Calorie-controlled diet vs physical exercise for weight loss in obese adults

This report compares the effectiveness of calorie-controlled diet and physical exercise for weight loss in obese adults. It includes a literature search strategy, critical review processes and tools, and a thematic review. The PICO questions, subject, course code, and college/university are not mentioned.

In obese adults, calorie-controlled diet as
comparable to physical exercise is more
effective in losing weight

Table of Contents
TITLE..............................................................................................................................................3
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
PICO QUESTIONS.........................................................................................................................3
LITERATURE SEARCH STRATEGY..........................................................................................4
CRITICAL REVIEW PORCESSES AND TOOLS........................................................................6
CASP tool...............................................................................................................................6
PRISMA flowchart.................................................................................................................7
METHODOLOGICAL CRITIQUE................................................................................................8
THEMATIC REVIEW....................................................................................................................8
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION...............................................................................8
TEMPORAL TIMEFRAME...........................................................................................................9
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................10

TITLE
“In obese adults, calorie-controlled diet as comparable to physical exercise is more effective in
losing weight”
INTRODUCTION
There are various of method in order to change the variation of body composition and
metabolic issues that is usually arise for the adult who is facing the issues of obesity or
overweight. In this report, the major discussion is based on the comparison on the aspect of
obese adults where the calorie-control diet is usually taking under the comparison with physical
exercise and analyse the effectiveness in the losing weight (Castellana and et. al., 2020). In
addition, the exercise is usually prescribed by health care professionals for the patient who is
facing or dealing the complications of obesity or overweight. The physical exercises are usually
play vital role in the day-to-day activity and provide well-being and resilience by controlling the
mechanism of body that influence the fat composition. Therefore, the calorie control diet is more
effective as compared to the physical exercises because the physical exercise is only focus on the
mechanics of losing of weight by burning the calories (Goldenberg and et. al., 2021). In addition,
in the calorie-control method or diet are usually helpful in order to provide the diet to the body in
the appropriate way that restrict or prevent the fat composition. Whereas, it also provides proper
ingredient and nutrition to the body which may play vital role degradation of unnecessary fatty
composition that available within the body. In addition, the report usually focusses on the PICO
questions that is prepared on the title where the comparison is being studies. The study usually
helps to explore about the different search strategy that are used within systematic literature
review where the critical appraisal as also conducted in order to evaluate seven articles and their
importance within the research process (Puente and Martínez-Marcos, 2018).
PICO QUESTIONS
POPULATION: The adults ae facing issue of obesity or overweight in the UK.
INTERVENTION: Use appropriate diet plan or calorie-controlled diet is effective to reduce
obesity.
COMPARISON: The physical exercise is also used to burn calorie in order to minimize the issue
of obesity.

OUTCOME: Achievement of a healthier weight and reduce the complication that arise due to
the obesity.
LITERATURE SEARCH STRATEGY
The literature search strategy is usually playing a vital role within the research process in
order to provide the brief information and data regarding the collection and selection of data and
information for the research question which is prepared in the research process. Moreover, the
search strategy regards with the literature review as helpful to writing a brief literature by using
various subject heading from the different databases that provide the information related with the
chosen research questions (Small, L., Brandon, Turner and Cooney, 2018). in addition, the key
terms or keywords are used in order to select and collect the data or information that play the
relevance within the research. The comparison between calorie-control diet and physical exercise
are used to be taken as a research question which is taking under the research process with the
analysed PICO method that provide a clinical aspect of information that include population,
intervention, comparison, and outcome (Wang and et. al., 2018).
Figure 1 Conceptual framework of obesity
The literature searches strategy provides a useful discussion of effective outcome that go beyond
towards any reduction in the body mass or even health factor. For instance, the outcome is
usually involving a large change in the self-selected and self-motivated behaviour. In addition,
change in the lifestyle and taking proper diet is usually play an interventional role among the

adult people to avoid the issue of obesity and overweight that may create various complication
such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and many more. There is various indication that help to
provide a right path in order to decrease the rate of obesity and obesity related disease by making
choice of calorie control diet. In addition, the calorie control diet is useful in order to maintain
the body haemostatic and reduce decomposition of fat within the muscles. Whereas, the
appropriate diet is usually metabolised with the mechanism of body and do not accumulate any
fatty stimulus within the body (Wilhelmi de Toledo and et. al., 2020).
In addition, the cutting calories is more useful for the weight loss when it is taking the
comparison with the enhancing exercise. In this, the key weight loss is usually help to consume
the fewer calories than the burn. In addition, the most of the people are usually show the possible
to lower the calories that help to intake the greater the degree than it is to burn the more calorie
that enhance the exercise. Moreover, in order to lose the weight by crash dieting or by preventing
to take 400 to 800 calories a day help to lose the weight which may helpful to better perform
physical exercise. The exercise which can help to maintain the weight loss moreover, there are
some of the studies which is taken place in order to provide the information that the calorie
control diet is more effective as compared with the physical exercise. In addition, the counting
calories is usually more effective for the weight loss for the shorter period and it show their
effect for the pronged time. It usually works due to the balanced diet that is taken under the
proper approach which show the effectiveness in such a way which support the individual in
order to lose the weight. The for the vast majority of the people, that eventually not only but also
show can do harm. For the beginner, it can be detracting from the aspect of pleasure of the term
of eating, turning meals into a tedious physical exercise of tallying and the food measurement.
Overall, the study from the various aspect and taking the process of research that help to provide
viewpoint which is contributed by literature review that calorie control diet is more effective for
reducing the obesity or overweight.

