Review of Waste Management Studies

This assignment involves reviewing 32 studies on waste management, including research papers on municipal solid waste management, hospital waste management, and sustainable approaches for food waste management. The studies provide insights into the current trends and challenges in waste management, as well as potential solutions and strategies for improving waste management practices. The reviewed studies include a range of topics, from waste reduction and recycling to waste-to-energy conversion and the integration of informal recycling systems into municipal solid waste management.

WASTE MANAGEMENT POLICIES
IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES:
COMPERATIVE CASE STUDY OF
LIBERIA AND U.K

Table of Contents
SUMMARY.....................................................................................................................................3
CHAPTER 1 BACKGROUND.......................................................................................................5
1.1 Introduction............................................................................................................................5
1.2 Statement of the problem.......................................................................................................6
1.3 Aims and Objectives..............................................................................................................7
1.4 Research Questions................................................................................................................7
1.5 Structure.................................................................................................................................7
1.6 Methodology..........................................................................................................................8
1.7 Ethical Consideration.............................................................................................................8
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW..........................................................................................9
CHAPTER 3 DISCUSSION..........................................................................................................15
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................24

SUMMARY
This study aims to perform a systematic research on waste management which is in
present times of great importance and requires to be addressed. The findings from the study are
summarised as below:
Waste management: Waste management is defined as the systematic strategy to managing all
the wastages. It includes all the actions that are involved in managing cycle of waste from origin
till disposal. In the waste management various kinds of activities are included such as
categorizing waste, transportation of waste, collection of waste, recycling the waste material and
also the monitoring the waste to ensure proper disposal.
History: Organized waste management marked its footprints primarily in London in late 18th
century and evolvement of modern waste management techniques with technological
development and industrialization1. Firstly Greeks made laws regarding waste management and
bound people fr proper disposal of waste, and increase in population made way for transporting
and disposing waste away from cities and role of scavengers following to that along with
municipal waste collection which was firstly adopted by USA is discussed and explained under
this study2. There were increased emphasis on public health and sanitation by government and
people of various countries, there were debates which resulted in framing of waste management
policies and their emphasis was also shown in legislation of various developed countries
following to which developing countries adopted waste management policies.
Significance of waste management:
Waste management is very important for the nations as with profess and increasing
population it is becoming great challenge to manage the waste. The unmanaged waste acts as
source of causing epidemics and other health issues related to hygiene. In addition to the public
health issue waste management is also important to taken into account so that climate hazards or
environmental damage caused by non-degradable waste can also be diminished.
Benefits of waste management practices:
1 Hoornweg, D. and Bhada-Tata, P., 2012. What a waste: a global review of solid waste
management (Vol. 15, p. 116). World Bank, Washington, DC.
2 Huang, B., Wang, X., Kua, H., Geng, Y., Bleischwitz, R. and Ren, J., 2018. Construction and
demolition waste management in China through the 3R principle. Resources, Conservation and
Recycling. 129. pp.36-44.

Waste management practices are beneficial for improving the quality of life. The
adoption of these practices will not only keep the environment clean and healthy but will also
lower the probability of health issues originating from the untreated waste. The waste products
also degrade natural resources such as land, water and soil which makes them unproductive and
unhealthy for usage. Thus incorporation of these policies will lead to improved health and
climate outcomes along with environmental sustainability.
Types of waste management policies:
The waste management policies are of various types which aims at managing various
types of waste generated. The policies must classify waste products as combustible, degradable
and non-biodegradable, rubber and plastic waste In addition to this policies must also be
categorised on the basis of waste disposal methods, collection and disposable sites and their
impact upon natural resources3.
Need of waste management in UK: As one of the developed nation waste management is major
concern in UK specially solid waste and increased issue related to environment(Demirbas, 2011).
Problems of waste management in urban and rural areas of United Kingdom increasing with
rising population. Rapid development in United Kingdom and it's consequences on waste
generation and management is shown in the form of climate changes. Increasing extent of global
warming and climate change is creating a necessity in UK to adopt sustainable waste
management techniques.
Need of waste management approaches in Liberia: Liberia as a poor country even faces
problem of inadequate drinking water and less financial resources4. Waste generation and
management problems in terms of Liberia causing sustainability issues and rapid urbanization
contributing towards increased waste generation. Liberia is a country with multiple problems and
waste management is one of the important problems requiring urgent attention.
Findings:
It has been determined from the study that it is the high time that both developed and
developing nations must formulate policies for managing their waste. The issue has been very
3 Ley, E., Macauley, M.K. and Salant, S.W., 2017. Spatially and Intertemporally Efficient Waste
Management: The Costs of Interstate Trade Restrictions 1. In The Economics of Residential Solid Waste
Management (pp. 133-163). Routledge.
4 Ali, M., Wang, W., Chaudhry, N. and Geng, Y., 2017. Hospital waste management in developing
countries: A mini review. Waste Management & Research, 35(6), pp.581-592.

important in terms of improving public health and environmental resources. Thus government
must develop policies aiming at managing waste in sustainable manner5.
Rationale for research:
this research is carried out for evaluating the key objectives which are used in sustain a diverse
waste management practices which are used to evaluate the minimization of waste and to create
a waste management practices which are carried out to minimise the risk of the waste which has
a diverse effect on the environment6. The management of waste for the counties where waste
management is a major issue. The management is done in order to evaluate the sustainability and
proper management of waste.
Research questions and objectives:
 How could the presence of plastics impact the maturity period and quality of municipal
solid waste compost?
 Can anyone recommend any reference data for Solid Waste used for construction?
 What is the best technique to extract metals from waste glass?
 Is Industrial Symbiosis the way to have sustainability in an industrial area and how can
we achieve this in real life ?
 What are steps of a national policy development process?
Research methods:
This research method uses a secondary data for the analysis of the research which is carried out it
is the use of data which can be used by the evaluation of previous generated data which can be
calculated for this research. Different authors are taken into practice for the analysing the
viewpoint of the collection of data. This research is carried out under legal consideration which
is taken into accounts7.
5 Cremiato, R., Mastellone, M.L., Tagliaferri, C., Zaccariello, L. and Lettieri, P., 2018.
Environmental impact of municipal solid waste management using Life Cycle Assessment: The effect of
anaerobic digestion, materials recovery and secondary fuels production. Renewable Energy, 124, pp.180-
188.
6 Gálvez-Martos, J.L., Styles, D., Schoenberger, H. and Zeschmar-Lahl, B., 2018. Construction and
demolition waste best management practice in Europe. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 136,
pp.166-178.
7 Bong, C.P.C., Ho, W.S., Hashim, H., Lim, J.S., Ho, C.S., Tan, W.S.P. and Lee, C.T., 2017.
Review on the renewable energy and solid waste management policies towards biogas development in
Malaysia. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 70, pp.988-998.

