The Impact of Cigarette Smoking on the Health of UK Teenage Population

The current research report analyses the impact of cigarette smoking on the health of UK teenage population. The study suggests that teenagers are mostly inclined towards smoking due to their family members, as they also smoke. Nevertheless, are willing to quit smoking by seeking appropriate guidance.

Quantitative Research
Methods for Social Scientists

ABSTRACT
The current research report is being commissioned to analyse the impact of cigarette
smoking on the health of person – a study on UK teenage population. The researcher has
formulated different small objectives and for the purpose of fulfilling these objectives,
quantitative analysis was being adopted which was being done through seeking help from
SPSS tool. The overall findings of the study suggests that teenagers are mostly inclined
towards smoking due to their family members, as they also smoke. Nevertheless, are willing
to quit smoking by seeking appropriate guidance. The final section of the report concludes
that prevalence regarding cigarette smoking is rising continuously among the teenager and
are willing to stop smoking seeking appropriate guidance.

CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................
Background of the study.............................................................................................................
Research aim...............................................................................................................................
Research objectives.....................................................................................................................
Research questions......................................................................................................................
Rationale of the study.................................................................................................................
LITERATURE REVIEW................................................................................................................
Cigarette smoking prevalence among young teenagers..............................................................
Health consequences of cigarette smoking.................................................................................
METHODOLOGY..........................................................................................................................
Methods used and rationale for these..........................................................................................
Sampling and rationale................................................................................................................
Research process.........................................................................................................................
Ethical considerations.................................................................................................................
Reflexivity...................................................................................................................................
RESULT..........................................................................................................................................
Cross tabulation...........................................................................................................................
DISCUSSION..................................................................................................................................
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................
APPENDIX 1...................................................................................................................................
APPENDIX 2.................................................................................................................................
APPENDIX 3.................................................................................................................................

TOPIC – The impact of cigarette smoking on the health of person. a study on UK teenage
population
INTRODUCTION
Background of the study
One of the biggest issues in the world of health is the issue related to smoking. It has
been found out that in the year 2018, there has been augmentation in the smokers at the age
of 10 to 18 years by nine percent in comparison to that in the year 2013. It is quite dreaded
that the this increase in the number will in turn augment the number of diseases at the young
age. Considering this, the current research is being undertaken for analysing the influence of
cigarette smoking on the health of UK teenagers (Fuller, 2018). Because the content of the
cigarette can cause different side effects in almost all the organs of the body.
Research aim
The main aim of the current research report is “to analyse the impact of cigarette
smoking on the health of person – a study on UK teenage population”.
Research objectives
 To evaluate the impact of cigarette smoking on the health of teenagers
 To analyze the factors which causes them to smoke
 To recommend strategies for stopping smoking
Research questions
 What is the impact of cigarette smoking on the health of teenagers?
 Which factors might cause teenagers to smoke?
 How teenagers can stop or lesson down cigarette smoking?
Rationale of the study
The current research study is being undertaken to throw some light and enlighten the
young adults about the impact of cigarette smoking on their health, thus, helping them to
reduce or quite smoking. Further, the study will be also going to support and aid the
researcher and practitioners who are doing or planning to conduct study in respect of the
current topic being chosen.
1

LITERATURE REVIEW
Cigarette smoking prevalence among young teenagers
According to Proctor (2019), smoking, drugs and drinking among the younger
population have been increasing with the passage of time. It has been estimated that every
year more than 207000 children in the UK begin smoking and among the adult smokers
around two third reports that they have started smoking prior the age of 18 and more than
eighty percent prior the age of 20.2.
Figure 1: Percentage of regular smokers aged 11-15 by sex
(Hopkinson and et.al, 2017).
Further, the percentage of children who have ever smoked is continuously declining.
In the year 2018, sixteen percent of the children falling in the age group 11-15 years had
smoked at least one. The prevalence of regular smoking is also augmenting with the age that
is zero percent of 11 years olds to five percent years old.
Health consequences of cigarette smoking
According to DiFranza and et.al. (2020), there are several health consequences of
cigarette smoking among the young teenage. The major among them is cancer. Smoking is
the important risk factor for triggering cancer as there are different carcinogenic substances
which are found in cigarettes. Besides, as per Horne and et.al. (2014), smoking also gives
invitation to cytotoxic cells as well as inflammatory cells to activate a pro-inflammatory
consequence on the nasal cells which can impact the lungs of the teenagers. On the other
hand, according to (), cigarettes have the properties to cause inflammation which might have
a severe impact of the functioning of the heart. Nevertheless, Raina and et.al. (2015), have
stated that for girl teenagers, smoking of cigarette might result in infertility and can impact
their reproduction system.
METHODOLOGY
Methods used and rationale for these
Data collection
2

