Pathophysiology: A Clinical Scenario
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Added on 2020-12-29
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Clinical Scenario TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 QUESTIONS1 QUESTION 1 1 QUESTION 2 1 QUESTION 3 3 QUESTION 4 3 QUESTION 5 4 QUESTION 6 5 QUESTION 7 6 QUESTION 8 6 CONCLUSION 7 REFERENCES 8 INTRODUCTION Pathophysiology is defined as the study or analysis of disordered or changed physiological events associated with any injury or disease. QUESTIONS 1 QUESTION 1 Betsy has past history of coronary heart diseases and the symptoms like shortness of breath and nausea which
Pathophysiology: A Clinical Scenario
Added on 2020-12-29
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Clinical Scenario
TABLE OF CONTENTSINTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1QUESTIONS ..................................................................................................................................1QUESTION 1...............................................................................................................................1QUESTION 2...............................................................................................................................1QUESTION 3...............................................................................................................................3QUESTION 4...............................................................................................................................3QUESTION 5...............................................................................................................................4QUESTION 6...............................................................................................................................5QUESTION 7...............................................................................................................................6QUESTION 8...............................................................................................................................6CONCLUSION ...............................................................................................................................7REFERENCES ...............................................................................................................................8
INTRODUCTIONPathophysiology is defined as the study or analysis of disordered or changedphysiological events associated with any injury or disease. The pharmacology deals with theeffects, use and action mode of drugs and have significant impact on the pathophysiology. Forproviding the effective healthcare services nurses must integrate their knowledge andunderstanding of pathophysiology and pharmacology (Khonsari & et.al., 2015). However, theneeds of patients cannot be analysed without relating the healthcare practices with psychosocialelements. The report will analyse the importance and implementation of these elements innursing practices through clinical scenario. The evaluation and understanding of the scenario willhelp to explore the role of pathophysiological, pharmacological and psychosocial aspects innursing practices. QUESTIONS QUESTION 1Betsy has past history of coronary heart diseases and the symptoms like breath shortnessand nausea are very common symptoms of heart failure or other disturbances in working ofheart. It is quite common that most of the patients does not have any kind of chest discomfortprior to heart attack. Thus, there is quite possibilities that within 10-15 days or one month shemay suffer from heart attack. In such situation it is important to analyse the electrical activities ofheart through electrocardiogram (ECG). The ECG report will show the abnormal rhythms andany kind of damage to heart muscles (Xavier & et.al., 2016). The past history of patient maycause disturbance in the normal electrical activities of the heart. In order to avoid any kind ofpossibilities of heart failure or disturbances due to the present risk factors like high bloodpressure, dyspnea, coronary heart disease and nausea buddy nurse suggested for performingECG. QUESTION 22a. AnginaPathophysiology: Angina refers to the chest pain due to insufficient blood flow to cardiomuscles. It results due to imbalance between supply and demand of oxygen in heart. Mismatchbetween myocardial oxygen needs and supply causes abnormal vasodilation andvasoconstriction. Thus, endothelial functions and myocardial blood flow becomes impaired. 1
Causes: When sufficient oxygen is not supplied to heart the condition is known as ischemia. Themost common causes which decreases the blood flow is coronary artery disease (CAD). Thefatty deposit known as plaque can narrow the heart artery and thus oxygen supply is reduced.The emotional stress, hypertension and increased physical exercises can cause stable angina(Kane-Gill & et.al., 2015). Along with these factors the blood clots, smoking, diabetes mellitus,obesity, hypertension and dyslipidemia can also increase the risk of angina. Progression and outcomes: Angina may precede heart attack and thus they must be treated aspriority. Its common symptoms includes chest pain or discomfort, sweating, breathlessness. Infew cases nausea is observed with chest pain. In progressive condition blood pressure and pulserate may elevate. In the initial progress of Angina chest pain is experienced and gradually it maybecome unstable. In such situation frequency of chest pain is increased and it may also occurs inrest position. Types: Acute coronary syndromes can be classified into following categories. Stable Angina: It is related to myocardial ischemia and is demonstrated as chest discomfort dueto particular physical activities. The symptoms abate after few minutes of abolising the activity.Along with the exercise other precipitant of stable Angina are heavy meals, hypertension andcold weather (Kwong & et.al., 2018). Unstable Angina: This type of Angina worsen with time. It may occur even at resting conditionand with crescendo pattern. Unstable Angima is of changing nature and thus indicates theimpending heart failure or attack. In this type of Angina coronary flow is reduced due to plateletaggregation. In stable Angina atheroma is protected by fibrous cap which is ruptured in unstabletype. Thus, unstable Angina can develop independently as well irrespective of the type ofactivity performed. NON-ST Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction (Non STEMI): It is known as intermediate ACS in which either minor coronary artery is completelyblocked or major coronary artery experiences partial obstruction. The symptoms of both STEMIand NSTEMI are same but the damage caused by NSTEMI is less extensive. ST Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI)In STEMI coronary artery is completely blocked by the ruptured plaque which causesgreat damage to heart. The ECG observations of STEMI is flat line during normal conditionwhile during heart attack elevations are observed (Gao & et.al., 2015). 2
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