CHAPTER 1 BACKGROUND
1.1 Introduction
In recent times waste management has become a major issue for many countries. It has forced
nations to reuse or reduce waste in order to create green environment. These issues is rapidly
rising in developing countries as they are not having advance technology or proper policies to be
implemented. Alongside it, those countries does not have effective or strict governance through
which policies are implemented. As developing nations are not familiar with this concept it is
becoming difficult to manage waste. Thus, it is leading to rise in disease, increase in pollution,
etc. moreover, things are getting worse as waste is disposed in different areas. This is leading to
mismanagement of waste and rise in air, water pollution, etc. If waste is disposed or stored
properly there are many advantages. It can be used in many ways such as for farming which
helps in increasing fertility of soil. In all over the world many countries are facing issue of waste
management. It is affecting on their economy to a great extent.
On contrary in developed nations waste management is followed at high level. The government
and local bodies are highly engaged in reducing waste and managing it. Furthermore, strict rules
and regulations are followed by companies which has enabled in reducing waste. They have
taken initiative in their CSR policies as well. There are many start ups which is been started to
manage waste. This has highly supported in storing of waste properly and using it in effective
way. At local and national level there is strict monitoring of governance. Also, suggestions are
given by companies tom manage waste. They are highly contributing in it which has allowed to
implement policy. Moreover, waste management has become a common issue for business. In
developing countries there are no specific process or methods of recycling waste. So, due to
these organizations are not able manage waste and create green atmosphere. Policies usually
refer to guidelines which allow companies to follow it8.
Waste is generated from every type of businesses. It can be of any form and impact on
environment in negative way. Now, government are emphasizing on managing waste. They have
formed various acts as well. Apart from it, structure of governance is formed as well which
involves multiple bodies to monitor after activities of waste management. So, on basis of it
8 Andersson, C. and Stage, J., 2018. Direct and indirect effects of waste management policies on
household waste behaviour: The case of Sweden. Waste Management. 76. pp.19-27.
Apeh, C.C., 2018. Survey of Sachet Water Waste Disposal in Liberia. Journal of Health
and Pollution. 8(20). p.181211.

evaluation is done and loopholes are identified. It also gives insight that what policies need to be
formed and what method or process are to be developed. Also, policies needs to be overviewed
and changed so that waste is properly managed. With help of policies government is trying to
manage waste and reduce impact on environment. It is essential to recycle waste so that in
future green environment can be provided to society. In order to formulate policy it requires to
evaluate things and then proceed further. In addition to it, policies ensure that waste is properly
recycled. Waste Management refers to the actions that are used to manage waste from origin to
final disposal. This will include collection of the waste, transport, treatment of waste & disposal,
and all together with monitoring and regulating the waste management process. There are
different types of wastes such as liquid, gas or solid and each form has different method of
management & disposal. Waste management exercises are different among developed and
developing countries. Forms of disposing waste are landfill and incineration. Landfill means
burying off waste and it is one of the most common forms across world. Incineration means
dumping off waste that includes combustion of waste material. The most of the waste are being
emitted by house holds and industries, and it is important to properly manage waste to protect
environment for health & safety of the people. Proper waste management continues to be a
serious problem across world, especially in developing nations. Increasing population,
industrialization and the rising standard of living and in return it is creating serious issues of
manage waste. Government has introduced new waste management rules and policies that the
companies must adhere to. The policies include ways, transport and area for disposing waste and
the companies has to follow the same.
1.2 Statement of the problem
Waste Management can not be the major issues in residential, but it is increasing in new
developing countries and towns from time to time and it directly affects the environment.
Straight from disposal to managing waste can minimize the environmental problems. Increasing
population contributes to increase amount of waste generated and this implies pressure on the
facilities that already has short supply. Lot of non-biodegradable waste is generated and cannot
be absorbed naturally, such waste heaps on the streets. Stinking odour & blackish liquid
effluence from such piles of waste comprise environmental hazards & take down the
philosophical values of environment.

1.3 Aims and Objectives
Aim
 To compare waste management policies of developing countries: A study on UK and
Liberia
Objectives
 To understand concept of wastage management
 To evaluate waste management policies of UK
 To evaluate waste management policies of Liberia
1.4 Research Questions
 What is the meaning of wastage management?
 Explain waste management policies of UK?
 Explain waste management policies of Liberia?
1.5 Structure
In the present report Chapter 1 includes the general introduction about the topic waste
management i.e. managing waste from its origin to final disposition. There are various types of
waste and for each type there are different methods of disposal. The main cause of increasing
waste in growing population, changes in their living standards, industrialization. The government
has established many rules & policies for the companies to manage waste i.e. from collection,
transport and area of disposing waste. Further this chapter covers problems regarding waste
management and it was found that a lot of non-biodegradable waste is being emitted that is hard
to dispose naturally. Such piles of wastes collect on the roads and cause harm to the
environment. In Chapter 2 the report cover the literature review that includes the different view
points of the author on the different themes. The explanation of different authors perception is
illustrated in the literature review. In Chapter 3 there is brief description about the chapters
included in the present report. In this chapter the researcher on the basis of literature review and
findings of the study, general discussion is done. Chapter 4 consist the analysis part of the report,
the main findings and observations from the literature reviewed. A detailed analysis is done on
the basis of the literature reviewed and describe the findings on the study. Further Chapter 5 has
the brief recommendations on the waste management policies in UK and Liberia. Suggestions

were given that how to properly implement the policies, how they will be effective for the
environment and if not implied by the companies what penalties will be imposed9.
1.6 Methodology
Methods :- Method used for data collection in the report will be secondary sources. It is simply
known as re-use of qualitative data. Secondary data refers to data or information that is already
been collected by other researchers in the past and the current investigator is using similar data to
complete their research report. The data will be collected from the trusted sites on internet,
business journals, libraries etc. The advantage of secondary data collection is that it is easily
available and hence it is time and cost effective. Researcher will not only be relying on the
secondary sources, but has also used their own knowledge and understanding in completing the
research. Secondary Analytical tool and Interpretism will be used in the research to analyse the
data.
Theoretical Framework :- In the present research report different authors view point is reviewed
by the researcher to gather knowledge about the topic. Different authors has contrasting
perception related to the topic, so each one's view point is analysed. Researcher will come to
know about the different concepts used by the authors in their study. Different authors used
different methods for data collection so every method is analysed by the researcher and finally
came to conclusion that secondary data will be appropriate for the present research.
Legal Theory:- In UK, The Environmental Protection Act 1990 an act of parliament that relates
to control wastes and management of pollution that comes from industrial process. This act deals
with the problems of waste on land, defining the concepts of waste management & puts a duty on
the local authorities for collecting waste. In Liberia, The Environmental Protection Agency of
the Republic of Liberia has the prime authority that implements the national environmental
policy & sustainable management law that is used for protecting the natural resources in Liberia.
1.7 Ethical Consideration
Ethics in research means disciplines of the study, standards of the research conducted. The
researcher will maintain the privacy of the information collected. The person will only use
authentic sites for the gathering the secondary data or information. Information written will be
9 Jambeck, J.R., and et.al., 2015. Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean. Science.
347(6223). pp.768-771.
Kaza, S., and et.al., 2018. What a waste 2.0: a global snapshot of solid waste management to
2050. World Bank Publications.

