Causes and Complications of Cardiovascular Illness Among Older Adults in UK
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Added on 2023/06/14
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The report analyzes the causes and complications of cardiovascular illness among older adults in the UK. It evaluates the risk factors and interventions to reduce the prevalence of cardiovascular illness among older adults.
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Table of Content. TITLE..............................................................................................................................................1 INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1 RESEARCH AIM............................................................................................................................2 RESEARCH OBJECTIVE..............................................................................................................2 RESEARCH QUESTIONS.............................................................................................................2 LITERATURE REVIEW................................................................................................................2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY....................................................................................................4 Research philosophy....................................................................................................................4 Research approach.......................................................................................................................4 Methodological choices...............................................................................................................4 Research Strategies......................................................................................................................5 RESEARCH PLAN.........................................................................................................................5 REFERENCES................................................................................................................................6
TITLE “CausesandComplicationsofcardiovascularillnessamongolderadultsacrossUnited Kingdom.” INTRODUCTION The cardiovascular illness among people is specifically a common term that can affect the blood vessels and heart to cause severe problem. It is commonly linked with the deposition of fat inside the arteries and is known as atherosclerosis, which improves inside the blood vessels and causes the developing risk of blood clots. Across countries, it is generally one of the leading term which can causes deaths and is greatly prevented by using the various kind of therapies and medications as well. Another way of preventing or reducing the prevalence of cardiovascular illness among people is to enhance the understanding of healthy lifestyle among people. In this, most of the information is being gathered with several healthcare organizations that is linked in the United Kingdom. For example, The Royal Brompton Healthcare organization is specifically ranked top ten hospitals among all who generally used to give information based on cardiology. Furthermore, another healthcare organization such as The Cambridge Heart Clinic is also linked with several problems that is generally faced by the people due to heart failure. Every cardiology healthcareorganizationcanusespecificinterventionslikeaninstantuseofthecrucial procedures that is linked with the bypass surgery. Another healthcare organization, such as Queen Alexandra healthcare can also furnish the specific well-being services or strategies that is usually based on the heart related problems having a proper diet care plan. While talking about the cardiovascular illness, it is specifically of four main types such as Strokes, Coronary heart illness, Peripheral arterial illness, Aortic illness. There varieties can effectively trigger the people and can make them ill with having illness that is usually associated with heart. The cardiovascular illness is more common among old age people and it can be treated with having broad aspects of medications. The report will cover multiple causes as well as the risk components that is specifically based on the heart associated illnesses that can create the complications among the old age people. The report will cover its impacts and interventions that can be effectively used to overcome such causes of cardiovascular illness among older people across United Kingdom. In addition, the healthcare professionals can effectively perform the physical examination as well as can ask about the complications that is associated with the personal well-being and the history of family. The research will cover the information to 1
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effectively overcome the prevalence of cardiovascular illness among older adults across United Kingdom. RESEARCH AIM “To analyse the causes and complications of cardiovascular illness among older adult people across United Kingdom.” RESEARCH OBJECTIVE To understand the concept of cardiovascular illness among older adult people across United Kingdom. To evaluate the causes and associated risk factors of cardiovascular illness among older adult people across United Kingdom. To examine the intervention/ways to reduce the cardiovascular illness among older adult people across United Kingdom. RESEARCH QUESTIONS What are the concept of cardiovascular illness among older adult people across United Kingdom? What are the causes and associated risk factors of cardiovascular illness among older adult people across United Kingdom? What are the intervention/ways to reduce the cardiovascular illness among older adult people across United Kingdom? LITERATURE REVIEW Literature review generally represents a systematic review and its important process of gathering the secondary information which is specifically related with topic. In this, there are various secondary resources like the books, articles, Journals that are mainly associated with the topic of interest. The main aim of doing the literature review is to positively determine the main research gaps in their primal examination. In the current literature, the main gap in the research is to explore about the prevalence of cardiovascular illness among older adults. In the past studies, there were some absence of information about the causes and how it can be effectively overcome so that it cannot affect the older adults within United Kingdom. This is generally the main gap and to reduce this, there is some interventions provided so that the prevalence of cardiovascular illness among older adults can be overcome. 2
