Silicosis: A Health and Rights Issue

This assignment delves into the critical issue of silicosis, a severe respiratory illness stemming from prolonged exposure to respirable crystalline silica dust. It examines the medical aspects of silicosis, including its pathogenesis and long-term consequences like asbestosis and lung cancer. The assignment also explores occupational safety regulations concerning silica exposure, highlighting the role of organizations like NIOSH and OSHA in protecting workers. Furthermore, it delves into the ethical dimension of silicosis, addressing it as a human rights concern and emphasizing the need for equitable access to healthcare and prevention measures.

Running head: CAUSES AND PREVENTION OF SILICOSIS 1
Cause and Prevention of Silicosis
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CAUSES AND PREVENTION OF SILICOSIS 2
Introduction
Silicosis is a condition caused by inhaling of silica or free crystalline silicon oxide over a period.
Silica is composed of quartz and is a common mineral contained in the earth's crust which is
commonly found in fine gravel, rock and most metal ores. Inhaling of dirt with crystal like silica
is hazardous to human health and has continually proved to be deadly if precautionary measures
are not employed. Silicosis is progressive hence may get more severe over time. Symptoms may
start as loss of breath, weakness or an acute cough with other symptoms being chest pain, fever,
sweating, weight loss and respiratory breakdown (Breckenridge, 2015). Since this occupational
disease is caused by inhaling silicon oxide or silica, people that work in mining, masonry,
sandblasting, asphalt manufacturing and glass manufacturing industries just to name a few are at
high risk of contracting silica because they deal with silica in their line of work.
Literature Review
Silicosis comes about due to working environment exposing an individual to crystalline silica.
This continues all through the world regardless of information on the causes and successful
means of counteractive action. Silicosis as occupational diseases is alarmingly high among
individuals overexposed to dust in different ventures and occupations, for example, mining,
construction, and building maintenance among others. Silicosis is incurable and might be
dynamic even after dust exposure has stopped. Hence early recognition and effective mediations
are vital. Albeit current ailment is a consequence of past exposures, compelling control of current
work environment exposures is the best way to prevent continued occurrence of these possibly
crippling illnesses. Doctors and professional health caregivers can add to this exertion through
precise analysis and give more information on the management and preventive measures of the
diseases (Perkins, Peeters, Wouters, Reynaert, & Mossman, 2014).

CAUSES AND PREVENTION OF SILICOSIS 3
When silica is inhaled, the cells in the lungs incorporates the crystalline silica particles by
drawing them into the vacuole of its cytoplasm (Luna-Gomes, Santana, & Coutinho-Silva, 2015).
This causes lysosomal damage activating inflammasome which is responsible for inflammatory
processes known for inducing programmed cell death. Additionally, the crystalline silica dust
particles act as small sharp objects like blades on the lungs. These blade-like silica particles
make cuts that injure the lung tissue when inhaled through the airways, that is, mouth or nose
which leads to difficulty in closing and opening of the lungs hence consequential breathing-
related complications (Rosner, 2014).
Further, the major imperative agent in the progression of silicosis is "the yield of the
concentration of dirt with crystalline silica in working environment aura and the amount of
crystalline silica in the entire dust"("National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health
(NIOSH), U.S.A," 1976). The ailment comprises of congestion of the respiratory framework
tissues that inevitably resulting to fibrosis, the toughening of the lungs, lessening the capacity to
inhaling with ease (Glenn DD, 2008). Being exposed to crystalline silica will likewise wax the
danger of advancing tuberculosis and other nonmalignant respiratory-related infections and
adding to renal and immune system respiratory sicknesses. It's also important that the
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and the government of United States has
classified crystalline silica as a known human carcinogen hence resulting to lung cancer
(Mazurek, Wood, Schleiff, & Weissman, 2017)
According to "Silicosis and lung cancer in U.S. metal miners," 1991, any level of silica exposure
can lead to silicosis where it is progressive from one type to another. The types include acute,
accelerated and chronic silicosis depending on the level of exposure. Chronic silicosis, the
commonly recognized type of the sickness, commonly progresses following at least ten years of