properly referenced so that it proves the authentication of the research. No one dignity will be
hurt by the researcher and their personal information will not leak without prior information.
Quality & integrity of the research will be ensured. The present research will be independent and
impartial from every aspect. The participants of research will be informed about the changes.
Information mentioned in the report will be true & authentic and proper citation or referencing
will be done to prove that the source from where the data is collected is actual. Confidentiality of
data will be ensured by the investigator. Any communication linked to the research should be
communicated with honesty & must be transparent.
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW
THEME 1 Waste Management
Waste management refers to all kinds of actions and activities along with all This polices that are
devoted to ensure proper management of waste from origin of the waste to the discarding of
waste. It consists of many activities which are useful for ensuring disposal of waste in planned
and structured manner. According to Blackman Jr., 2016 waste management is nothing but it
considers proper presentation and a dialogue on providing information regarding waste
origination and generation after that characterizing waste, minimizing waste after that collecting
and separating the waste and forwarding the waste for treatment and disposal. Waste
management also considers all the codes and manuscripts which caters to address all the waste
management plans and policies, knowledge regarding waste management and all the estimations
regarding the surrounding environment may be economic, political, social, geological etc. for
waste managemen10. As per view of Dias, P and etal ., 2018 there are various kinds of solid
wastes which requires to be addressed these wastes consists of municipal waste commonly
known as rubbish and rubbish which consists of all the items that are discarded everyday on
routine these can be packaging which is found over any of the product, clippings of trees and
grass, leaves, discarded furnitures, disposed clothes, used cans , thrown bottles, wasted food
which is scrapped, paper waste consisting newspapers and disposed books and notepads,
appliances and electronic items, batteries etc. these can be from a residential place, from an
10 Moh, Y., 2017. Solid waste management transformation and future challenges of source
separation and recycling practice in Malaysia. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 116.
pp.1-14.
Mutafela, R.N., and et.al., 2018. Organic waste management via hermetia illucens: a mini
review. Linnaeus Eco-Tech.

institution or commercial place. Agricultural waste and special waste which consists mixture of
solid wastes which because of its characteristics, chemical ingredients and components,
concentration and physical biological personality demands special care and attention in attempt
to handle and dispose. This special waste can be from a construction site, natural or crude oil
waste, sewage sludge and waste developed from mineral and mining processing. These wastes
are also considered as hazardous waste and requires special care and priority when disposed. As
explained by waste management confines of these major areas where it is applied accordingly to
manage waste in a particular region, these major areas are Planning regarding management of
waste in a particular format to get pre determined results for waste management. Providing
knowledge and training personnels involved in waste management activities from its inception
till disposal of waste, formulating policies and framing all the regulations regarding management
of waste, analysing and evaluating economics of the region where waste management needs to
be applied, going through all the assumptions and assessing all the factors regarding
environmental factors which are critical for waste management, all the information regarding
land filling and disposal of waste over these landfills, treatment of the waste, storage, collecting,
transfer and movement of waste for treatment, recycle and reuse of the waste which needs to be
managed, minimizing waste generation to ensure proper utilization, and categorization of waste
on basis of its generation and characteristics which it displays. All these major areas regarding
waste should be given required attention for better waste management practice in a region. As
illustrated by Blackman Jr, (2016)before proper waste management was developed and gained
importance in ancient times wastes were directly discharged on unpaved and caliche topped
streets and roadways and was just left to gather, this rubbish kept stockpiling and left unattained
to just accumulate. Greeks were the first who made law binding people for proper disposal of
waste11. As population rose transportation of waste away from cities started. Later to that
scavengers came into action and were handed the responsibility of carting waste for disposal
outside the cities. First official scavengers were formed in England and then municipal rubbish
11 Rajendran, K., and et.al., 2019. Influential Aspects in Waste Management Practices.
In Sustainable Resource Recovery and Zero Waste Approaches(pp. 65-78). Elsevier.
Sanjuan Delmas, D., Dewulf, J. and Taelman, S.E., 2018. A framework for the sustainability
assessment of waste management systems including local impacts. In Recuwaste
Conference.
Sridhar, M.K.C., Oluborode, J.A. and Zacchaeus, U., 2017. Waste management policy
and implementation in Nigeria. Waste management. 3(3).

collection of rubbish started in USA. Technological up gradation paved way for the solid waste
management that we are familiar with today which is significant with invention and use of
rubbish grinders, compressors, transport vehicles and pneumatic collectors. To reduce open
dumping landfills were developed and characterization of rubbish as hazardous and non-
hazardous was done and regulations were made accordingly. Dias and et.al., (2018) argues that
there are various techniques for managing waste which can be used for proper treatment of
waste, these are reduced extensive purchase of new and products which are not required results
in formation of unwanted products resulting in creation of waste and rapid growth and increase
in population has made this problem even bigger. This creates toxic wastes which results in
health problems in people and also serious disposal problems of the waste. Recycling has
become an important tool in reducing waste and using this waste as a resource for producing new
product but the problem lies in costs involved in recycling various waste materials which can be
recycled through industrial processing these waste materials are generally waste papers,
aluminium and other metals, glass, plastics etc. recycling these materials could be lot more
expensive and could be a time-consuming process. Incineration refers to combustion of waste for
transforming this waste into base material and trapping the generated heat for forming energy.
Harmful gases and ash are the by-products along with high amount of pollution, although filters
are used on incinerator, benefits include reduction of waste size up to 90 percent, ash derived is
rich in nutrient which is received through burning of organic wastes and these are used in
hydroponic solutions. Various hazardous wastes which are toxic in nature can be disposed by
using incineration. Heat energy generated are used for power supplying in turbines, heating and
cooking purposes. This requires strict attention and vigilance is required to check regularly if
there are any leakages of contaminants form incinerator. Composting consists of decomposing
organic wastes with the help of microbes and just allow the waste to pile up in a pit for a longer
duration. This can be used as a manure as it is rich in nutrient but this is a time-consuming
process and requires large area of lands but it helps in making soil fertile and rich. Land-filling is
the process which involves dumping wastes in a landfill. A base is created for serving as
protective line to separate waste and groundwater, this prevents mixing of toxic chemicals of
waste and water zone. The layers of waste are compressed and are covered with layers of non-
porous soil to reduce chances of accidental mixing of toxic materials with water. Emphasis and
attention should be laid on creating landfills where there is low level of groundwater and away

from flood prone areas. As explained by Gottinger, (2018) wastes which are of radioactive
characteristics are generally disposed by dumping directly in the ocean which are far away from
habitats of human beings this helps in settling waste far from the living areas of humans but this
way of waste treatment is acting as a doom for aquatic animals by depriving aquatic life from the
nutrients which are inherent by the ocean.
THEME 2 Waste Management Policies
As explained by (Huang.2018 ) waste management policies basic aim is to assure that the waste
is properly managed in the system and the one's who are the creator of waste are obliged for
managing waste. These framed policies are predetermined and are brought to actions by the
government. These policies cater to waste created through both businesses and households.
According to Huang and et.al., (2018) government should impose several obligations and should
hold producer responsible for waste stream of several sectors specially waste created through
packaging, waste from electrical equipments, waste batteries, scrap vehicles, various types of
plastics, tyres etc. In all these cases' government uses legal instruments which are policies
regarding waste management to govern waste management by households and business.
Government outlines defaulters of waste management policies and held them responsible for any
misconduct. Policies are formulated regarding licensing of the waste management facilities for
treating and disposing waste, Granting authority and permission regarding collection of waste
and further processing activity, imposing levy and taxes on various landfill owners collected
through all the channels in provided time, planning for waste management and ensuring that it
follows by conducting continuous evaluation and making necessary changes when and where
required, packing waste for transportation and other purposes, polices are formulated for some
special wastes like hazardous, plastics from farm, electronic waste materials and equipments that
is of no use, scrap vehicles that are non-operative and are useless policies are formulated regard
to it, government laid policies on waste created through various accumulators, batteries etc.,
waste tyres and rubber waste management policies are also brought into course by government
along with that movement of waste hazardous, non-hazardous and import and export of waste
polices are made by the government for proper control over waste creators and for health and
safety of the people residing in the regions12. As per view point of Jambeck and et.al., (2015)
12 Wan, C., Shen, G.Q. and Choi, S., 2018. Differential public support for waste
management policy: The case of Hong Kong. Journal of Cleaner Production. 175. pp.477-488.
Waste, F.H., 2018. Hazardous waste management.