CRITICAL REVIEW PORCESSES AND TOOLS
As per the analysis of the article which is taken under the critical review process used to provide
the proper description, analysis and interpretation. Overall, article focus on the calorie control
diet which is more effective when it is taking under the comparison with physical exercise.
Moreover, the article which is selected in order to conduct the review process usually provide the
strength for the research question which is prepared for the report. In this, the description of the
article usually shows the aspect related with the difference which is may associated with the
calories control diet and physical exercise. In addition, the major of article that is selected for the
study show their relevance towards the calorie-controlled diet because the major of well
implemented study are usually focus on the diet plan and care. By taking sufficient amount of
calorie show the suitable mechanism in the fat progression in the body. Therefore, the burning of
calorie is not required when the calibrated amount of calorie is taken for the body. The major aim
of the calorie control diet is reducing the issue of fat accumulation due to the excess of fat like
composition which is accumulated inside the body and show the presence within the muscle and
tissue and raise the issue of obesity among the individual (Dieckmann et. al., 2022).
The article also used to elaborate about the definition of calorie which is refer as the
amount of heat energy which is required in body to raise the temperature of the 1 gram of water
by 1 degree Celsius. In this, the calorie is usually help to describe the amount of energy that is
associated with the body get which is prefer eating and drinking. In addition, the calorie also
shows their aspect which is related with the amount of energy of the body which is required to
perform the physical task that usually include the breathing, thinking and also show their
presence for fat deposition. The amount of energy is usually gotten from the subunit that is
depend on the aspect from their come from, such as carbs which is 4 calories per gram, protein 4
calorie per gram, fat 9 calorie per gram and the alcohol which is 7 calories per gram. Once the
body show the immediate need of energy are met or any excess energy which is store for the
emergency use in the future. On the other hand, drawn towards the conclusion, the calorie is
usually getting from the diet which is sufficient in order to cover the immediate need that force
the body in order to draw on its energy which store to compensate. It is also used to provide the
prospect which is consider the calorie deficit is what causes in order to lose weight, mostly from
the body fat (Li et. al., 2022).

CASP tool
Criteria/authors James,
2015
Carla,
2017
Yvette,
2022
Peggy,
2022
Sara et.
al., 2021
Chrysi
et. al.,
2018
Kevin et.
al., 2018
Clearly
focused
questions
✔ ✖ ✔ ✖ ✔ ✔ ✖
Appropriate
design
✖ ✖ ✔ ✔ ✖ ✔ ✔
Aim of the
research
✖ ✖ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✖ ✔
Proper study
design and
method
✔ ✔ ✖ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔
Ethical
consideration
✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✖ ✔ ✖
Value of
research
✔ ✖ ✔ ✔ ✖ ✔ ✔

PRISMA flowchart
Records identified from*:
Databases (n = 210)
Registers (n = 180)
Records removed before
screening:
Duplicate records removed (n
= 80)
Records marked as ineligible
by automation tools (n = 50)
Records removed for other
reasons (n = 20)
Records screened
(n = 110)
Records excluded**
(n = 80)
Reports sought for retrieval
(n = 70) Reports not retrieved
(n = 40)
Reports assessed for eligibility
(n = 50)
Reports excluded:
Reason 1 (n = 55)
Reason 2 (n = 40)
Reason 3 (n = 30)
etc.
Studies included in review
(n = 70)
Reports of included studies
(n = 40)
Identification of studies via databases and registers
Identification
Screening
Included

METHODOLOGICAL CRITIQUE
Within this report for the research process, the primary research is usually taking under the
consideration in order to obtain the data from the first hand. It usually provides the means that
the research as usually conduct self-questionnaire or commission the data in order to collect on
their primary research are usually that they are going directly to the sources rather than they are
analysing the pre-existing data (Wilhelmi de Toledo and et. al., 2020). This type of research is
usually play vital role in order to collect the relevant data that is collected from the specific
sources that require some of the context. For instance, the calorie control diet usually more
effective than the physical exercises because it usually discovers a range of survey or the
analysis that provide the physical exercises are usually helpful in order to reduce the calories.
Whereas, the calorie control diet sustains the body mechanics in such a way that is suitable for
the body and order to generate fat and their metabolism. The primary research is also help to
position a person as well as sources in order to increase their position, the researcher and usually
taking the full control on the data. Within the primary research, the advantage of primary
research method is usually offering a targeted approach (Kim et. al., 2022). In addition, it’s also
allowed to investigate research completion within the text interval of time that provide aspect
that is related with the sample size in the sample selection process usually help in order to
improve the relevance of the research to the person also allow the person in order to control the
data which is investigated by them then which choose and order to release the information that
thing of data. The major disadvantage of the primary research is a cost expensive process and
taking a long time to analyse the data and identify out. Moreover, the biasness and inaccuracy is
also show their impact within the primary research due to the false statement or self-
questionnaire that are usefully provided in the term of experience to the questions which is asked
by research to the interview.
THEMATIC REVIEW
The thematic review usually helps to provide the overview of research question which is
developed in order to show the interpretation of outcome. The thematic review usually helps to
analyse the focus point of study that analyse and interpret the impact in such a way which is
related with the research questions. The question provides the comparative study which is related
with the two aspect that provide the detail of calorie-controlled diet which is more effective than

