is to be treated in an unfavourable manner on the basis of sexuality, religion and
gender. The workplace discrimination occurs when a person is discriminated adversely against
any factors. Discrimination reduces the morale of employees and also minimize productivity of
an organisation (Bayl‐Smith and Griffin, 2014). The unlawful workplace discrimination occurs
when manager takes the any adverse actions against employees due to some attributes of person.
There is a discrimination arise on the basis of religion at workplace. The religious discrimination
is treating person in different manner in employment on the basis of religion, practices and
beliefs.
Background of Research
Religious discrimination consists treating an individual in an unfavourable manner due to
religious beliefs. At the workplace, religious discrimination at workplace is employment related
action which affect a staff member in different way either negatively or positively due to their
beliefs, spiritual practices and religion. It is treating an individual or a group in different way due
to the specific beliefs which they hold regarding religion. The religious beliefs brought in to
workplace which impact way the experiencing of people and impact productivity. This kind of
discrimination at workplace reduce the morale of employees and affect organisational
productivity in a negative manner (Cleveland, Vescio and Barnes-Farrell, 2013). Marks &
Spencer is a multinational retailer with the headquarter in London. This specialises in selling the
high quality of clothings, food items and home goods. The staff members of Marks & Spencer
have been permit to refuse to serve the consumers regarding purchasing alcohol and pork goods.
Managers of Marks & Spencer should not discriminate indirectly against employees through
applying policy which applies to all the staff members regardless of any religion but it has
influence of the disadvantaging the staff members of specific religion.
Rationale of Research
The main reason behind conducting present research is to get the better understanding
about religious discrimination because this is a major issue that arise at workplace. Through

conducting the research, learner can know about the different reasons behind arising religious
discrimination and effective way to overcome from it. Other than this, through conducting the
present information, skills and core competencies of a learner will be enhanced and can able ti
perform in an effective way.
Research Aim
The aim of present research is “To identify the impact of Religious discrimination on
performance and productivity of employees.” A study on Marks & Spencer.
Research Objectives
 To understand the concept of religious discrimination at workplace.
 To determine impact of Religious discrimination on performance and productivity of
employees in Marks & Spencer.
 To identify the different ways for preventing workplace from religious discrimination.
Research Questions
 What is religious discrimination at workplace?
 What is the impact of Religious discrimination on performance and productivity of
employees in Marks & Spencer?
 What are the various ways for preventing workplace from religious discrimination?

LITERATURE REVIEW
Religious discrimination at workplace
According to opinion of Dina Gerdeman (2020) Religious discrimination is related to
treating an individual differently due to specific beliefs which are about religion. The religious
discrimination can consist treating some person in an unfavourable manner due to association
with some person that practice religious beliefs. At the workplace, religious discrimination can
happen in different ways. One is based on the employment related decision on the basis of
decision, it could take form of hiring or promoting someone on the religion basis. Second is
about to harassed an employee at workplace. Third is concerned with when manager fails to
provide the reasonable accommodation. These all things develops negative impact on
productivity of employees and also reduce their performance level. In context to this, there are
some legislations developed through government for preventing the workplace environment from
religious discrimination. Laws help in prevent the discrimination against those which are related
to familiar or recognized groups such as Christians, Jews and Muslims but this protects those
which hold the feelings sincere towards morality, religion and ethics. There is an act of Title VII
of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 that prohibits managers from discriminating against the person
due to their religion in recruiting, firing and also one other terms and conditions related to
employment.
Impact of Religious discrimination on performance and productivity of employees in Marks &
Spencer
On the basis of Ellen E Jones (2020) Religious beliefs brought in workplace can impact
way people experience about work and many impact on the productivity. At workplace, religion
can bring some issues which managers have to be faced. Resolving these complexities needs
understanding legislations and balancing requirements of business with desire of staff members
to practice of its religion. To treating the employees on religion basis reduce morale of staff
members and this can cause enhance in absenteeism. Marks & Spencer company is mainly
committed to driving sustainable business that is successful and the environmentally responsible.
This consists giving staff members in United Kingdom and also overseas with safe working
environment and giving better organisational culture that promotes personal development,
diversity and inclusivity. Some of the employees in Marks & Spencer practise the religions

which restricts drink or foods which they can be handle in suitable roles. In this organisation,
Muslim staff restricts to serve the alcohol to consumers.
Different ways for preventing workplace from religious discrimination
As per opinion of Nancy E. Joerg (2020) Preventing the workplace environment from
religious discrimination is necessary to develop positive workplace so that employees of each
religion can work effectively without facing any religion related issues. There are some different
ways given below which Marks & Spencer adopted to prevent workplace environment from
religious discrimination:
Training- Marks & Spencer company should conduct the training programs for raise
awareness regarding the diversity problems at workplace. There is a need to company to have
written policy and also take the immediate steps to stop religious discrimination through some
other staff.
Post religious discrimination notices- The most effective way to prevent religious
discrimination on job is to post the notices at workplace explaining about religious
discrimination.
Explain clear complaint process- Under this, management should let the staff members
at workplace know about the clear process of complaint. It many have deterrent impact if staff
members know that this is possible to be complain regarding religious discrimination and firm
stand on the complain process policy.