waste management policies should be framed following hierarchy and should include different
range of considerations. Waste management policies should consider minimization of waste
creation and preventive measures are to be taken to reduce waste and its harmful impacts,
reusing waste materials which can be used as it is said one man's junk is considered as another
man's treasure, reusing facilitates less waste creation and complete use of resources for gaining
optimality, recycling of the waste helps in creating less burden on the resources and waste can be
used to produce another product which can be used. This ensures optimal utilization of a
resource and creates less wastage, recovering considers recovering products that can be used
from waste, this helps in creating less burden on extraction of resources which are used to
increase production of demanded products and paves way for sustainability, disposal of the waste
is another process which is to be given special importance in terms of policy formation regarding
disposal because weak disposal policies can create particular problems and can cause serious
harm to health of the people living in that region and can contaminate the environment creating
serious health issues and can land government and society in danger. As explained by Kaza and
et.al., (2018) waste management policies should cater to various types of wastes separately and
duties and responsibility of waste creators along with authorities responsible for managing waste
should be provided with proper guidelines and framework according to which they should
operate. Policies regarding combustible waste and waste which can be recycles should be
properly narrated, movement of waste between territories and state of the country should be
communicated and government should be well-informed regarding it. Site, description, design,
working and management information of landfill sites should be considered and information in
descriptive format should be communicated to government to ensure that these landfills are well
operated and provided with the facilities. Kaza and et.al., (2018)argues that electronic waste is
given equal amount of consideration while framing policies regarding waste management
because the amount of electronic equipments demanded is onto rise day by day and will increase
more as time passes therefore addressing electronic waste is important and should be taken into
consideration. People purchase new electronic products and get rid of old ones creating problem
of disposal of electronic waste along with that packaging materials used for packing these
electronic items adds on to the waste and demands proper waste management policies. ()
conveys that when compared with developed nations, developing nation residents which comes
Windfeld, E.S. and Brooks, M.S.L., 2015. Medical waste management–A review. Journal of
environmental management.163. pp.98-108.

under the tag of urban poor are greatly impacted with ill effects of unsustainable managed waste
which is a major threat. In these developing countries more than 90 percent of waste is generally
discharged in dump sites which are not regulated properly through authority or do not have any
licence, here these wastes are openly burned resulting in harmful and serious health conditions
and environmental issues. These badly maintained waste gives rise to number of disease and acts
as a major factor in environmental change globally by generating methane. According to ()
managing waste in a proper manner acts as a building block towards sustainability but it
demands huge costs which most of the developing countries are not able to afford. Deep efforts
along with very strong political will is required for applying waste management techniques and
move forward in way of sustainability.
THEME 3Waste Management Policies in UK
According to Mian and et.al., (2017) in UK solid waste has become major concerns that has
increased environmental issues. This is happening in most of the urban areas where the
population is rapidly growing & so waste generation is increasing day to day. As the living
standards and patterns in urban areas are changing and it causes increase in the waste generation.
Urbanization & industrialization that has lead to new lifestyle and it also affects waste disposal.
Plastics use is increasing and the management waste is becoming complex. Best practices need
to implement as soon as possible and considering the environmental, economic and social
aspects.
THEME 4 Waste Management Policies in Liberia
As per the view point of Apeh, (2018) in Liberia 500 millilitre water i.e. 'sachet water' is used by
the people of Liberia as it incurs low cost and is the safest source of clean water for drinking for
the population. The objective of the study is to determine the sources of drinking water in the
area, how much sachet water bags are used by the people, what is the method used to dispose
sachet water and what environmental problems this sachet water generate. The methods used by
the researcher in the study was simple random sampling technique. 250 plus respondents were
interviewed using questionnaire on five point Likert scale which result in a score of 3 as cutoff
point and the data was analysed by using descriptive statistics. The findings from the study were
at least 6 sachet water bags is consumed per individual that contributes to the environmental
problems like drainage clogs, littering of environment, death of aquatic & terrestrial animals
caused by sachet water, decrease in oxygen for aquatic life & soil infertility. The

recommendations that were given by the author were to generate such sachet water that can be
reused and recycled, proper bin facilities for sachet water bags and public education campaign to
develop residents knowledge about how the sachet water affects the environment.
According to Mutafela and et.al., (2018) solid waste management in Monrovia, Liberia that
cause problems in sustainable development as there is rapid increase in the urbanization. Due to
urbanization, high living standards, economic development and changes in the consumption
patterns & lifestyle has increased the generation of waste. Mismanagement of wastes tends to
affect the progress in the direction of environmental sustainability. This study describes the
adequacy of waste management services in the town, investigate the link between development
and population & increase in waste generation. Research paper also states the qualitative and
quantitative factors that involves knowledge, practices & attitude of solid waste management,
sampling method is used by the researcher, questionnaire is made to gather information on waste
management in city. The findings of the study were the major waste is generated as the people
refuse to use organic products and use plastic instead. These have heightened as there is
insufficient technology that can ensure proper disposal of waste or due to lack of skilled
professionals and poor awareness in public13.
CHAPTER 3 DISCUSSION
Waste management is one of the biggest problem for the developed and developing countries. It
is essential for countries to make effective policies to manage the waste material effectively to
prevent different problems. This waste management is a is known as a process that includes the
process that manage the waste from its inception to the final disposal. There are different steps
includes in this process which are important for whole procedure. The process of waste
management includes collection, transport, treatment and disposal (Wan, Shen and Choi, 2018).
This process also includes the monitoring and regulation of waste management. This is really
difficult to manage different type of waste with a unified process. There is need of different
process that can help to treat waste effectively. It is not only about the rubbish but this also
includes the solid, liquid and gaseous wastes. It is duty of government to make effective and
13 Zaman, A.U., 2015. A comprehensive review of the development of zero waste
management: lessons learned and guidelines. Journal of Cleaner Production. 91. pp.12-25.
Zeng, X., and et.al., 2017. Examining environmental management of e-waste: China's
experience and lessons. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews.72. pp.1076-1082.