For the current research purposes, the researcher has utilized both primary and
secondary data collection method. Primary data is being gathered through carrying out the
survey of 20 teenagers with the help of developing a questionnaire. On the other hand,
secondary data is being collected through exploration of different scholarly articles, journals,
books and online resources in concerned with the topic understudy.
Data analysis
In the current research work, the researcher has utilized quantitative analysis method
for analysing the data wherein SPSS tool is being adopted. This is being selected as it offers
more valid and reliable results (Bairagi and Munot, 2019).
Sampling and rationale
The sample size being selected for the primary research study is 20 teenagers. It has
been selected by adopting simple random sampling method so that each and every individual
in the whole population has an equal chance of getting selected.
Research process
In the current research work, the researcher has first identified the main aim and
objectives of the study and based on that research questions are being framed. Afterwards the
literature review and primary research study is being performed and methods for evaluating
the information is being adopted. Finally, the conclusion is being written as the completion of
the study.
Ethical considerations
There are some ethical considerations which have been considered in this present
work. It has been made sure that the confidentiality of the personal information of the
participants being involved in the study is being maintained. Further, prior approval of the
participants has been taken and they are not been forced to involve in the study. All the
secondary sources are being obtained from reliable and authentic sources (Ngozwana, 2018).
Reflexivity
My research project has utilized quantitative analysis using SPSS for analysing the
impact of cigarette smoking on the health of UK teenage population. I was quite interested in
doing this research as I came across with one teenage in my childhood days who was facing
the same situation. Thus, I initially the devised the questions for survey on the basis of my
experience. I have also referred literatures in regards with cigarette smoking and their
impacts.
3

RESULT
Cross tabulation
With the help of cross tabulation table 19, it is clear that the significance value is
0.017 which is less than standard and it implies that majority of the people have tried
smoking before. Along with this the table 25 has the significance value of 0.691 and this
implies that other people within the family do not smoke much. Furthermore, with help of the
table 55 it is clear that the most of the people that is 13 states that they will recommend others
to not smoke and this will help them in reducing the habit of smoking in others. In addition to
this, with the help of the cross-tabulation table 46, it is quite clearly that the significance
value is 0.691 and this signifies that the students are in favour of stopping smoking.
Frequency interpretation
From table 18, which shows whether the young people have smoked earlier or not
than it was originated that around 13 out of 20 stated that they have smoked before and on the
other hand, there were 7 out of 20 who were of the view that they have not smoked earlier.
Further, from table 27 which shows whether any family members smoke than it was revealed
that 13 out of 20 stated that yes, their family member also smoke cigarette. On contrary, there
were 7 out of 20 participants who stated that their family members do not smoke. Finally,
from the table 55 which reflects the suggestion to other for stopping smoking than it was
found out that 13 out of 20 stated that they will suggest other to quit smoking however the
remaining participants that is 7 out of 20 stated that they will not suggest other to quit smoke.
DISCUSSION
From the above evaluation of the results being obtained, the overall findings suggest
that they are aware of the fact that cigarette is dangerous and not good for their health and
they will make efforts to stop smoking. Further, it has also been found out that they also
desire to stop smoking and will even suggest others to quite smoking as it has a severe impact
on the health of the teenagers. Both the secondary and the primary research coincide that the
cigarette smoking among the teenagers have been augmented from the past few years and this
is being supported by the primary evidence which shows that around 60 percent of the
teenagers have already smoked before (Raina and et.al., 2015). Other than this, the overall
findings of the study based on the quantitative analysis and secondary analysis suggests that
teenagers are mostly inclined towards smoking due to their family members, as they also
smoke. Nevertheless, are willing to quit smoking by seeking appropriate guidance.
4