METHODOLOGY
It is a systematic method of analysis which applied to area of the study. This comprise
theoretical analysis of body and principles which are related with knowledge branch. This is
general research strategy that helps in outline way under which an investigation is to be
undertaken. For conduct the research methodology, research onion would used. Research onion
was developed through Saunders et. al. 2007. this illustrated stages which should be covered
properly when developing an investigation strategy (Combs and Milosevic, 2016). There are
some stages included in research onion mention below:
Research Philosophy
This is related to set of the beliefs which mainly concerned with nature of the reality that
being investigated. It explains about thinking and perception of an investigator. Interpretivism
and positivism are two different research philosophies.
In performing the present investigation, positivism philosophy will be used because in
this research is mainly generated through philosophical stance which can bot replicated and
providing the authentic outcomes in an effective manner. The another reason behind using this
philosophy is that it follows independent approach under which the observation of an
investigator is not impacted through belief (Nier and Gaertner, 2012).
Research Approach
It is related to testing the facts and findings of an investigation with various effective
designs. This is concerned with searching investigation kind and carried out to reach at
conclusion. Inductive and deductive are two different kinds of research approaches.
In doing the investigation, deductive research approach will be used because this is
helpful for an investigator to draw valid conclusions on theory that required to be proved by an
investigator.
Research Strategy
This layer of research onion depicts about carried out an investigation. This is helpful in
examine research objectives through using some research methods. There are different kinds of
research strategies such as action research, case study, questionnaire, observation, interview and
many others (Offermann and et. al., 2014).

In conducting the present investigation, there will be questionnaire strategy will be used
because it mainly used in the quantitative research and examined the data empirically. These are
mainly used to examine the causative variables between people and their behaviours by using
questionnaire.
Research Choice
This layer is related with the quantitative and qualitative methodologies. There is a need
to an investigator to decide about selection of any specific method for conduct an investigation
significantly.
In present investigation, quantitative method will be used because this carries the single
values which mainly analysed through applying the analytical tools. Its main focus is on
searching out the figures and facts that helps an investigator to draw the valid conclusion
(Rosenblat and et. al., 2017).
Time horizon
It is related to providing the time for completion of project in an effective manner. It
explains about the needed time for completion of project work significantly. The time horizons
are of two different kinds which are longitudinal and cross sectional.
There will be cross sectional time horizon used because the research is mainly related
with study of specific phenomenon at particular time.
Data collection
It is a min stage in research onion that mainly contributes towards overall reliability and
validity of overall study. Data collection defines the way to collect data by using the different
sources. There are primary and secondary two different data collection methods.
In conducting the present investigation, there will be primary method used because it
collected information from first hand and directly from source. In order to collect data from
primary source, questionnaire will be developed by consisting the questions on specific research
area.
Sampling
It is a procedure that mainly used in the statistical analysis under which pre identified
observations are taken from large size population (Wood, Braeken and Niven, 2013). It is mainly
used to sample from large population based on kind of the analysis that being performed. There

will be 40 respondents chosen by using the random sampling method because this is not baised
and give equal chance to all the respondents.
DATA COLLECTION AND INTREPRETATION
QUESTIONNAIRE
Q1) Are you aware about the concept of religious discrimination?
a) Yes
b) No
Q2) Does religious discrimination put their impact over the employee’s productivity at
workplace?
a) Yes
b) No
Q3) What are the major effects of religious discrimination that employees faced at
workplace?
a) Reduce employee productivity
b) Create inequality at workplace
c) Lack of employee involvement
Q4) What are the alternative ways by which Marks and Spencer can prevent from religious
discrimination?
a) Provide equal opportunities
b) Create good hiring policies
c) Train employees
Q5) According to you, promoting equality at working area is crucial for company in
reducing religious discrimination?
a) Yes
b) No
Q6) What are the advantage acquire by Marks and Spencer after managing religious
discrimination?
a) Enhance employee productivity
b) Improve brand reputation

