Collective Action Plan And Assesment

ESSAY QUESTION Read the information below and write an argumentative essay in which you describe the collective action situation/dilemma underlying the environmental problem and discuss elements of political solution. GUIDING INFORMATION • Consider one of the following common environmental management problems, a) Protection of wild (large) prey animals (e.g.lions,tigers,wolf) in populated regions. b) Pollution of drinking water through nitrogen and pesticides emissions of farming. c) Regeneration of forests, croplands and grasslands of the subsaharan drylands. d) Overfishing in the Baltic Sea region. e) Avoiding uncontrolled waste dumping. • Discuss the issue of collective action in this specific social setting.

Running Head: COLLECTIVE ACTION
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Collective action
Essay
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COLLECTIVE ACTION 1
From years conflict between people and wild animals is considered one of the major threats
related to the survival of various species in different parts of the world. In addition, this
interaction has also a significant threat to the local human population. At present, there were
continuous reports on conflict between humans and wildlife (Weladji, R. B. and Tchamba, 2013,
p.72). According to various reports, it has been found that almost more than half of population
living around protected areas for wildlife came in conflict with wild animals on a regular base.
Such conflict is not only risk to crops loss or loss of domestic animals but in some cases, it has
been found even life of humans is also at risk. Such regular interaction is actually imposing
threat to ecosystem equilibrium. As pert reports, lions that have very iconic status in wildlife are
continuously declining across the world (Fisher, 2016, p.377). One of the major issues is
interaction between these wild animals and humans and therefore governments have decided to
appendices convention on migratory species. This protection is being provided to wild animals
along with keeping them away from human population. Recently steps have been taken to offer
legal protection to these wild animals in the form of reserving five global treaties across the
world. Under this, global treaties all possible situations related to human and wild animal conflict
have been covered in order to highlight threat situations (Fraser-Celin, Hovorka and Silver, 2018,
p. 341). In addition, there are some other situations where unpredicted events may occur, it may
be an environmental event, socio-economic factor, failure in protection policy and so on.
Human and wildlife conflict has generated a threat situation for the survival of species such as
Sumatran tiger and Asian lions along with other forms of wild cat species. There have been
reports related to various sever interactions between humans and wildlife. As per report from
world conservation union, these kinds of situations are produced due to overlapping of human
population on wildlife regions due to lack of economic support (Katale, 2017, p. 815). Although
these kinds of interactions occur in both urban as well as rural context most often it is common in
protected wildlife areas. It has been found that species that are more exposed are believed to
belong to extinction group because of injuries and death as an impact of accidents (Allan, 2017,
p.328). Human deed has not put ecosystem in danger but also has become one of the major
reasons for extinct of these species on the global level.
These interactions also undermine human welfare in the form of health and safety. These animals
bring various disease or some physical injuries which put human life on threat. It also increases
financial budget for humans in terms of medical treatment and infection protection which can
spread from human to human. In addition, there are reports related to destruction and damage of
properties and other infrastructure (Jennings, 2016, p. 893). These conflicts also increase fear or
restriction of travel and even loss of their pets. There are various driving forces which have
contributed towards this situation. One of the major driving forces is an increase in human
population. Both demographic and social changes have increased the possibility of human-
wildlifee interaction because the population of humans is growing day by day and there are
looking for moving towards protection areas due to economic weakness. In countries such as
Africa, growing population has almost encroachment wildlife regions and has marginal habitat

COLLECTIVE ACTION 2
by having a direct competition with original communities of that region which are wild animals.
But in countries like Canada or Britain these interactions often occur in urban conglomerates. In
last five year rapid increase in human population has increased conflicts with wildlife on serious
note such as encounter with a black bear, grizzly and cougar (Pinillos et al. 2016, p.412).
Another major driving force for this conflict is land use transformation. In this forest land is
transformed into cultivation land by bringing change into ecosystem due to an increase in
demand for land, raw materials, increase in demand of food. In countries like Kenya, wildlife
regions are used on large scale for farming which increased conflict between human and wildlife.
While in India, Gujarat conflict of humans with lions and leopards is more because people have
started settling around protection area. Increase cultivation of sugar cane, mangos are considered
as most favorable habitat for these predators.
In this serious situation, political will is one of the major scopes or commitments from
government in order to carry out protection policy. These policies must be very effective in terms
of their outcome. It is also considered as a motivational force that is related to conservation of
wildlife in the form of political actions (Caro and Davenport, 2016, p.716). Any law enrolled by
government is always connected with some political benefit and some related outcomes and
therefore there are chances that these laws may upset or please some population. Government is
considered as the sole owner of all the natural resources on the global level and it is important for
them to manage these issues. It is their sole responsibility to ensure that resources are maintained
effectively. Therefore it is essential for the sack of wildlife conservation that political will is very
essential (Gray et al. 2018 ,p.1031). Policies and rules which are developed for the protection of
wildlife are being created in parliaments. Also personnel entrusted related to wildlife protection
and natural resources are usually employed by government. In simple world is not wrong to say
that all the decision related to conservation of wildlife is mainly dependent on the will of the
government. With this mindset, political will can save this wildlife by eliminating chances of
conflict between human beings and wildlife.
WWF for wild animal protection often made them self-engaged in providing protection and
reduce human-wildlife conflict. As per the report, tigers are in need of secure zones where they
can carry out their day-today activities. Objective of this organization is to offer protection to its
resources base which provides them nature habitat for their growth and scientific analysis. There
this organization has identified regions where wild animals have better chances of recovery and
can persist for a long time (Kuiper et al., 2018, p.376). It also includes tiger corridors that are
linked with tiger landscape. The main purpose of this program is to developed ability to handle
protected areas with the help of partners in the form of public organizations, local communities
and NGOs. Infrastructure within these areas will help in open corridors which will help in
eliminating possible conflicts between human – wildlife. They also ensure that these
conservations will manage certain standards related to tiger sites in order to motivate long terms
persistence of tiger in best possible area. Almost CA/TS has been implemented into almost 13
tiger range in the form of registration (Muzirambi and Mearns, 2018, p.80). It has become very