CONCLUSION
Thus, from the above analysis and findings it can be concluded that prevalence
regarding cigarette smoking is rising continuously among the teenagers of UK. Furthermore,
smoking cigarette have variety of health consequences such a s cancer, inflammation in
lungs, issues in reproduction system, cardiovascular diseases and so forth. However, the
young people are quite aware about the impacts it has on their health and are also willing to
stop smoking seeking appropriate guidance. Overall, it can be said that teenagers are mostly
inclined towards smoking due to their family members, as they also smoke and thus, it is
highly suggested to change this habit for the betterment of the young teenage population.
5

REFERENCES
Books and journals
Bairagi, V. and Munot, M.V., 2019. Research methodology: A practical and scientific
approach. CRC Press.
DiFranza, J., Rigotti, N., McNeill, A., Ockene, J., Savageau, J., Cyr, D. and Coleman, M.,
2020. Initial symptoms of nicotine dependence in adolescents. Tobacco Control. (9)3.
Fuller, E., 2018. Drug Use, Smoking and Drinking Among Young People in England in
2007, Information Centre for Health and Social Care.
Hopkinson, N., Lester-George, A., Ormiston-Smith, N., Cox, A. and Arnott, D., 2017. Child
uptake of smoking by area across the UK. Thorax. 69(9). pp.873-875.
Horne, A.W., Brown, J.K., Nio-Kobayashi, J., Abidin, H.B., Adin, Z.E. and Boswell, L.,
2014. The association between smoking and ectopic pregnancy: why nicotine is bad
for your fallopian tube. PloS One. 9(2). p.89400.
Ngozwana, N., 2018. Ethical dilemmas in qualitative research methodology: Researcher’s
reflections. International Journal of Educational Methodology. 4(1). pp.19-28.
Proctor, R.N., 2019. Tobacco and the global lung cancer epidemic. Nature Review of Cancer.
1. pp.82-86.
Raina, R., Krishna, M., Murali, R., Shamala, A., Yalamalli, M. and Kumar, V.A., 2015.
Knowledge, attitude and behavioural determinants of tobacco use among 13–15-year-old
school children. Journal of International Society of Preventive and Community
Dentistry. 5(4). pp.321-6.
6

APPENDIX 1
Table 1- statistical data for all variables
Statistics
Q1.
Which
categor
y of
age do
you
belong
?
Q2.
What
is your
gender
?
Q3.
What
is the
ethnic
group
to
which
you
belong
?
Q4.
Have
you
smoke
before
?
Q5.
Do
anyon
e in
your
family
smoke
?
Q6.
Accordin
g to you
is
smoking
bad for
health?
Q7. Do
you
think
that
smokin
g must
be
banned
within
the
country
?
Q8. Are
you in
favor of
stop
smoking
?
Q9. Have
you taken
any
guidance
for
stopping
smoking
habit from
some
profession
al or
expert?
Q10. Will
you
recommen
d others to
stop
smoking
as well?
N
Valid 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
Missin
g 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Mean 1.9500 1.5000 2.3000 1.350
0 1.35002.4000 1.3500 1.3500 1.3500 1.3500
Median 2.0000 1.5000 2.0000 1.000
0 1.00002.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
Mode 2.00 1.00a 2.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Std.
Deviatio
n
.68633 .51299 1.0311
0
.4893
6 .489361.53554 .48936 .48936 .48936 .48936
a. Multiple modes exist. The smallest value is shown
Table 2
Q1. Which category of age do you belong?
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative
Percent
Valid Young 5 25.0 25.0 25.0
Middle 11 55.0 55.0 80.0
Old 4 20.0 20.0 100.0
7