c) Reduce employee turnover
Q7) As per your point of view, religious discrimination creates conflicts among staff
members at working area of Marks and Spencer?
a) Yes
b) No
Q8) What is the impact of religious discrimination over the Marks and Spencer image?
a) Positive
b) Negative
Q9) According to you, religious discrimination increases conflicts among workers at
working area of Marks and Spencer?
a) Yes
b) No
Q10) Recommended the ways by which company can eliminate religious discrimination at
working.
Data sheet
Q1) Are you aware about the concept of religious discrimination? Frequency
a) Yes 30
b) No 10
Q2) Does religious discrimination put their impact over the
employee’s productivity at workplace?
Frequency
a) Yes 25
b) No 15
Q3) What are the major effects of religious discrimination that
employees faced at workplace?
Frequency
a) Reduce employee productivity 20
b) Create inequality at workplace 10
c) Lack of employee involvement 10
Q4) What are the alternative ways by which Marks and Spencer
can prevent from religious discrimination?
Frequency
a) Provide equal opportunities 15

b) Create good hiring policies 15
c) Train employees 10
Q5) According to you, promoting equality at working area is crucial
for company in reducing religious discrimination?
Frequency
a) Yes 30
b) No 10
Q6) What are the advantage acquire by Marks and Spencer after
managing religious discrimination?
Frequency
a) Enhance employee productivity 20
b) Improve brand reputation 10
c) Reduce employee turnover 10
Q7) As per your point of view, religious discrimination creates
conflicts among staff members at working area of Marks and
Spencer?
Frequency
a) Yes 30
b) No 10
Q8) What is the impact of religious discrimination over the Marks
and Spencer image?
Frequency
a) Positive 20
b) Negative 20
Q9) According to you, religious discrimination increases conflicts
among workers at working area of Marks and Spencer?
Frequency
a) Yes 30
b) No 10
Theme 1: Awareness about concept of religious discrimination.
Q1) Are you aware about the concept of religious discrimination? Frequency
a) Yes 30
b) No 10

Interpretation: From the above-mentioned graphical representation, it has been evaluated that
religious discrimination is one of the major issue or concern for every business organization
wherein employees are discriminated on the basis of their religion. It put negative impact over
the employees and their performance level as well. Thus, it is crucial for business organization to
effectively maintain as well as promote equality at workplace so that employees can easily
perform their task. It also beneficial in improving positive relation among all the workers who
perform within the business organization. In context of this, 30 out of 40 participants are aware
about the concept of religious discrimination and also have proper knowledge about the same.
On the other side, remaining 10 respondents does not aware about this theme and concept as
well.
Theme 2: Religious discrimination put their impact over the employee’s productivity at
workplace.
Q2) Does religious discrimination put their impact over the
employee’s productivity at workplace?
Frequency
a) Yes 25
b) No 15

Interpretation: In a business organization, promoting equality and diversity is crucial because it
help in improving workers performance by motivating as well as encouraging them towards the
set goals and objectives of the company. In this regard, religious discrimination is also
considered as a big concern for company because it affects the overall performance of the
employee by creating complexities and issues among workers at working area. Mainly, it
includes their huge impact over the employee productivity because if company discriminate their
workers on the basis of religion then they create issues or problems among employees at working
area. It may put negative impact over the workers and overall organizational performance as
well. In relation to this, 25 out of 40 people think that religious discrimination is big issue for
company and also affect the efficiency and productivity level of the employees at working area.
On the other side, rest of 15 participants said that sometime discrimination on the basis of
employee religion is not affect the company in negative manner because it may aid in
encouraging people to maintain positive relation with other people worked at a same platform.
Theme 3: Major effects of religious discrimination that employees faced at workplace.
Q3) What are the major effects of religious discrimination that
employees faced at workplace?
Frequency
a) Reduce employee productivity 20
b) Create inequality at workplace 10
c) Lack of employee involvement 10

Interpretation: As per above mentioned graphical presentation it can be analysed that there are
various effects of religious discrimination over the employees within the business organization.
As it also affects the employees who performed at working area in negative manner. In this
context, 20 out of 40 respondents think that, religious discrimination reduces the employee
productivity because firm treat their workers unequal that put negative impact over the
employee’s performance and their relation as well. Along with this, 10 people said that it also
creates inequality at working area that arise conflicts among employees and at the same time also
create negative working environment. Furthermore, rest of participants give their views that it
also includes lack of employee involvement that reduce overall performance of the company at
market place. This will also increase employee turnover the firm as workers are leave the
organization due religious discrimination.
Theme 4: Alternative ways by which Marks and Spencer can prevent from religious
discrimination.
Q4) What are the alternative ways by which Marks and Spencer
can prevent from religious discrimination?
Frequency
a) Provide equal opportunities 15
b) Create good hiring policies 15
c) Train employees 10