COLLECTIVE ACTION 3
important for these sites to achieve these certifications in order to operate as full-time
conversation. These organizations are focusing their interest on both wild animals and their prey.
Monitoring is one of the main objectives of this organization because it offers them the exact
information about wild animal and their prey location (Fairbrass, Nuno, Bunnefeld and Milner-
Gulland, 2016, p.93). It also provides a DNA match in understanding any increase or decrease in
the population of these wild animals. Tracking these animals with help of cameras, collars help
in understand whether wild animal is near to any human-populated region. This helps in
eliminating possible encounters between wild animals and humans. Information about wild
animal population helps this organization to develop a new strategy for conservation of these
wild animals on the base of scientific analysis.
In this situation, political will plays a very significant role in protection of these animals. In this
situation, WWF is in great need of support from various governments in conversation of those
areas which have been put in a protection zone in order to build a safe haven for these wild lives.
This political will is very essential to enhance resources which play a significant role in the
growth and development of wild animals. Therefore, political players must protect forest areas in
order to preserve wild animal's species which are moving towards dangers such as lions and
tigers. Other organization which is also working towards same cause must offer their support by
developing a partnership with government organizations in order to demonstrate their
commitment towards protection of wildlife and forest setting. This responsibility is not limited to
government only but many non-governmental organizations are created strong pressure on the
political structure of the countries (Wyatt et al 2018, p.35). They also raise this kind of issue on
the public platform on the global level in various submits in the form of programs and events.
The main objective of this action is mainly related to promotion of wildlife3 conservation in the
form of education and spreading awareness. In addition, these organizations have also involved
communities that are living near conservation areas in order to understand importance of natural
resources. Communities living near these areas are actually considered as pillar for conservation
of these forest lands. In this situation, if the government is not offering their support to these
NGOS, then their all efforts will go in vain. All these actions required strong will power from
political parties on the global level.
At present, these are an ample increase in trade-related to tiger trade on the global level. This is
considered another significant threat related to conflict between tiger parts and human beings.
This trade is usually operated in the form of trafficking and wild trade organizations are
continuously monitoring these networks. World trade organization is also providing full support
to government informing strategies which are helpful in protecting wildlife and shutdown
criminal network related to this black market. This strategy is also focused to bring a reduction in
the demand of wild animal's parts and product in the market by putting restriction of products
which may contain these elements. Wildlife conservation on the global level is very complex
situations and often argumentative (Freund, Rahman and Knott, 2017, p.22620). There is always
a conflict between human right issues in context with wildlife conservations. Some believe that

COLLECTIVE ACTION 4
human has first right on the natural resource and then wildlife animals. So, it is nothing wrong in
utilizing these resources and even killing in some cases. Sometimes it seems a battle between
protected areas versus existence of human in the wild life. It has been explored that an exclusive
state has control over protected areas which is being managed by other local participants in the
region. Beyond these objectives which are linked with preserving nature, there is very little
exploration related to positional context of various organizations involved in this program in
order to aid in conservation of these in danger species (Rai, Benjaminsen, Krishnan and
Madegowda, 2019, p.124). These conservation practices must essentially impose some
regulations related to wildlife protection which can help in eliminating possible reasons for
conflict between human being and wild animals. Negotiations related to these policies are mainly
dependent on the result of political power at local as well as international platforms. Local
communities must also understand the importance of conservation of this wildlife and must keep
distance in order to avoid conflict between them. It is also their responsibility to keep a natural
habitat of wildlife positive for the development of these wild animals. This act will be very
helpful in saving life which lost due to an increased number of these interactions. Life is valuable
and must be saved on any bases. It should not matter whether life belongs to humans or it must
belong to animals. In order to run this program effectively, it is very essential to have a better
combination of both power and knowledge in a single context to avoid these interactions. Wild
life animals also have same rights as we humans have and therefore they must be offered full
freedom to enjoy their natural habitat without interference from the human side.

COLLECTIVE ACTION 5
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Caro, T.and Davenport, T. R, ‘Wildlife and wildlife management in Tanzania’, Conservation
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Management, vol.6, no.2, 2018, pp.80-92.

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