Total 20 100.0 100.0
Table 3
Q2. What is your gender?
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative
Percent
Valid
Male 10 50.0 50.0 50.0
Female 10 50.0 50.0 100.0
Total 20 100.0 100.0
Table 4
Q3. What is the ethnic group to which you belong?
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative
Percent
Valid
White 4 20.0 20.0 20.0
Black 10 50.0 50.0 70.0
Asian 2 10.0 10.0 80.0
Others 4 20.0 20.0 100.0
Total 20 100.0 100.0
Table 5
Q4. Have you smoke before?
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative
Percent
Valid
Yes 13 65.0 65.0 65.0
No 7 35.0 35.0 100.0
Total 20 100.0 100.0
Table 6
8

Q5. Do anyone in your family smoke?
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative
Percent
Valid
Yes 13 65.0 65.0 65.0
No 7 35.0 35.0 100.0
Total 20 100.0 100.0
Table 7
Q6. According to you is smoking bad for health?
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative
Percent
Valid
Strongly agree 9 45.0 45.0 45.0
Agree 3 15.0 15.0 60.0
Netural 1 5.0 5.0 65.0
Disagree 5 25.0 25.0 90.0
Strongly disagree 2 10.0 10.0 100.0
Total 20 100.0 100.0
Table 8
Q7. Do you think that smoking must be banned within the country?
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative
Percent
Valid
Yes 13 65.0 65.0 65.0
No 7 35.0 35.0 100.0
Total 20 100.0 100.0
Table 9
Q8. Are you in favour of stop smoking?
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative
Percent
9

Valid
Yes 13 65.0 65.0 65.0
No 7 35.0 35.0 100.0
Total 20 100.0 100.0
Table 10
Q9. Have you taken any guidance for stopping smoking habit from
some professional or expert?
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative
Percent
Valid
Yes 13 65.0 65.0 65.0
No 7 35.0 35.0 100.0
Total 20 100.0 100.0
Table 11
Q10. Will you recommend others to stop smoking as well?
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative
Percent
Valid
Yes 13 65.0 65.0 65.0
No 7 35.0 35.0 100.0
Total 20 100.0 100.0
APPENDIX 2
Cross tabulation
Q3. What is the ethnic group to which you belong? * Q1. Which category of age do you
belong?
Table 12
Crosstab
10

Count
Q1. Which category of age do you belong? Total
Young Middle Old
Q3. What is the ethnic
group to which you belong?
White 1 1 2 4
Black 3 6 1 10
Asian 0 1 1 2
Others 1 3 0 4
Total 5 11 4 20
Table 13
Chi-Square Tests
Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-
sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 5.600a 6 .469
Likelihood Ratio 6.343 6 .386
Linear-by-Linear
Association .304 1 .582
N of Valid Cases 20
a. 11 cells (91.7%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum
expected count is .40.
Table 14
Symmetric Measures
Value Asymp. Std.
Errora
Approx. Tb Approx. Sig.
Interval by Interval Pearson's R -.126 .211 -.541 .595c
Ordinal by Ordinal Spearman Correlation -.119 .242 -.507 .618c
N of Valid Cases 20
a. Not assuming the null hypothesis.
b. Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null hypothesis.
11

c. Based on normal approximation.
Q3. What is the ethnic group to which you belong? * Q2. What is your gender?
Table 15
Crosstab
Count
Q2. What is your gender? Total
Male Female
Q3. What is the ethnic
group to which you belong?
White 2 2 4
Black 5 5 10
Asian 0 2 2
Others 3 1 4
Total 10 10 20
Table 16
Chi-Square Tests
Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-
sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 3.000a 3 .392
Likelihood Ratio 3.819 3 .282
Linear-by-Linear
Association .188 1 .664
N of Valid Cases 20
a. 6 cells (75.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum
expected count is 1.00.
Table 17
12