CAUSES AND PREVENTION OF SILICOSIS 4
presentation to moderately low dirt concentration. Accelerated silicosis comes about due to
exposure to elevated concentration of silica for a period of 5 to 10-years. Lastly, acute silicosis is
an uncommon however exceptionally lethal sickness the source being a concise yet enormous
exposure to dust containing crystalline silica with elevated quartz capacity (Esteban, 2004).
Silicosis is as old as human activities on the earth's crust. Hence conclusive studies have been
done on the ailment giving more insight on it. According to Silicosis Mortality, Prevention, and
Control—United States, 1968-2002 (2005), silicosis is an occupational ailment which is
preventable but effective treatment of the ailment is yet to be known hence more protective
measures should be put in place. The studies show a decline in silicosis death rate in the recent
past. Nonetheless, silicosis fatalities and recent conditions still happen in equal proportion to
youthful workers. Since effective diagnosis for silicosis is largely unavailable, successful
management of crystalline silica exposure in the work environment is vital (Silicosis Deaths
Among Young Adults—the United States, 1968-1994, 1998)
Recognizing silicosis as a deadly health hazard is an initial step in protecting workers exposed to
silica from its exposure, and this should be done by assessing the unrealized ability of employee
exposure before beginning a job. Consequently, identifying any job or operation that could lead
to exposure of dust is inevitable in seeking to protect the worker from the diseases ("Silica... It's
not just dust," 1997). Such a precaution will reduce silicosis mortality and reduce the number of
workers contracting the occupational disease and other related respiratory associated sicknesses
which are majorly tuberculosis and cancer.
Other preventive or precautionary steps in counteracting silicosis according to National Institute
for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) include dust control, personal hygiene, protective
clothing, air monitoring and respiratory protection. Dust control involves utilizing the dust

CAUSES AND PREVENTION OF SILICOSIS 5
gathering systems accessible for several types of dust producing equipment. Also, the employer
should look for dust controls when obtaining equipment and when constructing a structure for
working environment, ventilation should be put in place to ensure dust is not discharged into the
air to protect workers and locals from being exposed to crystalline silica. Another crucial dust
control mechanism is using water through the penetrating stem during drilling or utilizing a drill
with a dust accumulation system to lessen the amount of dust noticeable in the air or
surrounding. Lastly, using abrasives containing under 1% crystalline silica amid rough impacting
to keep quartz dust from being discharged in the air. On personal hygiene as a counteractive
measure for silicosis, individuals should avoid eating, drinking or smoking in dusty areas
together with parking cars where they will be little or zero contamination with silica. Rinsing of
the hands and face before eating or drinking outside dusty areas is also vital for shielding
workers from respirable crystalline silica and different contaminants, for example, lead
especially amid rough impacting operation (NIOSH 1991). Another fundamental preventive
measure is ensuring dusty garments do not sully cars, homes, or worksites outside the dusty
range. This can be achieved by showering and changing into clean attire before leaving the
working environment and changing into washable or disposable working clothes at the site.
Lastly, monitoring of air is needed to quantify precentation to reparable crystalline silica and to
choose suitable engineering controls and respiratory protection.
Apart from the preventive measures applied in the workplace where one is exposed and personal
responsibilities to minimize silica exposure, Cowie, Murray, & Becklake (2010) suggests that
physicians or specialists in occupational diseases, in this case, being silicosis have a crucial role
to play in monitoring the conditions of those exposed. This involves doing examinations and
tests on individuals exposed to crystalline silica with symptoms like coughing, shortness of

CAUSES AND PREVENTION OF SILICOSIS 6
breath and mass depreciation. Since silicosis is a respiratory-related condition test like chest X-
ray, chest CT scan, pulmonary function tests, skin tests for tuberculosis and serologic tests for
connective tissue sickness should be done to ascertain the diagnosis and rule out alike ailments
(Samet, 1996). The information from the tests enables the affected to take precautionary
measures to prevent the disease from being severe. Other side treatments such as cough medicine
and antibiotics are also prescribed together with having routine tuberculosis skin tests
Teaching laborers about silicosis are critical since there can be health inconveniences and even
lethal outcomes (Pandey, 2014). Some countries like the USA have put government
organizations, for example, NIOSH, the Mining Safety and Health Administration (MSHA), the
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), and some neighborhood Department of
Labor (DOL) workplaces where information can be easily accessed. There are a few successful
anticipation recordings accessible, for example, Silicosis: Incurable however Preventable and
educating employees earlier enabling them to begin laboring is vital, yet prior training is
similarly critical. MSHA requires whole day of general security training prior to another worker
working time, alongside 8 hours of refresher preparing one day every year. This ensures the
threats of silica is on the bleeding edge of the employees' brains (Reis, 2006).
Utilization of respirators ought to be the last line of the barrier and not intensely depended upon,
especially if respirator utilize is, for the most part, manifests random behavior unless somebody
is guiding the laborers and respirators are seldom powerful in larger concentrations (Thomas &
Kelley, 2010)