efficient policies to handle waste in country to prevent different kind of harms from it. There are
many sources of waste in a country.
In the waste management process all type of waste is included. For example this includes
industrial waste, biological waste and household waste. This is major risk for health of humans.
It is also harmful to animals. To make effective policy for waste disposal it is important to know
the various types of waste material that country is dealing with. Some times this is really difficult
to handle waste because the extraction process of waste can cause harm to human beings. The
main type of waste country need to handle is industrial waste. The amount of waste produced
from the industry is huge and the collection, transportation and disposal of this waste is complex
process. The waste collected from the industries consists of chemicals and other polymers which
are very difficult to handle. There are five types of waste is collected from the industries. This
five types of industrial waste are – liquid, solid, organic waste, recyclable rubbish and hazardous
waste. Liquid waste is consists of dirty water, organic liquid, wash water, waste detergents and
also rain water (Miedema,, 2017). This liquid type of industrial waste can be classified in point
and non point waste. Liquid that released in the manufacturing process is known as point waste
and other natural liquids are categorised as non point waste.
Segregation and cycling has been turns as the important past that has to been generated
by the company production, shipping ans the packaging in the environment. These types of the
waste are not reusable or compostable but it can be recycled able for the longer period. The
major step should be taken by the company in this regard should be in terms to have the
identification ODF the items that are needed to be recycled. Then the company should have the
establishment recycle binds and the dumpers which can help in restoring the sorted waste. It has
been recognizes that in most of the recycling centres there re mainly the glass, paper and the
plastic has been recycled. There should be segregation of the waste from the hazardous waste,
compostable waste from the non-hazardous one.
The next step can be taken by the company using of the landfills . It is one of the most
common ways to have disposed waste in the countries. The non-hazardous waste must be treated
to landfills including the non recyclable and boon compostable. The time the waste is sent to
landfills just confines to small area as it is necessary to be compacted and buried under earth.
The risk is that as the waste is decomposed in the landfills there is release of gases which can be
used in term of the natural gas and power. The another advantage of having the landfills is cost

effective and have designed to minimize the harm done to the environment. The next is to have
the understanding regarding the composting of the organic waste into fertilizers which will help
in having the nourishment of plants. There is last number of organic foods that is unsafe organic
items that can be turned to safe composing (Sridhar, Oluborode and Zacchaeus, 2017). The items
that can be included in composting are waste food, leaves , newspaper, very small pieces of
cardboards and many more. With the help of the decomposing the added in the soil a variety of
nutrients which encourage the growth and fertility of the soil. There are many effecting ways
which help in the decompaction of the waste material. Composting is turns out to be a effective
way in reusing and recycling the waste and have the proper management of the waste material
and the environment.
The solid waste collected from the industry is of different type which are- plastic waste,
paper and card waste, tins and metal waste and ceramic and glass waste. The process which is
used for disposal is different from the normal process. Some of this waste is recyclable and rest
of it can't be recycled. So this is difficult the separate this waste for further recycling or disposal.
Element like plastic, chemical and glass took long time to decompose. So it is essential for
government to consider this points at the time of policy making. By considering this issues this
will be very helpful for government to handle this kind of waste. Other type of waste collected
from the industry is of organic type. Organic waste is produced from the organic reactions. The
waste produced by the living entities is easy to decompose but this process is very problematic
because it can spread different dangerous diseases. The waste which produce methane gas is too
dangerous to handle because it is too inflammable and it can create huge blast and harm others as
well. Recyclable rubbish is the waste that can be recycled and reuse again. This includes the
waste material which is consists of solid items such as metal, paper, furniture and other type of
organic waste (Moh, 2017). These all kind of waste can be reused after the recycling process.
The last kind of waste which is produced from the industries is of hazardous waste which is
dangerous for human. This type of waste includes the waste which is toxic, flammable, corrosive
and reactive. Hazardous waste can cause harm to both environment and humans.
It is important for government to consider this all type of waste to make waste
management policy. Government can make individual policy for the management of the
industrial waste (Andersson and Stage, 2018). Through this policy government can force the
manufacturing plants and companies to store their waste in the classified way to support in the

extraction process and disposal process. Government also can force the companies to set up their
own waste management plan to handle the waste that is produced in their manufacturing process.
There are different process government can use to manage the waste that is collected from the
industries. But the process used for each type of waste is depends on the type of waste.
The most complex type of waste for government is of biological type. This type of waste
is capable of self replication and consists the strength to create intense harm on the living
organisms. The biohazards waste is not limited to the Bactria, fungi, viruses, rickettsiae,
chlamydia, parasites, allergens, cultured humans and prion. The biological waste is the waste that
consists of bio hazardous or contaminated agent. This type of waste can intensely damage the
living organisms. The waste like Petri dishes, surgical wrap, cultural tubes, needles, blood vials
and syringes are known as bio hazardous waste (Thi, Kumar and Lin, 2015). This type of waste
is too dangerous to collect and transport because it can spread various kind of diseases in people
who are handling it. This biological waste can be further classified in sharps, liquid and solid bio
hazardous waste. The liquid kind of waste includes the chemicals. For the handling of this kind
of waste material government can make strict protocol that can provide help to the people who
are handling it. This process should be consisted of some essential steps that are designed to
prevent any kind of hazard to others. For example government can make it compulsory to use
special non penetrable containers that can prevent the leakage of waste. For the waste which
have property of solid can be handles in the bags which are specially designed to handle bio
hazardous waste. The transportation process packaging should be of perfect type to prevent open
exposure of chemicals and other objects that are not good to come in contact with. This is how
government can make specific process and method to handle the bio hazardous waste which is
collected from the hospitals, house holds and industries (Zaman, 2015). The policy which is
designed for this type of waste should include the processes that can help the effective
management of waste. One of the way to dispose the bio hazardous waste is by burning it in the
closed chamber to prevent any kind infection later.
Household waste consists of various plants and animal wastes which are generated form
the households and kitchen-garden waste. These waste can be managed by the use of dustbins.
Household waste are of two types solid and liquid wastes. Solid wastes can be kitchen waste
which can be managed at home by converting it into manure. solid household wastes can be
separated. Solid waste includes the kitchen waste and the household waste which can be

generated from the houses and small housing practices wasted generated in kitchen can be stored
in separate bins like solid and liquid wastes. It must be placed at a separate place in house as it
generates various disease which can be harmful for the surrounding which can generate many
diseases which affect the surrounding. waste management must be properly done as collection of
waste must be done on regular basis which can minimise the diseases and helps in safeguarding
the environment. Dumping of waste and converting into manure can help in the creating a
sustainable environment. Household waste consist of non-hazardous wastes like food scrap,
papers, plastic bottles etc. which can be used by recycling and reusing it or composting. Some of
the hazardous waste generated are batteries and household-cleaners. Various alternatives to the
use of plastic must be found out which can minimise the risk and safeguard the environment.
disposal and minimal use of hazardous material must be done in order to make the environment
sustainable. Recycling of plastic bottles must be done so as to ensure safer environment. Three
R's must be followed that is reduce, reuse and recycle which can help in developing a sustainable
environment. Solid waste must be used dug and buried under garden soil which can be used to
generate manure14.
Government can use the waste management concept to minimise the use of the plastics
and hazardous things which can have a severe effect on human health which can minimise the
risk and safeguard the environment. Developing carious measures which can aims to reduce and
reuse of materials which can be used to prevent the environment15. Various schemes can be
introduced which can generate employment opportunities for the recycling of materials.
Packaging of waste must be properly done to minimise the risk of the diseases.
Liquid waste like kitchen waste must be dumped and disposed at a proper place. Use of carious
hazardous liquid wastes must be minimised. Liquid waste can be categorised as kitchen waste
and toilet waste. Waste of kitchen must be kept at proper place like left over food, contaminated
food which can be either dumped or sent out through a channel to a dumping place. Kitchen
waste can be recycled and the waste water must be used in garden area as a source of water.
Toilet wastes must be disposed off through sewerage and must be recycled. Various measures
14 Letcher, T.M. and Vallero, D.A. eds., 2019. Waste: A handbook for management. Academic
Press.
15 Ma, J. and Hipel, K.W., 2016. Exploring social dimensions of municipal solid waste management
around the globe–A systematic literature review. Waste management, 56, pp.3-12.