Symmetric Measures
Value Asymp. Std.
Errora
Approx. Tb Approx. Sig.
Interval by Interval Pearson's R -.100 .219 -.424 .676c
Ordinal by Ordinal Spearman Correlation -.056 .226 -.238 .814c
N of Valid Cases 20
a. Not assuming the null hypothesis.
b. Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null hypothesis.
c. Based on normal approximation.
Q4. Have you smoke before? * Q1. Which category of age do you belong?
Table 18
Crosstab
Count
Q1. Which category of age do you belong? Total
Young Middle Old
Q4. Have you smoke
before?
Yes 1 10 2 13
No 4 1 2 7
Total 5 11 4 20
Table 19
Chi-Square Tests
Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-
sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 8.092a 2 .017
Likelihood Ratio 8.647 2 .013
13

Linear-by-Linear
Association 1.270 1 .260
N of Valid Cases 20
a. 5 cells (83.3%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum
expected count is 1.40.
Table 20
Symmetric Measures
Value Asymp. Std.
Errora
Approx. Tb Approx. Sig.
Interval by Interval Pearson's R -.259 .255 -1.136 .271c
Ordinal by Ordinal Spearman Correlation -.272 .278 -1.201 .245c
N of Valid Cases 20
a. Not assuming the null hypothesis.
b. Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null hypothesis.
c. Based on normal approximation.
Q4. Have you smoke before? * Q2. What is your gender?
Table 21
Crosstab
Count
Q2. What is your gender? Total
Male Female
Q4. Have you smoke
before?
Yes 8 5 13
No 2 5 7
Total 10 10 20
Table 22
14

Chi-Square Tests
Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-
sided)
Exact Sig. (2-
sided)
Exact Sig. (1-
sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 1.978a 1 .160
Continuity Correctionb .879 1 .348
Likelihood Ratio 2.027 1 .155
Fisher's Exact Test .350 .175
Linear-by-Linear
Association 1.879 1 .170
N of Valid Cases 20
a. 2 cells (50.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 3.50.
b. Computed only for a 2x2 table
Table 23
Symmetric Measures
Value Asymp. Std.
Errora
Approx. Tb Approx. Sig.
Interval by Interval Pearson's R .314 .209 1.406 .177c
Ordinal by Ordinal Spearman Correlation .314 .209 1.406 .177c
N of Valid Cases 20
a. Not assuming the null hypothesis.
b. Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null hypothesis.
c. Based on normal approximation.
Q5. Do anyone in your family smoke? * Q1. Which category of age do you belong?
Table 24
Crosstab
15

Count
Q1. Which category of age do you belong? Total
Young Middle Old
Q5. Do anyone in your
family smoke?
Yes 3 8 2 13
No 2 3 2 7
Total 5 11 4 20
Table 25
Chi-Square Tests
Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-
sided)
Pearson Chi-Square .739a 2 .691
Likelihood Ratio .732 2 .694
Linear-by-Linear
Association .057 1 .811
N of Valid Cases 20
a. 5 cells (83.3%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum
expected count is 1.40.
Table 26
Symmetric Measures
Value Asymp. Std.
Errora
Approx. Tb Approx. Sig.
Interval by Interval Pearson's R .055 .237 .233 .818c
Ordinal by Ordinal Spearman Correlation .050 .240 .214 .833c
N of Valid Cases 20
a. Not assuming the null hypothesis.
b. Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null hypothesis.
c. Based on normal approximation.
16

Q5. Do anyone in your family smoke? * Q2. What is your gender?
Table 27
Crosstab
Count
Q2. What is your gender? Total
Male Female
Q5. Do anyone in your
family smoke?
Yes 7 6 13
No 3 4 7
Total 10 10 20
Table 28
Chi-Square Tests
Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-
sided)
Exact Sig. (2-
sided)
Exact Sig. (1-
sided)
Pearson Chi-Square .220a 1 .639
Continuity Correctionb .000 1 1.000
Likelihood Ratio .220 1 .639
Fisher's Exact Test 1.000 .500
Linear-by-Linear
Association .209 1 .648
N of Valid Cases 20
a. 2 cells (50.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 3.50.
b. Computed only for a 2x2 table
Table 29
Symmetric Measures
17