Interpretation: It is one of the important activities for company to use effective ways to manage
equality and also reduce the discrimination on the basis of employees religious because it also
affects over the employee’s productivity and efficiency level as well. By implementing all the
effective ways company can easily improve their performance and maintain equality at working
area. In this regard, 15 out of 40 people give their views that providing equal opportunities to all
the employees is one of the effective ways that help in preventing from the religious
discrimination within the company. With the assistance of this, employee can improve their
performance level at working area. In addition of this, 15 participants give their views that by
creating as well as organising good hiring policies is also an appropriate alternative way that
support in inviting skilled and talented workers within the company. Apart from this, rest of 10
people said that providing proper training to employees is also important that assist in making
workers able to execute their working activities and also manage positive relation at workplace.
Theme 5: Promoting equality at working area is crucial for company in reducing religious
discrimination.
Q5) According to you, promoting equality at working area is crucial
for company in reducing religious discrimination?
Frequency
a) Yes 30
b) No 10

Interpretation: For improving overall performance of company it is crucial to maintain equality
at working area and ensure that no body is discriminated on the basis of their religion. It may
support in improving the workers efficiency and at the same time also maintain positive opinion
towards the company. For attaining the same, promoting equality at workplace is important as it
help in proving equal and fair treatment to all the employees whether they belong to different
religion or not. In this context, 30 out of 40 people think that maintaining equality is beneficial in
reducing the possibilities of arising discrimination at working area. Apart from this, remaining
10 participants give their views that promoting equality is not important for company in
eliminating or reducing religious discrimination at working area.
Theme 6: Advantage acquire by Marks and Spencer after managing religious
discrimination.
Q6) What are the advantage acquire by Marks and Spencer after
managing religious discrimination?
Frequency
a) Enhance employee productivity 20
b) Improve brand reputation 10
c) Reduce employee turnover 10

Interpretation: From the preceding graphical representation it can be analysed that there are
various advantages acquire by the company after managing discrimination on the basis of
religious. It helps in improving the performance level of the company by retaining employees for
longer period of time within the company. In this context, 20 out of 40 people give their views
that after managing religious discrimination company can easily improve employee productivity
by providing them equal treatment at working area. In addition of this, 10 respondents think that
it also helps in improving brand reputation in market place that contributes in inviting more and
more talented workers within the business organization that directly contributes in developing
positive image. Furthermore, rest of 10 people share their views that maintaining equality at
workplace may also help in reducing turnover of the company by retaining them for longer
period of time within the company.
Theme 7: Religious discrimination creates conflicts among staff members at working area
of Marks and Spencer.
Q7) As per your point of view, religious discrimination creates
conflicts among staff members at working area of Marks and
Spencer?
Frequency
a) Yes 30
b) No 10

Interpretation: As per above discussed graph it has been analysed that religious discrimination
is consider as a major issue within the company but at the same time also help in includes some
positive aspects. As 30 out of 40 people think that it also assists in reducing conflict among
employees because all the employees are from same culture and also share positive relation with
employees. Along with this, 10 participants are not familiar with this statement.
Theme 8: Impact of religious discrimination over the Marks and Spencer image.
Q8) What is the impact of religious discrimination over the Marks
and Spencer image?
Frequency
a) Positive 20
b) Negative 20

Interpretation: From the above-mentioned graph it has been evaluated that religious
discrimination is biggest concern for the company because it creates issues at working area. In
this regard, 20 out of 40 people give their views that it put positive impact over the company
image as sometime it may improve the employee relation at working area because of employees
are belongs to same religion and background as well. Apart from this, 20 participants think that it
also put negative impact as it arises issues and complexities between employees that may reduce
workers performance and at the same time also increase employee turnover as well.
Theme 9: Religious discrimination increases conflicts among workers at working area of
Marks and Spencer.
Q9) According to you, religious discrimination increases conflicts
among workers at working area of Marks and Spencer?
Frequency
a) Yes 30
b) No 10