must be taken by the government which aims to filtering of water which can be used in
gardening and farming channels.
Preventive measures of different types of wastes:
Industrial waste:
Industrial waste consist of 5 types of waste namely liquid, solid, organic waste, recyclable
rubbish and hazardous waste. Which requires different method of waste management like
loading, recycling dumping and the measures involved for the management of waste. Industrial
waste can be harmful and hazardous for human health. Therefore a proper management of
disposal must be carried out to minimise the risk. For the liquid waste in the industry there must
be a separate channel through which it must be sent out of the industry. It must not be mixed
with the fresh water. Liquid waste management must be done with a great care as it contains
many toxins like carbon mono-oxide, sulphur-di-oxide etc. which are dangerous for human
health. There must be a special disposable trucks made for the disposal of the liquid waste. Its
recycling must be done in order to eliminate toxins as far as possible which can create a safe
channel. Minimization of spill material which are very much hazardous which can affect the
human life which can be very much dangerous. Tank cleaning and decommissioning must be
done in order to minimise the risks. Various cleaners such as fly tipping and site cleaners are
used to eliminate the risk from hazards. Factors and house safety cleaning devices must be
implied to minimize the risk. Use of asbestos must be minimised as the use of it generates toxins
which are harmful. It generated poisonous gases which depletes ozone layer. It also emits gases
which causes lungs cancer. Harmful toxins must be dumped at a safe place, its spill and irregular
dumping can cause diverse effect on plants and animal species. A regular disposal of waste must
be carried out to prevent a suitable measure to work for the better and safe working of the
environment. A safe channel must be created in the industries to minimise the risk of the
workers. Various methods to minimise the risk must be fulfilled as per the norms of the
government. Government must take preventive measures for the waste management in the
industry, which must be fulfilled to create a safe working structure. Chemical contaminants must
be dumped at a safer place. So that it must not affect the wildlife and nature16. Various channels
introduced by government must be used by the industry to minimise the use of toxins which can
16 Dias, P., Machado, A., Huda, N. and Bernardes, A.M., 2018. Waste electric and electronic
equipment (WEEE) management: a study on the Brazilian recycling routes. Journal of cleaner
production, 174, pp.7-16.

help in safeguarding the environment. Various recycling methods must be adopted which can
ensure reusing of raw materials. Waste audit must be done in order to keep a record of the waste
which is generated on an average which helps in minimising the use of waste and help in
prevention of ecological balance. Various cleaner production is carried out in various industries
which reduces the effect of the toxins preventing the environment. This project aims to develop
the way to use of toxins which can be help in classifying and reducing the toxicity and
preventing waste. Cutting the source of raw material which produces waste can be minimised in
the industry.
Biological Waste:
Biological wastes are the wastes from the hospitals which must be disposed there must
preventive measures which can be taken for the disposal of biological waste. These wastes are
very much harmful for the humans, plants, animals. There are various methods which are are
done to meet the safety needs: segregation, treatment, labels, packing, transportation etc.
Segregation: Segregation can be based on the cleaning of sterile biological waste which needs to
be dumped in a safer place segregation includes sharp objects to be broken, use of
pharmaceuticals liquid, infectious material must be segregated to ensure safety and provide an
ecological balance which can safeguard the environment17. Types of waste must be categorised
and kept at a separate place which must not be mixed as it can create toxins and generate a
poisonous substance. Separating hazardous waste from non hazardous waste these biological
waste must be separated to prevent from misleading of toxins.
Handling and transport: handling of biohazard waste must be done with the proper training as
this waste can create very serious health injuries to the person if not managing the waste with
proper care. Handling work like loading and unloading must be done with proper care. So as to
work with proper care and which can prevent form hazardous happenings. Transportation must
be done with proper and closed containers which can be treated with a proper management.
Waste care must be done with proper handling and care so as to prevent from hazards.
Transportation must be carried with a safe and secure means by various professionals which are
expertise in this job. Handling must be conducted with various carriage wagons and material
with separate labelling.
17 Intharathirat, R., Salam, P.A., Kumar, S. and Untong, A., 2015. Forecasting of municipal solid
waste quantity in a developing country using multivariate grey models. Waste management, 39, pp.3-14.

labelling biohazards waste: labelling must be done with separate packing so as no spill can be
produced labelling must be done by properly separating of material which can help in the
identification of biohazards various labelling must be done on different objects in order to
separate out the different types of waste which must ensure proper labelling of the wastes so that
it may be dumped easily and improper labelling can affect in the disposal methods18. There are
various measures used in labelling like labelling sharp objects are labelled as encapsulated
sharps. Autoclave bags are labelled differently which can be used for thermal treatment and
hazardous symbol must be applied on it.
disposal methods: different disposal methods require different disposal methods like disposal of
Animal carcasses are sent to burial or place on incinerate or commercial rendering plant for
disposal Solid Animal waste and bleeding parts are harmful for humans they must be disposed
off from thermal disinfection or chemical disinfection. This includes blood or blood product
which are infectious to human health which causes severe health problems which can be
chemically treated or discharged into sanitary sewerage system. Metal can be removed and sharp
objects must be kept with a precautions. Safety must be ensured and proper dumping must be
done. Broken glasses must be kept at a proper box and must be recycled if possible or disposed
off.
Household waste:
Household waste are the waste generated from the houses which creates a huge amount of waste
its management is necessary every year tons of household waste is generated which must be
taken care of government of many countries took initiative to prevent the surrounding from the
wastes. Household waste are of two types namely solid and liquid waste. Solid waste can be
easily disposed of by burning in a pit which can be used to make manure. Artificial measures can
be taken for the prevention of manure19. Which can either be sold out or used in kitchen-garden.
Preventive measures towards the use of plastic and toxic substance must be done in order to
prevent and safeguard the ecosystem. Less use of non-biodegradable wastes which can prevent
18 Bing, X., Bloemhof, J.M., Ramos, T.R.P., Barbosa-Povoa, A.P., Wong, C.Y. and van der Vorst,
J.G., 2016. Research challenges in municipal solid waste logistics management. Waste management, 48,
pp.584-592.
19 Wilson, D.C., Rodic, L., Cowing, M.J., Velis, C.A., Whiteman, A.D., Scheinberg, A., Vilches, R.,
Masterson, D., Stretz, J. and Oelz, B., 2015. ‘Wasteaware’benchmark indicators for integrated
sustainable waste management in cities. Waste Management, 35, pp.329-342.

from the harmful toxins. Use of natural materials can reduce the waste which can be beneficial
for the society. There must be two separate dustbins used which carry different type of wastes.
Solid and liquid waste must be kept separately which can offer an easy means of disposal20.
There must be a regular waste pickup facility initiated by the local government which can use
the waste with proper disposal. Waste must be recycled and reused as much as possible which
can minimise the generation of new non-biodegradable products which can help in waste
management. As the urbanization is growing at a rapid rate which increases the rapid rate of the
waste. A proper management must be carried out to reduce the waste. Many plastic and glass
products can be recycled and reused which can safeguard the environment. Reduce and reuse can
generate higher capacity of the employment there are many steps taken up by the government
which can be used to prevent hazards. Government must employ the methods of waste
segregation prohibiting throwing garbage at any public place proper storage and management of
waste must be carried out its transportation and disposal must be done properly. Unconditional
dumping of biodegradable waste must be done to ensure proper landfills and providing
cleanliness. Landfills must be engineered and preventive measures must be ensured before use.
A regular mechanism must be provided for reduce, reuse and recycling process which can be
used to minimise the waste and provide a sustainable atmosphere. Non biodegradable or scraps
can be used by authorised scraper which prevent the use of excess raw materials. This can
safeguard the environment which can be used to ensure the safeguarding the environment.
Wastes which cannot be disposed off can be recycles and used as alternatives in many of the
industries which can reduce the use of material which are toxins like plastics. This can help in
safeguarding the environment and prevent the environment21. This measures like reduce and
recycling will safeguard the environment and also aims in reducing cost in many industries, it
may provide a resource to many sectors by the method of recycling, providing an environmental
safety. This also aims to generate the safe channel by channelising the right use of household
waste.
20 Al-Khatib, I.A., Kontogianni, S., Nabaa, H.A. and Al-Sari, M.I., 2015. Public perception of
hazardousness caused by current trends of municipal solid waste management. Waste Management, 36,
pp.323-330.
21 Fei, F., Qu, L., Wen, Z., Xue, Y. and Zhang, H., 2016. How to integrate the informal recycling
system into municipal solid waste management in developing countries: Based on a China’s case in
Suzhou urban area. Resources, conservation and recycling. 110. pp.74-86.