Value Asymp. Std.
Errora
Approx. Tb Approx. Sig.
Interval by Interval Pearson's R .105 .222 .447 .660c
Ordinal by Ordinal Spearman Correlation .105 .222 .447 .660c
N of Valid Cases 20
a. Not assuming the null hypothesis.
b. Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null hypothesis.
c. Based on normal approximation.
Q6. According to you is smoking bad for health? * Q1. Which category of age do you
belong?
Table 30
Crosstab
Count
Q1. Which category of age do you belong? Total
Young Middle Old
Q6. According to you is
smoking bad for health?
Strongly agree 1 6 2 9
Agree 1 2 0 3
Netural 1 0 0 1
Disagree 1 2 2 5
Strongly disagree 1 1 0 2
Total 5 11 4 20
Table 31
Chi-Square Tests
18

Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-
sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 6.861a 8 .552
Likelihood Ratio 7.474 8 .486
Linear-by-Linear
Association .320 1 .571
N of Valid Cases 20
a. 15 cells (100.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum
expected count is .20.
Table 32
Symmetric Measures
Value Asymp. Std.
Errora
Approx. Tb Approx. Sig.
Interval by Interval Pearson's R -.130 .222 -.556 .585c
Ordinal by Ordinal Spearman Correlation -.170 .225 -.731 .474c
N of Valid Cases 20
a. Not assuming the null hypothesis.
b. Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null hypothesis.
c. Based on normal approximation.
Q6. According to you is smoking bad for health? * Q2. What is your gender?
Table 33
Crosstab
Count
Q2. What is your gender? Total
Male Female
19

Q6. According to you is
smoking bad for health?
Strongly agree 4 5 9
Agree 3 0 3
Netural 1 0 1
Disagree 2 3 5
Strongly disagree 0 2 2
Total 10 10 20
Table 34
Chi-Square Tests
Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-
sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 6.311a 4 .177
Likelihood Ratio 8.630 4 .071
Linear-by-Linear
Association .763 1 .382
N of Valid Cases 20
a. 10 cells (100.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum
expected count is .50.
Table 35
Symmetric Measures
Value Asymp. Std.
Errora
Approx. Tb Approx. Sig.
Interval by Interval Pearson's R .200 .212 .868 .397c
Ordinal by Ordinal Spearman Correlation .129 .233 .550 .589c
N of Valid Cases 20
a. Not assuming the null hypothesis.
b. Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null hypothesis.
c. Based on normal approximation.
20

Q7. Do you think that smoking must be banned within the country? * Q1. Which
category of age do you belong?
Table 36
Crosstab
Count
Q1. Which category of age do you belong? Total
Young Middle Old
Q7. Do you think that
smoking must be banned
within the country?
Yes 3 8 2 13
No 2 3 2 7
Total 5 11 4 20
Table 37
Chi-Square Tests
Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-
sided)
Pearson Chi-Square .739a 2 .691
Likelihood Ratio .732 2 .694
Linear-by-Linear
Association .057 1 .811
N of Valid Cases 20
a. 5 cells (83.3%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum
expected count is 1.40.
Table 38
Symmetric Measures
Value Asymp. Std.
Errora
Approx. Tb Approx. Sig.
Interval by Interval Pearson's R .055 .237 .233 .818c
21

Ordinal by Ordinal Spearman Correlation .050 .240 .214 .833c
N of Valid Cases 20
a. Not assuming the null hypothesis.
b. Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null hypothesis.
c. Based on normal approximation.
Q7. Do you think that smoking must be banned within the country? * Q2. What is your
gender?
Table 39
Crosstab
Count
Q2. What is your gender? Total
Male Female
Q7. Do you think that
smoking must be banned
within the country?
Yes 7 6 13
No 3 4 7
Total 10 10 20
Table 40
Chi-Square Tests
Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-
sided)
Exact Sig. (2-
sided)
Exact Sig. (1-
sided)
Pearson Chi-Square .220a 1 .639
Continuity Correctionb .000 1 1.000
Likelihood Ratio .220 1 .639
Fisher's Exact Test 1.000 .500
22