As per the view of Jennifer L. Rodgers, Jarrod Jones and et. al., (2019), age generally plays an essential role in the worsen the functionality of cardiovascular system, outcomes in an enhanced risk of having heart associated illnesses among older age group people. The older people as well as ageing population are generally more susceptible towards the cardiovascular illness. In this, age is specifically an independent risk component for the specific cardiovascular illnesses among adults, and these such risk components are more specifically combined by some of its additional developing risk factors such as diabetes, obesity and many more. In this, these such factors are specifically known to complicate as well as can improves the developing risk of heart associated illnesses. As per the perspectives of authors, sex is also an another potential risk factor among the older age group people and it is generally reported that the older women are specifically at a greater risk of having cardiovascular illnesses as compared with men. Moreover, in both the male and female, the developing risk of heart related illnesses can generally enhance with age and these such can specifically correspond to the whole downfall in the sex hormones like testosterone and oestrogen hormones. In addition, the alterations in the heart functions among the older age group people are generally been determined which can involve the report of diastolicandsystolicdysfunctionaswellasanelectricaldysfunction,containingthe improvement of arrhythmias. Moreover, both the defects in electrical and functional can specifically results in an increased rates of atrial fibrillation, heart failures, various other cardiovascular illnesses among the old age group people (Cardiovascular Risks Associated with Gender and Ageing, 2019). As per the view of Ali Yazdanyar (2009), there are various underlying causes of the deaths in the year 2005 in 864,480 of nearly about 2.5 million overall deaths across country. These are more specifically among the age group of above and equal to 65 years are accounted for about 82% of overall deaths more attributable towards the cardiovascular illnesses. In this, the prevalence of cardiovascular illnesses consisting CHD, hypertensions, heart failures, stroke generally enhances about 40% among male and among female involving age group of 40 to 59 years can increases up to 75% and those people who are above the age of 80 years, involve nearly about 85% prevalence of having cardiovascular illness among people. As per the perspective of author, the coronary heart illness specifically accounts for more than half of overall cardiovascular illnesses deaths among people. In the year 2005, only the coronary heart illness is the only cause of many of the people such as nearly about 445,687 deaths and in this, 3
about 80% of the people were falls under the age group of above 65 years. In this, the prevalence of coronary heart illness is significantly enhancing with increasing in age among both male and female. Similarly, the incidence of the coronary heart illnesses can enhance with age more common among the older age people, irrespective of their gender or race. It is analysed from the study that at the age of 70 years, the lifetime developing risk of having first coronary heart illness is about 35% among male and nearly about 24% among female (The Burden of Cardiovascular Disease in the Elderly: Morbidity, Mortality, and Costs, 2009). RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The research methodology is generally defined as a procedure or the technique that is helpful in order to determine the process of selection, process and analyse the data on the cardiovascular illness. Research philosophy It is specifically a set of belief which is making the consent of nature of the reality that is being examined. In this, it can involve two methods such as Ontology and Epistemology. The research will continue with Epistemology as it is the scientific study that can indicates the data which can be prove without having doubt. ThroughEpistemologymethod, it specifically tries to find out the more common acceptable understanding that is addressing the fact which is based on it. Through this method, it can provide enough knowledge about the prevalence of cardiovascular illnesses among older people across UK. Research approach The research approach generally involves the both deductive and inductive and its evaluation that is based on the several factors that specifically depend on specific choices, research aims, its limitations and personal opinions. There is used adeductionmethod which specifically indicates that it can flow the aspects from generic to specific. The research generally followsthecontextofdeductivethatisassociatedwithheartassociatedillnessthatis accountable with interventions and its strategies that make benefits for the people treatment. Methodological choices Qualitative data: The data can involve the gathering of information that is associated with non- numerical information. 4
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Quantitative Choices: It is mainly based on the numbers and digits and can involve the number of survey of the overall population in a group. Mixed methods: It is the method that is specifically based on both the aspects such as quantitative and qualitative as well. This method is generally followed during the study to gather the information. Questionnaire: It can involve the number of participants who were generally chosen from the questionnaire on which they specifically exhibit their response in context with CVD. Research Strategies The research strategies can involve various information that are generally being collected from Experiments, survey, Archival research, case study, Action research. RESEARCH PLAN 5
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REFERENCES Books and Journals: Carrero, J.J., Hecking, M., Chesnaye, N.C. and Jager, K.J., 2018. Sex and gender disparities in the epidemiologyandoutcomesofchronickidneydisease.NatureReviewsNephrology,14(3), pp.151-164. Colafella, K.M.M. and Denton, K.M., 2018. Sex-specific differences in hypertension and associated cardiovascular disease.Nature Reviews Nephrology,14(3), pp.185-201. Cornec-LeGall,E.,Alam,A.andPerrone,R.D.,2019.Autosomaldominantpolycystickidney disease.The Lancet,393(10174), pp.919-935. Forbes, J.M. and Thorburn, D.R., 2018. Mitochondrial dysfunction in diabetic kidney disease.Nature Reviews Nephrology,14(5), pp.291-312. Zhao, D., Liu, J., Wang, M., Zhang, X. and Zhou, M., 2019. Epidemiology of cardiovascular disease in China: current features and implications.Nature Reviews Cardiology,16(4), pp.203-212. Online: Cardiovascular Risks Associated with Gender and Ageing, 2019 [Online] Available through: <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6616540/> The Burden of Cardiovascular Disease in the Elderly: Morbidity, Mortality, and Costs, 2009 [Online] Available through:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2797320/ 7