CHAPTER 4 Research Methodology
Research methodology is a general research strategy developed to peruse a research. It is
a systematic development of the analysis which is to be carried out using various techniques and
strategies to complete a research methodologies. Research methodology is a technique used to
carry out the evaluation of techniques, process and rules which is to be followed to identify and
achieve various key objectives. it includes strategies and designs which are carried out during the
research study defining various advantages and disadvantages to be carried out during the
research. It is a set of research framework and paradigm which are to be used in the research.
Research study carried out comprises of: qualitative research, quantitative research, applied
research, problem oriented and problem solving research. Present study is carried out on ' Waste
Management Policies'.
Research type: there are two main type of researches which are carried out in two main types
Qualitative and Quantitative.
Qualitative consist of surveys which are carried out which identifies patterns and range of
research which are required to identify the approaches which can help in designing the questions
and structures which are best suited in our study. It consists of survey, existing data and
experiments which can help to examine the data and carry out research to evaluate the results.
This can be carried out by various existing data which can be manipulated and implemented in
the research22.
Quantitative research comprises of the data and interviews which are invested on the basis of the
interpretation and gaining a deep review from the people, it the actual data surveyed by the
researcher which helps in maintaining the research process and evaluating out the result. It is an
in depth exportation and the thinking of the live audience it is carried on a live research done in
order to carry out the depth analysis23. It refers to deep understanding the topic and generating
the layout and analysing mathematical data.
22 Ho, W.S., Hashim, H., Lim, J.S., Lee, C.T., Sam, K.C. and Tan, S.T., 2017. Waste
Management Pinch Analysis (WAMPA): Application of Pinch Analysis for greenhouse gas
(GHG) emission reduction in municipal solid waste management. Applied energy, 185, pp.1481-
1489.
23 Saling, J., 2018. Radioactive waste management. Routledge.

Our research' Waste management policies' are carried out on the basis of existing data which are
carried out on behalf of the data recorded by the government and private researchers. It helps in
generating the result of the evaluation carried and to maintain the research procedures. It is
carried out on the content analysis which helps in evaluating the content and helps in the
development of the solution which results in the further process. Thematic process is carried out
to give a detailed study and evaluate results24.
Research Design:
It is a framework which can be used to design the layout of the research done on the basis
and criteria which can be used to evaluate out the results. It defined the layout of the procedures
and methods which are to be carried out to give a suitable approach to the problems by
combining and evaluating various pros and corns which can be evaluated in a fairly sensible
manner, which delivers out a solution to the methodology which are applied in the research.
Research design is done in a fair manner which helps in assessing the problems in the research
and delivering the appropriate output. To avoid an error an appropriate method must be chosen
and the research design must be according to the nature of the study and research methodology.
There are broadly two kinds of research design is followed to conduct the research that is:
qualitative and quantitative research design, which is further divided in five kinds:- experimental,
diagnostic, explanatory, descriptive and correlational research design25.
For the present research study descriptive research approach is used to carry out the
evaluation on 'Waste Management Policies' which can be used to evaluate in the generation of
scholars. As in this design various descriptive methods are used as description in researches
which is to be executed as there are many countries which are facing this issues regarding the
waste management policies which result in the strategical waste management which are a major
threat to the firm. Descriptive research will provide a descriptive analysis of the management of
waste which can be used to generate a descriptive case study and observe the data and conclude
with the result without influencing the data and variable of the study.
24 Wilson, D.C., Rodic, L., Modak, P., Soos, R., Carpintero, A., Velis, K., Iyer, M. and
Simonett, O., 2015
25 Bakas, I., Laurent, A., Clavreul, J., Saraiva, A.B., Niero, M., Gentil, E. and Hauschild,
M.Z., 2018. LCA of solid waste management systems. In Life Cycle Assessment (pp. 887-926).
Springer, Cham.

A descriptive research is to be carried out with the detailed study of the 'waste Management'
which can not be analysed using a mathematical calculations. Research needs to interpret the
data. This research is designed to evaluate the key problems and to eliminate a result and defines
the key objectives and evaluate outcomes.
Research philosophy:
It is a part of research methodology which plays an important role in the research study of
the researcher. As it is considered as a belief regarding the different ways of analysis and
collection of data for a particular phenomenon. It refers to the knowledge development which is
adopted by the scholars in its research study. Research philosophy is a theory which provide
directions to the scholars or researcher about the collection and analysis of data for any
phenomenon. To conduct the research, a researcher can follow the different kinds of research
philosophy such as:- pragmatism, realism, interpretivism and positivism in its study, according to
the nature and methodology used for the research, as the philosophy of research reflects the
assumptions of the researcher and further provide the base for the strategy of research26.
For present research study, the researcher use the interpretivism philosophy to analyse the
'Waste Management Policies'. Researcher use this philosophy to conduct the research as because
in interpretivism philosophy the researcher emphasis on the deep understanding of the study and
the interest of scholars is focused on the specifications and uniqueness of the study. Data is
generated through interpretation of the study and for the purpose of pursuing the investigation
regarding research the scholars or researcher will prefer field study. In this philosophy the
researcher will conduct its research on small samples which assists to develop in-depth or deep
understanding about the followed phenomena, and data are generated through primary sources
which ensures the validity of high level and study considered to be honest and trustworthy. In
this philosophy the acquired knowledge has been constructed socially rather than perceived and
analysed objectively27. The motive of the researcher behind following the interpretivism
philosophy is to understand and give interpretation of the meanings in the behaviour of humans
26 Reno, J., 2015. Waste and waste management. Annual Review of Anthropology, 44,
pp.557-572.
27 Ali, M., Wang, W., Chaudhry, N. and Geng, Y., 2017. Hospital waste management in
developing countries: A mini review. Waste Management & Research, 35(6), pp.581-592.