Linear-by-Linear
Association .209 1 .648
N of Valid Cases 20
a. 2 cells (50.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 3.50.
b. Computed only for a 2x2 table
Table 41
Symmetric Measures
Value Asymp. Std.
Errora
Approx. Tb Approx. Sig.
Interval by Interval Pearson's R .105 .222 .447 .660c
Ordinal by Ordinal Spearman Correlation .105 .222 .447 .660c
N of Valid Cases 20
a. Not assuming the null hypothesis.
b. Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null hypothesis.
c. Based on normal approximation.
Q8. Are you in favour of stop smoking? * Q1. Which category of age do you belong?
Table 42
Crosstab
Count
Q1. Which category of age do you belong? Total
Young Middle Old
Q8. Are you in favour of
stop smoking?
Yes 3 8 2 13
No 2 3 2 7
Total 5 11 4 20
23

Table 43
Chi-Square Tests
Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-
sided)
Pearson Chi-Square .739a 2 .691
Likelihood Ratio .732 2 .694
Linear-by-Linear
Association .057 1 .811
N of Valid Cases 20
a. 5 cells (83.3%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum
expected count is 1.40.
Table 44
Symmetric Measures
Value Asymp. Std.
Errora
Approx. Tb Approx. Sig.
Interval by Interval Pearson's R .055 .237 .233 .818c
Ordinal by Ordinal Spearman Correlation .050 .240 .214 .833c
N of Valid Cases 20
a. Not assuming the null hypothesis.
b. Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null hypothesis.
c. Based on normal approximation.
Q8. Are you in favour of stop smoking? * Q2. What is your gender?
Table 45
Crosstab
24

Count
Q2. What is your gender? Total
Male Female
Q8. Are you in favour of
stop smoking?
Yes 7 6 13
No 3 4 7
Total 10 10 20
Table 46
Chi-Square Tests
Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-
sided)
Exact Sig. (2-
sided)
Exact Sig. (1-
sided)
Pearson Chi-Square .220a 1 .639
Continuity Correctionb .000 1 1.000
Likelihood Ratio .220 1 .639
Fisher's Exact Test 1.000 .500
Linear-by-Linear
Association .209 1 .648
N of Valid Cases 20
a. 2 cells (50.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 3.50.
b. Computed only for a 2x2 table
Table 47
Symmetric Measures
Value Asymp. Std.
Errora
Approx. Tb Approx. Sig.
Interval by Interval Pearson's R .105 .222 .447 .660c
Ordinal by Ordinal Spearman Correlation .105 .222 .447 .660c
N of Valid Cases 20
a. Not assuming the null hypothesis.
b. Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null hypothesis.
25

c. Based on normal approximation.
Q9. Have you taken any guidance for stopping smoking habit from some professional or
expert? * Q1. Which category of age do you belong?
Table 48
Crosstab
Count
Q1. Which category of age do you belong? Total
Young Middle Old
Q9. Have you taken any
guidance for stopping
smoking habit from some
professional or expert?
Yes 3 8 2 13
No 2 3 2 7
Total 5 11 4 20
Table 49
Chi-Square Tests
Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-
sided)
Pearson Chi-Square .739a 2 .691
Likelihood Ratio .732 2 .694
Linear-by-Linear
Association .057 1 .811
N of Valid Cases 20
a. 5 cells (83.3%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum
expected count is 1.40.
Table 50
26

Symmetric Measures
Value Asymp. Std.
Errora
Approx. Tb Approx. Sig.
Interval by Interval Pearson's R .055 .237 .233 .818c
Ordinal by Ordinal Spearman Correlation .050 .240 .214 .833c
N of Valid Cases 20
a. Not assuming the null hypothesis.
b. Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null hypothesis.
c. Based on normal approximation.
Table 51
Q9. Have you taken any guidance for stopping smoking habit from some professional or
expert? * Q2. What is your gender?
Table 52
Crosstab
Count
Q2. What is your gender? Total
Male Female
Q9. Have you taken any
guidance for stopping
smoking habit from some
professional or expert?
Yes 7 6 13
No 3 4 7
Total 10 10 20
Table 53
Chi-Square Tests
Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-
sided)
Exact Sig. (2-
sided)
Exact Sig. (1-
sided)
27