Interpretation: As per preceding graphical representation it can be analysed that discrimination
on the basis of religion may create issues between workers and at the same time also develop
negative environment. Due to this employee does not able to perform well and reduce their
efficiency level within the company. In this, 30 out of 40 people are favour with this theme as
they said that yes it may increase conflict among workers that put negative impact over the
company and its performance as well. On the other side, rest of 10 are not favour with this
statement.
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Conclusion
From the above report it has been concluded that, workplace discrimination can give
company both positive as well as negative results depending upon the nature. Basically, the
present report focussed on religious discrimination amongst all other discrimination. This not
only effect the behaviour of an individual but also hampers the working of an organisation.
Therefore, company needs to have a proper check whether everything is going right and no such
actions are being taken place. To eliminate the same company can opt for certain ways like
providing proper training, make every employee aware about the post religious discrimination
etc., thus, through this a company can have a control over the religious discrimination happens
within the organisation.
Conclusion on the basis of questionnaire

According to the information gathered above it has been concluded that, respondents are
aware about the concept of religious discrimination happens within the company as maximum
number of participants chosen the option “Yes”. Moreover, they also believe that because of this
productivity of the company also get impacted. However, the major effect of religious
discrimination can be seen in the productivity level of an individual as the highest number of
respondents i.e. 20 choose this option and other two factors that also gets effected are create
inequality at workplace and lack of employee involvement got 10 respectively. There are many
ways through which through which company can opt for preventing religious discrimination but,
according to the respondents they believe that providing equal opportunities and developing an
effecting policy for hiring employees can solve the issue because both the options got equal
responses i.e. 15 each. Even if company doesn’t adopt certain ways, they can reduce the chance
of religious discrimination by promoting equality within the organisation and maximum number
of respondents are agree with this fact as they opted for the option “Yes”.
Any organisation whether small, medium or large if they have a control over the challenges
right on time than they can acquire advantages. As per the provided responses it can be evaluated
that, after managing the discrimination on the basis of religion company improve the
performance and the productivity level. However, if all these factors which can put a negative
impact on company are controlled than its positive benefits can be seen: conflict can be reduced,
employees can develop their knowledge regarding other culture instead of making a prejudice
thought. Therefore, it can be said that religious discrimination has both positive and negative
impact on the image of the company.
While working in this globalised world, discrimination on the base of religion, race, gender, sex,
community etc., is very common. It is crucial that company takes proper and effective step in
order to eliminated this challenge. As this will help organisation in maintaining a better
environment at workplace. In relation to religious discrimination some of the points which can
be recommended to the company are given below for better understanding.
 In order to reduce the risk of discriminatory in relation to the employment decision,
seniors can have a written objective criterion so that all the rules and regulations are
common for everyone.
 During the hiring process, every candidate should be told about the code of conducts and
what kind of actions can be taken if these are violated. Moreover, recruitment team while

signing a candidate should avoid discrimination and must stick to the requirement of the
job. As a result, this will eliminate the biasness.
 Employees should be allowed to practice their religious activities and should ensure that
no one question regarding the same.
 Moreover, employees should be provided with proper training and it that they should be
told about the different practices of various religions. This would rather help employees
in having a proper understanding towards a specific religion. Thus, there might be a
possibility that they change their perception towards a particular religion.
 Apart from this, company should develop an equal opportunity policy considering all the
factors which can create problems in future.
 On a regular basis company should conduct different kinds of fun activities so that
employees can get a chance to interact with another person. This will help employees in
coming out of their comfort zones.
Henceforth, considering all these points recommended to the company they can avoid the
negative impact of religious discrimination within the organisation. Therefore, a better place for
working can be provided to the employees as a result, it will surely improve the productivity
level of the individual and firm as well.
REFLECTION AND ALTERNATIVE METHODOLOGY
I am glad to take this opportunity to undertake current research as it provides vast information
and also support me in improving my skills and knowledge on the basis of religious
discrimination and its impact over the employee’s performance at working area. At the time of
undertaking current research, I face various issues or challenges that create issues in attaining
positive and reliable results at the end of the research. In this time and cost relation issues are
the major through which I fail in gathering relevant data and information towards the research
topic and area as well. Along with this, I also used various methods and techniques of research
to collect data. For this I used questionnaire that is part of the primary method help in attaining
reliable and authentic data and information on the basis of research topic. This will directly
contribute in attaining positive and reliable outcomes. Furthermore, interview is also consider

as an alternative method that could be used by researcher to collected data from selected
respondents on the basis of specified research topic and area as well.

REFERENCES
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Online
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managers-need-to-know>.
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through: <https://www.wesselssherman.com/blog/2016/08/avoid-religious-
discrimination-in-your-workplace.shtml>.
Jones, E. E., 2020. Marks & Spencer: Muslim workers refusing to serve alcohol to customers
isn’t much of an issue at all. [Online]. Available through:
<https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/comment/marks-spencer-muslim-workers-
refusing-to-serve-alcohol-to-customers-isn-t-much-of-an-issue-at-all-9022810.html>.
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