rather than generalizing the interpretation and prediction of cause and effects of human
behaviour.
Research approach:
It is an approach which involves technicality and planning which needs to be carried out
in the research research approaches can be can be categories into two: inductive and deductive. If
you finds the answer at the starting of the research it can be an inductive approach. If testing and
analysing is done to find out the result which carries a detailed study it can be deductive
approach28.
For collection interpretation and analysis of data. Research approach is based on research
problems which is affected by nature of research problem. Interpretation of study defines type of
approach to be followed by the assumptions made by nature of problem which needs to be
addressed by the study. In this study on 'waste management policy' an inductive approach is
carried out as the end results are predefined only the specific strategy must be considered so as to
minimise and facilitates waste management which can help in the giving a strategic approach to
carry out the study in the project. Its main aim is to develop the resource which are to be
approached by the means of collection of data which give an emergence to the types of
approaches which needs to be identified to solve the related problems used in formulation of
research questions29.
While adopting the inductive approach for the study, the scholar has to develop
generalization which must be factual and practical. For the researcher, it is not necessary to
formulate the hypotheses at the beginning of the research, as because the researcher can't predict
the results of the research and also the nature and types of findings of the study is unknown to
the scholar till the completion of the study. The researcher first concerned with the data gathering
and then determines the set patterns with the motive of development of new theory which is
28 Medvedev, A., Fedchenkov, P., Zaslavsky, A., Anagnostopoulos, T. and Khoruzhnikov,
S., 2015. Waste management as an IoT-enabled service in smart cities. In Internet of Things,
Smart Spaces, and Next Generation Networks and Systems (pp. 104-115). Springer, Cham.
29 Paritosh, K., Kushwaha, S.K., Yadav, M., Pareek, N., Chawade, A. and Vivekanand, V.,
2017. Food waste to energy: an overview of sustainable approaches for food waste management
and nutrient recycling. BioMed research international, 2017.

based on the study and the interpretation of the data. The researcher by following this approach
of research generalize the findings from specific to general, mainly.
Data collection:
Data collection is the procedure of assembling and measuring information and targeted
variable in established system, which is enabled one to answer proper question and evaluate
outcomes. There are two types of data primary data and Secondary data. Primary data is term of
data collected at source. This type of data is collected directly from the first-hand source with the
help of survey, experimentation and observation is called primary data.
Various types of primary source are: Observation method is commonly used of an
behavioural science. Under this method researcher use scientific tools for collection of data,
where it provides formulated researcher. It is a systematic way of planned and subject to control
and check. Interview method is the process of involving presentation of oral and verbal form of
collecting data. Data can be collected by two ways whereas first is personal interview and second
one is telephonic interview30. In this questionnaire method the questionnaire send mail to the
concerned person who expected to read, understand and reply to the questionnaire. It consists
number of question printed in definite order. Schedule method of data collection is similar to the
Questionnaire method where different schedules is filled by enumeration specially appointed for
purpose. It explains the aims and objective of the investigation and remove misunderstanding
and helps respondent to record answers. Enumeration should be trained well to perform their job
well, it should be honest and hard-working. This type of method is helpful in extensive enquiries.
Hence, it is expensive method of data collection. Secondary data is collected by other person
than the user. This data is already exist in the market and already analysed by any other person.
Such types of secondary data are available in the form of books, journal, newspaper, magazine
etc.
Data analysis:
It is explained as a procedure of application of sensible and statistical methods or
techniques for the evaluation of the data with the motive of finding the productive and
advantageous information which assists the business organization in its decision-making process.
30 Bong, C.P.C., Ho, W.S., Hashim, H., Lim, J.S., Ho, C.S., Tan, W.S.P. and Lee, C.T.,
2017. Review on the renewable energy and solid waste management policies towards biogas
development in Malaysia. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 70, pp.988-998.

The data analysis which is used for qualitative research gives understanding of the research
objectives to the researchers by understanding the patterns of the data.
As the nature of present study is qualitative, that is why to analyse the data the researcher
has been used the thematic data analysis technique to conduct the research. Thematic analysis
has been used to focus on the examination of themes in data, as this technique mainly emphasize
on the description of set of data and works on the recognition of implicit as well as explicit plan
and intentions within the research data. The researcher follows the thematic analysis to further
analysing the research data with the help of graphical presentation of collected data and then the
interpretation of data has been done to show the 'Waste Management Policies'.
Thematic analysis aids the researcher in moving towards inspecting the patterns from the
inclusive study of collected data and also helps in drafting a distinct research questionnaire. This
technique of data analysis enables the researcher to gain in-depth knowledge from collected set
of data. This technique have been used by scholar of the present study because in this kind of
research it is not convenient or possible for the researcher to determine the responses of the
respondents, hence this analysis is immensely inductive in nature31. In this technique of data
analysis the patterns of collected data has been identified by following different procedure of
familiarizing of data, coding, revision and by developing various themes from collected data.
Sampling Methodologies:
It is a procedure for selecting the sample member from the population. There are two
types of sample method probability method and non probability method. Probability sample- It is
a method of selecting the random member from the population by setting few selection criteria.
This method allows every member have equal opportunity to be an part of various sample. Non
Probability sampling- This method is reliant on researcher ability to select randomly. It is not a
pre-defined and fix selection process which make difficult for all element population to have
equal opportunity.
Here the researcher are using the Simple random sampling method to conduct research on
“Waste Management Policy”. It is a part of Probability sampling method. It is one of the best
probability sampling techniques and it helps in saving time and resource is called random
sampling, where every single member of population chosen randomly. As a part of this sample
31 Inglezakis, V.J. and Moustakas, K., 2015. Household hazardous waste management: A
review. Journal of environmental management, 150, pp.310-321.

each member having the equal chance and have same probability. Researcher used the random
selection method because it has been selected for various reasons as Equal chance of selection-
This method allows everyone to have equal chance of selection.
Ethical consideration:
It can be specified as one of the most important part of the research. Ethics are norms or
standards that conduct to distinguish between right and wrong. It helps to determine the
difference between acceptable and unacceptably behaviour. In this research, Researcher had
considered certain ethics, where researcher participate not to harm any of the respondent in any
condition while did the research. In the research Researcher had priority to respect each of
dignity of research participants. Before the research study the researcher took full consent from
the participants about the research and make ensure that they well about the research. The
researcher has to be ensured about the protection and take care off & also maintained the privacy
of the research participants32. Make ensure about Anonymity of organization and individual
participants in the research. The researcher avoids all kind of deception or exaggeration about the
aim and objective of the research. Any kind of communication related to the research the
communication transparency done with honesty while in the research. It's researcher
responsibility that any misleading information is their regarding the research than the researcher
avoid such misleading information so that no bias and error occur at the end of the research. Any
form of relation or source of funding as well as any conflict of interest is their than the researcher
had to declare.
Chapter5 CONCLUSION:
This study aims to the management of waste which are a major problem in countries like United
Kingdom and Liberia where the management of waste must be carried out in order prevent the
surroundings from the hazards which can be minimised by right strategic formulation of the
waste aims which needs to minimise the waste, there must be certain industrial laws against the
waste management which can minimise the effect of the waste to human life. Waste can have a
severe impact as many of the biological wastes and industrial wastes are hazardous and can
affect serious conditions which can prevail the human lives. If proper waste management is not
32 Babaei, A.A., Alavi, N., Goudarzi, G., Teymouri, P., Ahmadi, K. and Rafiee, M., 2015.
Household recycling knowledge, attitudes and practices towards solid waste
management. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 102, pp.94-100.

done this can lead to development of many diseases. Barren landfills can be utilised to minimise
the risk and create an awareness between individuals towards the management of waste.
Government must strictly follow the waste management strategies to eliminate waste and to
create an awareness for the waste management. Certain recycling machines must be introduced
where many things must be recycled and used as per the needs, bi-products can be achieved
which can minimise the use of natural extracts and provide a sustainable environment.

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