physical exercise in the issue of obesity. As per the in-depth study, the analysis which is based
on the prepared theme which show the notion and impact of calorie-controlled diet when they
compared with physical exercise. The thematic review is usually focus on the various aspect of
calorie-controlled diet that save the individual to deal with the rising cases of obesity (Condorelli
et. al., 2022).
Thematic review is usually so the essential aspect in order to understand the consequences
and complications of arising cases of obesity. In addition, the government and private agencies
are usually taking the obesity in hand and regulating various policies and procedures in order to
minimise the impact of obesity among peoples. Therefore, the integration is usually shown that
the numbers of people exercise in order to reduce the obesity. It is well analysed that the calorie
control exercise is usually play vital role in order to develop the positive health outcome for the
people with obesity. The calorie-controlled diets are usually process the biomechanics of body
and provide sufficient food that is required by body in order to complete and utilise the function.
In addition, the extra which may cause the issue for the deposition of fat within the body for the
prolong period can cause the issue of obesity or overweight. In addition, the calorie control diet
is usually helpful in order to regulate the body functions in the appropriate way and reduce the
chances of obesity among the individual (Chen et. al., 2022).
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
As per the above discussion, it is well analysed that the calorie control diet is usually more
effective than physical exercises which is taking order to reduce the obesity or the overweight.
There are number of people who predominantly believe that the physical exercise in the form of
sweating and other various factor. The food is also recommended by various health care
professionals that the physical exercises play vital role in order to reduce the complications of
obesity. As per this, the survey and the analysis are used to take in order to interpret that the
effectiveness of physical exercises with the calorie control diet. Moreover, the outcome is
usually derived that the calorie control diet is more useful as compared with the physical
exercise. It is well recommended that there are number of people who are usually suggested that
the appropriate quantity and quality of food that contain minimum calorie are helpful in order to
generate the positive health outcome. In addition, the physical exercises are usually act as a
calorie cutter where the calorie control diet are usually play a self-aspect role that reduce the

chances of overweight and obesity which is measurable and provide qualitative approach which
reduce and minimise the chances of obesity and overweight.

TEMPORAL TIMEFRAME
Activity/Months August September October November December
Introduction
Pico questions
Search strategy
Research
methodology
Recommendation
Submission

REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Castellana and et. al., 2020. Efficacy and safety of very low-calorie ketogenic diet (VLCKD) in
patients with overweight and obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Reviews in
Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders, 21(1), pp.5-16.
Goldenberg and et. al., 2021. Efficacy and safety of low and very low carbohydrate diets for type
2 diabetes remission: systematic review and meta-analysis of published and unpublished
randomized trial data. bmj, 372.
Puente, J.M.G. and Martínez-Marcos, M., 2018. Overweight and obesity: effectiveness of
interventions in adults. Enfermería Clínica (English Edition), 28(1), pp.65-74.
Small, L., Brandon, A.E., Turner, N. and Cooney, G.J., 2018. Modeling insulin resistance in
rodents by alterations in diet: what have high-fat and high-calorie diets
revealed?. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism, 314(3),
pp.E251-E265.
Wang and et. al., 2018. Gut microbiota mediates the anti-obesity effect of calorie restriction in
mice. Scientific reports, 8(1), pp.1-14.
Wilhelmi de Toledo and et. al., 2020. Unravelling the health effects of fasting: a long road from
obesity treatment to healthy life span increase and improved cognition. Annals of
Medicine, 52(5), pp.147-161.
Kim et. al., 2022. Alleviation of Dyslipidemia via a Traditional Balanced Korean Diet
Represented by a Low Glycemic and Low Cholesterol Diet in Obese Women in a
Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients, 14(2), p.235.
Condorelli et. al., 2022. Beneficial Effects of the Very-Low-Calorie Ketogenic Diet on the
Symptoms of Male Accessory Gland Inflammation. Nutrients, 14(5), p.1081.
Chen et. al., 2022. Lactobacillus rhamnosus Strain LRH05 Intervention Ameliorated Body
Weight Gain and Adipose Inflammation via Modulating the Gut Microbiota in High‐Fat
Diet‐Induced Obese Mice. Molecular nutrition & food research, 66(1), p.2100348.
Dieckmann et. al., 2022. Susceptibility to diet-induced obesity at thermoneutral conditions is
independent of UCP1. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and
Metabolism, 322(2), pp.E85-E100.
Li et. al., 2022. High fat diet-induced obesity leads to depressive and anxiety-like behaviors in
mice via AMPK/mTOR-mediated autophagy. Experimental neurology, 348, p.113949.
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