Pearson Chi-Square .220a 1 .639
Continuity Correctionb .000 1 1.000
Likelihood Ratio .220 1 .639
Fisher's Exact Test 1.000 .500
Linear-by-Linear
Association .209 1 .648
N of Valid Cases 20
a. 2 cells (50.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 3.50.
b. Computed only for a 2x2 table
Table 54
Symmetric Measures
Value Asymp. Std.
Errora
Approx. Tb Approx. Sig.
Interval by Interval Pearson's R .105 .222 .447 .660c
Ordinal by Ordinal Spearman Correlation .105 .222 .447 .660c
N of Valid Cases 20
a. Not assuming the null hypothesis.
b. Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null hypothesis.
c. Based on normal approximation.
Q10. Will you recommend others to stop smoking as well? * Q1. Which category of age
do you belong?
Table 55
Crosstab
Count
Q1. Which category of age do you belong? Total
28

Young Middle Old
Q10. Will you recommend
others to stop smoking as
well?
Yes 3 8 2 13
No 2 3 2 7
Total 5 11 4 20
Table 56
Chi-Square Tests
Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-
sided)
Pearson Chi-Square .739a 2 .691
Likelihood Ratio .732 2 .694
Linear-by-Linear
Association .057 1 .811
N of Valid Cases 20
a. 5 cells (83.3%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum
expected count is 1.40.
Table 57
Symmetric Measures
Value Asymp. Std.
Errora
Approx. Tb Approx. Sig.
Interval by Interval Pearson's R .055 .237 .233 .818c
Ordinal by Ordinal Spearman Correlation .050 .240 .214 .833c
N of Valid Cases 20
a. Not assuming the null hypothesis.
b. Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null hypothesis.
c. Based on normal approximation.
Q10. Will you recommend others to stop smoking as well? * Q2. What is your gender?
29

Table 58
Crosstab
Count
Q2. What is your gender? Total
Male Female
Q10. Will you recommend
others to stop smoking as
well?
Yes 7 6 13
No 3 4 7
Total 10 10 20
Table 59
Chi-Square Tests
Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-
sided)
Exact Sig. (2-
sided)
Exact Sig. (1-
sided)
Pearson Chi-Square .220a 1 .639
Continuity Correctionb .000 1 1.000
Likelihood Ratio .220 1 .639
Fisher's Exact Test 1.000 .500
Linear-by-Linear
Association .209 1 .648
N of Valid Cases 20
a. 2 cells (50.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 3.50.
b. Computed only for a 2x2 table
Table 60
Symmetric Measures
Value Asymp. Std.
Errora
Approx. Tb Approx. Sig.
Interval by Interval Pearson's R .105 .222 .447 .660c
30

Ordinal by Ordinal Spearman Correlation .105 .222 .447 .660c
N of Valid Cases 20
a. Not assuming the null hypothesis.
b. Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null hypothesis.
c. Based on normal approximation.
APPENDIX 3
Questionnaire
Q1. Which category of age do you belong?
Young
Middle
Old
Q2. What is your gender?
Male
Female
Q3. What is the ethnic group to which you belong?
White
Black
Asian
Others
Q4. Have you smoke before?
Yes
No
Q5. Do anyone in your family smoke?
Yes
No
Q6. According to you is smoking bad for health?
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
31

Disagree
Strongly disagree
Q7. Do you think that smoking must be banned within the country?
Yes
No
Q8. Are you in favour to stop smoking?
Yes
No
Q9. Have you taken any guidance for stopping smoking habit from some professional or
expert?
Yes
No
Q10. Will you recommend others to stop smoking as well?
Yes
No
32