Cardiovascular Diseases: Screening, Diagnosis and Treatment

Running head: CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES
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Cardiovascular Diseases
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CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES 2
Cardiovascular Diseases
Congestive heart failure, valve disorders, angina and peripheral valve disease are some of
the most common cardiovascular diseases among adults and geriatric patients. Early screening,
correct diagnosis and prompt treatment of these diseases can improve their prognosis.
Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)
The common symptoms of CHF include: difficulty in breathing, general body weakness,
tiredness and swelling of the feet and abdomen (Inamdar and Inamdar, 2016, p. 3). Signs that can
be elicited are increased heart rate, heart murmurs and leg swelling. Added sounds can also be
heard upon auscultation of the lungs. The main screening assessment tool for CHF is The Heart
Failure Screening Tool (Heart-FaST). During screening, it is important to investigate the
biomarkers linked to CHF, namely: neuro-hormone, myocyte-stretching and inflammatory
biomarkers (Inamdar and Inamdar, 2016, p. 5). Patients can also be screened for congestive heart
failure through assessment of their level of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP). To diagnose
congestive heart failure, a health practitioner should perform a full blood count, urinalysis,
electrolyte levels and blood sugar level. An X-ray of the chest can be done to highlight an
abnormally large heart or fluid build-up in the lungs (Inamdar and Inamdar, 2016, p. 5). A
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can also be used to identify congenital defects of the heart
while an echocardiogram can assess the patters of contraction and dilatation of the heart
chambers. Acute patients with chronic heart failure should be started on oxygen. Once stable,
they can be given pharmacological drugs such as diuretics, beta-antagonists, angiotensin-
converting enzyme inhibitors and digoxin (Inamdar and Inamdar, 2016, p. 8). Non-

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES 3
pharmacologically, they should be educated on the need to cut down their intake of sodium, quit
smoking and exercise regularly.
Valve disorders
Patients with valve disorders such as aortic valve stenosis present with shortness of
breath, dizziness and chest pain (Patel and Kirtane, 2016, what are the symptoms?). The
commonly elicited signs are heart murmurs, cyanosis and low oxygen saturation. The main
screening tool used for valve disorders is the echocardiogram. To screen for valve disorders, a
health practitioner should assess the circumference of the patient’s waist, their body mass index
and their cholesterol levels. Assessment of blood pressure can also be useful in screening for
valve disorders. The diagnostic tests used are cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and
catheterization. Over the years, valve replacement has proven to be the most effective therapy for
valve disorders (Patel and Kirtane, 2016, how is it treated?). The defective valve can however be
surgically repaired using balloon valvulaplasty, a non-pharmacological approach.
Pharmacologically, these patients also need blood thinners such as heparin, angiotensin-
converting enzyme inhibitors, beta blockers, diuretics and anti-arrhythmic drugs.
Angina
The common symptoms of angina are chest pain that radiates to the arms and jaws,
dizziness, general body weakness and breathlessness (William, 2013, p.710). The patient can
also complain of a tight chest. Screening assessment tools for Angina include the Speak from the
Heart Chronic Angina Checklist, Seattle Angina Questionnaire and Duke Activity Index. The
diagnostic tests performed are: chest X-ray, echocardiogram, nuclear stress test, angiography and