Asthma: Risk Factors, Aetiology, Pathophysiology, Clinical Manifestations, Diagnostic Tests and Treatment

This presentation discusses the links between the patient’s risk factors and aetiology to account for the disease’s pathophysiology. It also explains how the disease’s pathophysiology manifests through the patient’s signs and symptoms. The presentation justifies the suggested diagnostic tests and treatment modalities listed in the concept map on their relevance and appropriateness for the diagnosed disease.

Cold air is dry and has
pollens or mold which
activate antibodies
Antibodies result in humoral
response, Th0 calls become Th2
cells
Respiratory walls
thickenings, musis
production
Cell produces scarring
Pathophysiology
Risk Factors
Aetiology
Clinical
manifestations
Diagnostic tests
Treatment
Peanut
allergen
Cold air
Abnormality in
breathing
Tightening of
chest walls,
shortness in
breatg
Shortness in breath
Immuno
modifiers
Ltukotriene modifiers
Cells proliferate
Remodelling of airway
Mucus cells become larger
and larger
Mucus production increases
Hay fever
infection
corticosteroids
Adherence e to treatment
Medication
therapy, beta 2
adrinergic
agonists
Anticholinergic
compounds
sleeplessness
Airway becomes hyperactive
and bronchiospasm takes
place
Peak flow monitoring
Key
Health education

750 word written explanation.
Start writing
1-2 slides in length
Links between the patient’s risk factors and aetiology to account for the disease’s pathophysiology
Asthma is a chronic disease of the respiratory airways in the lings where the airways get inflamed. They become swollen along which the muscle of the airways get tightened when certain factors triggers the symptoms. This presents moving in and out of the air from the lungs (Al-Durra, Torio & Cafazzo , 2015). These result in
symptoms which show coughing, wheezing as well as shortness of breath or chest tightness. In the patients certain risk factors have been identified which had mainly caused the triggering of asthma. The patient in this case study called Dion has shown certain symptoms like shortness of breath as well as high pitched audible
wheeze and chest tightness which are some inevitable signs of asthma. However certain risk factors which are identified are the start of winter season as researchers suggest that cold air may trigger asthmatic effects. Often hay fever is severely linked a risk factors for asthma. Medical history of asthma in the patient’s family makes
the person more vulnerable in developing the disease due to hereditary effects. Smoking is yet another cause but that cannot be the cause factor foe Dion as his father had stopped smoking. Often asthma symptoms get more pronounced after dark mainly during night result in sleeplessness. Many call it night asthma or nocturnal;
asthma as a sinus infection or a postnasal drip may be one factor (Abir et al., 2017).
Moreover, patients with asthma are sensitive to peanut and therefore peanut allergy is intricately associated with the attack. Although it has been yet a mystery, but Australian has a remarkably high number of asthma sufferers and shifting to Australia might be one of his triggering factors. Although not proved but Australian
researchers suggest that pollution may be a cause of the attacks but it is not the only factors. Many other factors may also be responsible which are not known yet.
How the disease’s pathophysiology manifests through the patient’s signs and symptoms
The pathophysiology of asthma is quite complex with the main mechanism which remains behind the attack is the allergens of asthma that invokes an immune response. Initially, normal people and people with asthma both take in allergens which enter the inner airways and are then ingested by antigen presenting cells (Yawn et
al., 2015). They represent the pieces of the allergen to THO cell who check them and ignore them in normal people but is asthmatic people, they have different ns. They get transformed into the Th2 cells for unknown reasons. Many suggest that interleukin 4 gets released form mast cells which cause this differentiation of cells.
These newly formed TH2 cells from TH0 cells in certain unfortunate patients’ initiates’ pathway of immune reactions called the humoral immune reactions producing antibodies (Al-Loola et al., 2014). Therefore when they get exposed to same antigens in future, antibodies identify them and produce humoral response. Inflammation
that has occurred in Dion has resulted from such pathway which inevitably results in thickening of the airway walls, cells proliferate after scarring resulting in remodelling of the airway (Raun et al., 2017).
Mucus production takes place after becoming larger and larger that ultimately causes cell mediated immune system to activate. When the airways become more hyperactive, they become more prone to bronchiospasm. The hygiene hypothesis which states the imbalance in Th cells in early life to be a major factor for long term
domination of cells in allergic responses in comparison to those who are fighting infection (Coelho et al., 2017). Dion might have been exposed to certain microbes in the past that had caused this suffering.
Justification for suggested diagnostic tests and treatment modalities listed in the concept map on their relevance and appropriateness for the diagnosed disease
The main treatment plan would mainly involve the short acting beta2 which are adrenergic agonists. These help in relieving the patients from acute symptoms as well as the preventions of different exercised induced asthma (Pearson et al., 2014). As Dion also faced exercise induced effects of asthma, these would be helpful.
Antocholinergic inhibit the muscarine cholinergic receptors which help to reduce the intrinsic vagal tone of the airways (Martin et al., 2016). Besides, corticosteroids and leukotriene modifiers are also helpful as they alleviate airway functions and dilate blood vessels and alter permeability respectively (Koinis et al., 2016). Immuno-
modulators should also be provided which helps in binding with of IgG to high affinity receptors of basophils as well as mast cells Nurses should mainly assess the patient history, assess respiratory statues, assess medications, provide pharmacologic therapy and maintain a proper fluid therapy (Morrison et al., 2014). Proper
evaluation of the proper success of the interventions should be evaluated and also provide a proper discharge plan and home care guidelines to make sure that the attacks do not occur again. Proper health educations are extremely important along with the patients’ compliance to therapy to make the treatment successful.

Reference list
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