CAUSES AND PREVENTION OF SILICOSIS 7
Suitability of Current Surveillance Methods
As silicosis isn't a reparable illness, it is of keen interest and viable result to explore the
probability of utilizing clinical procedures such as CT scans, X-rays and respiratory medicine
prescription in monitoring silicosis. This treatments and procedures help in indicating initial
stages of exposure to crystalline silica or time in advance beginning of silicosis. Moreover, it is
additionally of significance to access these clinical checkups before the edge weight of
crystalline silica in the lung is surpassed. Of late, demonstrations have indicated that the moment
an individual has been exposed to silica over a period for instance 10-15 years, silica-actuated
aspiratory illness advances without continued exposure to silica (Gulumian et al., 2006). Hence
proving how treatment and silicosis diagnosis is vital as a counteractive measure in the
management and reduction of silicosis as an occupational disease among the workers that are
exposed to silica.
Further, silicosis is a well-established work-related sickness and remains a noteworthy work-
related medical issue in most parts of the world. It is in charge of high dismalness and mortality
in workers (Kulkarni, 2007). Albeit, alarming statistics depicting the dangers of silica exposure,
governmental and non-governmental organization have been in forefront in educating and giving
information to workers and industries owners on how to counter the ailment. It has been noted
that there has been significant drop of individuals suffering from the diseases statistically. The
knowledge provided and the awareness created has been important in this noted drop in mortality
among workers exposed to dust in their working environment. Also, information provided by the
disease prevention and its application to counter it comes with monetary benefits, for example,
expanded production by healthy laborers, lessening of illness absenteeism and less consumption
of therapeutic services and above all the easing of human suffering (Jindal, 2013).

CAUSES AND PREVENTION OF SILICOSIS 8
Assessment of Occupation Exposure Standards (OESs)
According to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), 2.3 million workers
are not protected from crystalline silica causing silicosis and other respiratory complications in
the USA alone. This insinuates that the number will grow if statistics are shared from other
countries which silicosis and other silica exposure-related disease are a concern. The
organization further notes that 2 million more are workers who engage in construction workers
where drilling, crushing, or grinding silica-containing materials is in there line duty. From the
statistics, a relatively high population is at risk of contracting silicosis, lung cancer, tuberculosis
and other respiratory diseases if appropriate and workable silica exposure standards are not in
place. It is projected by OSHA that if the rules put in place are adhered to, a monetary benefit of
$7.7 billion annually will be registered in the USA.
Although some responsible employees have been in the forefront in shielding workers from
hazardous presentation to respirable crystalline silica for a long period, projected results have not
been met yet (Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2016). This is due to neglect of
most employees hence the coming up with standards that are governed by the law of the land to
ensure every individual exposed to dust is protected. Measures that have been put in place in
some countries like the USA include a reasonable exposure point of confinement of 50
micrograms crystalline silica per cubic meter of aura. The standard also incorporates different
arrangements to protect workers, for example, requirement for exposure appraisal, techniques for
managing exposure, respiratory guarding, therapeutic surveillance, risk information sharing and
recordkeeping (Practice for Health Requirements Relating to Occupational Exposure to
Respirable Crystalline Silica). With the rules in place, workplace protection from hazards will be

CAUSES AND PREVENTION OF SILICOSIS 9
increased. The estimation in projection is that the rules will prevent or rather reduce the silicosis
cases and other respiratory diseases thus helpful to ones exposed to dust in their workplaces.
Additional Measures
With increased knowledge and standards in place on the cause and prevention of silicosis, the
rate at which silicosis is being eradicated is notably slow. Though mortality numbers caused by
silicosis and other related diseases is decreasing, the death rate is still high. According to WHO,
this scenario has been observed chiefly because of lack of risk perception. This entails disbelief
that dust can cause serious harm and severe underestimation of the real threat of silicosis. Other
reasons include financial aspects being prioritized over health concerns and small studies on low
cost and simple control solutions (Mulanovich, Lescano, Gonzaga, & Blazes, 2007).
Thus, for the world to be silicosis free, non-governmental and governmental organizations
without power to enforce recommendations and standards should not be left alone in ensuring a
change is effected. The governments of the various countries where silicosis is a concern should
provide the recommendations in place and the standards set are adhered to by the stakeholders.
Laws should be put in place to prosecute those that violate the set standards to minimize dust
emission consequently reducing or preventing silicosis and other dust-related diseases.
Conclusion
The monetary benefit being the motivation of the globe, industries are emerging daily to utilize
any resources available to maximize profits. Most of the coming up industries deal with dust
producing raw materials. Also with increasing population with fewer jobs to absorb the
increasing population, most will find it hard to resist from seeking employment in this industries
for survival. Albeit there is enough knowledge on the danger of dust exposure, one will sacrifice

CAUSES AND PREVENTION OF SILICOSIS 10
health at the altar of financial benefit. Having stated that silicosis is caused by dust containing
silica, it translates to more people contracting silicosis, lung cancer, and tuberculosis among
other with increasing number of industries dealing with dust. Countering the ailment, therefore,
must involve the collective responsibility of stakeholders. The government should take its part in
ensuring that the standards in place are adhered to without fail. The employers should also
guarantee the application of recommendations and standards is active in their industries.
Employees should ensure personal hygiene is paramount especially after work and lastly,
physicians should educate the public on related respiratory diseases and provide the precise
diagnosis for the treatment and prevention of silicosis.

CAUSES AND PREVENTION OF SILICOSIS 11
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